Suchergebnisse

In the public sector, the decision-making process is multidimensional. The methodological framework for all decision-making theories is the rationalist tradition, according to which mankind is inherently rational and seeks to maximize its goals. The proponents of the main decision-making theories—the rationalcomprehensive theory, the incremental theory and the mixed scanning theory—seek to argue in favour of their postulated values and the approaches to avoid unnecessary risks of the decision-making process. Those theories are aimed at promoting innovative solutions in the new public management environment. To improve the decision-making process, it is necessary to improve the management of information flows which would allow an accurate and objective information analysis by distorting the information necessary for decision-making.

In the public sector, the decision-making process is multidimensional. The methodological framework for all decision-making theories is the rationalist tradition, according to which mankind is inherently rational and seeks to maximize its goals. The proponents of the main decision-making theories—the rationalcomprehensive theory, the incremental theory and the mixed scanning theory—seek to argue in favour of their postulated values and the approaches to avoid unnecessary risks of the decision-making process. Those theories are aimed at promoting innovative solutions in the new public management environment. To improve the decision-making process, it is necessary to improve the management of information flows which would allow an accurate and objective information analysis by distorting the information necessary for decision-making.

In the public sector, the decision-making process is multidimensional. The methodological framework for all decision-making theories is the rationalist tradition, according to which mankind is inherently rational and seeks to maximize its goals. The proponents of the main decision-making theories—the rationalcomprehensive theory, the incremental theory and the mixed scanning theory—seek to argue in favour of their postulated values and the approaches to avoid unnecessary risks of the decision-making process. Those theories are aimed at promoting innovative solutions in the new public management environment. To improve the decision-making process, it is necessary to improve the management of information flows which would allow an accurate and objective information analysis by distorting the information necessary for decision-making.

In the public sector, the decision-making process is multidimensional. The methodological framework for all decision-making theories is the rationalist tradition, according to which mankind is inherently rational and seeks to maximize its goals. The proponents of the main decision-making theories—the rationalcomprehensive theory, the incremental theory and the mixed scanning theory—seek to argue in favour of their postulated values and the approaches to avoid unnecessary risks of the decision-making process. Those theories are aimed at promoting innovative solutions in the new public management environment. To improve the decision-making process, it is necessary to improve the management of information flows which would allow an accurate and objective information analysis by distorting the information necessary for decision-making.

Trumpai apžvelgus UNESCO apibrėžtas skirtingas paveldo tipologijas, dėmesys skiriamas įvairioms kul- tūros vertybėms, kurios, nors ir nepriskiriamos "pagrindinėms" paveldo kategorijoms, simbolizuoja reikšmingą paveldo turtą, siūlantį, be savo įprastos paskirties, daugybę galimybių, kaip jį būtų galima pritaikyti "netradi- cinėms" pridėtinę vertę kuriančioms paslaugoms. Įžanginiame skyriuje pateikiami pavyzdžiai, iliustruojantys netradicinį kultūros paveldą: istorinis maršrutas "Rytų ekspresas", mėlynasis tramvajus Tramvia Blau ar funi- kulierius Tibidabo Funicular Barselonoje; parkai, sodai ir žaliosios erdvės kaip išskirtinių renginių vietos; ypa- tingos ar nykstančios augalijos ir gyvūnijos buveinės; istoriniai piligrimų keliai Via Francigena, El Camino de Santiago de Compostela ir Camí de Cel de Barcelona; Italijos asociacijos Italian Alpine Club (CAI) organizuo- jami Dolomitų kelias ir kalnų žygiai; kruizai, istoriškai reikšmingi komerciniai ir kariniai maršrutai, pavyzdžiui, Viduržemio jūros ir Baltijos jūros turai, maršrutai į Indiją; tradiciniai šou, koncertai, operos, muzikos / šokių renginiai ir ritualai; sausumos ir jūros augalija bei gyvūnija, kuriai gresia išnykimo pavojus; pajūrio ir pakrančių paveldas, pavyzdžiui, švyturiai, istoriniai uostai ir pan. Daugelyje Europos šalių "kultūros paveldui" gali būti priskiriami ir artefaktai, žmonių atrasti daugiau nei prieš 50 metų. Taigi į paveldo apsaugą gali pretenduoti daug įvairių objektų – nuo pirmojo bakelitinio radijo imtuvo ir pokarinių automobilių iki elektroninės kompiuterių įrangos ir dizaino kūrinių. Jeigu etno- gra nės kolekcijos, daug kartų žiūrėtos kino juostos ir TV įrašai taip pat vertinami kaip papildomi elemen- tai (saugomi jau beveik 60 metų), tuomet visa tai sudaro nepakeičiamą ir saugotiną informacijos "šaltinį", kurį dera perduoti ateinančioms kartoms. Be materialiojo paveldo, derėtų saugoti ir nematerialųjį paveldą, pavyzdžiui, muziką, šokius, ritualus, pasakas ir pan., taip pat naujausią, bet ne mažiau svarbų "ateities" pa- veldą. Apsidairius aplink XXI a. ateities muziejus kuratoriaus akimis, gali iškilti pagrįstas klausimas: "Ar ateities kartos, net ir artimos ateities kartos, sugebės suprasti dabartinės kartos kuriamą turinį?" Trumpai panagrinėjus milžiniškus ir įvairialypius paveldo klodus galima užduoti vieną svarbiausių klausimų: "Kaip užtikrinti tinkamą paveldo naudojimą, valorizaciją ir valdymą?" Nepakanka vien tik vadovautis esamu scenarijumi. Būtina pasirengti susitikti su ateities paveldu, galinčiu tapti tikru iššūkiu būsimiems kolekcio- nieriams ar kuratoriams. Paveldas turi daugybę funkcijų ir daugybę vertybių, tad verta gerai ištyrinėti šiuos daugiamačius ir turtingus klodus, kad būtų galima pasinaudoti visais jų teikiamais privalumais. Šiai už- duočiai veiksmingai ir kokybiškai atlikti yra būtina metodologija. "Verčių" požiūrio taikymas analizuojant paveldą galėtų prisidėti sprendžiant problemas ir užtikrintai pagrįsti paveldo išsaugojimo, apsaugos ir val- dymo strategijos apibrėžimą. Šis straipsnis supažindina su logišku požiūriu, nustatant ir grupuojant platų paveldui priskiriamų vertybių spektrą. Nuodugniai išanalizavus vertybes (pradedant nuo akivaizdžiausių), nustatomos naujos vertybės, kurios yra (tiesiogiai) susijusios su inovacijomis ir technologijomis. Vertybių, kurias galima priskirti kultūros paveldui, kiekis didėja, daugėjant suinteresuotųjų šalių, kurios laikomos paveldo naudojimo, konservavimo ir valdymo proceso dalyvėmis. Priimant su paveldu susijusius spren- dimus ir reaguojant į skirtingų suinteresuotųjų šalių poreikius, šių vertybių apibrėžimas yra lemiamas iš esmės dėl to, kad šios vertybės padeda nustatyti konkrečios teritorijos patrauklumo lygį. Kultūros paveldo samprata remiasi įvairialype paklausa, kurią būtina atpažinti visose sudėtinėse kultūros paveldo dalyse, norint nuodugniai ištyrinėti vertybių klodus, kuriuos (kaip bus pristatoma toliau) riboja skirtingi diferen- cijuotos paklausos poreikiai. Norint pasiekti šį tikslą reikia apibrėžti įrankius bei metodus, padėsiančius nustatyti ir vertinti kultūros paveldą atsižvelgiant į skirtingas jam priskiriamų vertybių perspektyvas. Kie- kviena konkreti vertybė išsamiai aprašoma, kad būtų lengviau atlikti atskiro atvejo analizę. Nepaisant visų nukrypimų, plačiąja prasme aiškinama Europos kultūros paveldo idėja perteikia šias vertybes: istorines, atminties, pilietybės, civilizacijos, pripažinimo, tradicijų, meno, mokslo, konservavimo ir technologines. Suvokti vertybių ir kitų skirtingų dalių esmę yra įmanoma pripažįstant ir veiksmingai naudojant mūsų palikimą, vertinant jį kaip sistemą sąveikų tarp įvairių aspektų: paveldo tipologijos (gamtinės, kultūrinės, . nematerialios, . ateities); daugybės "verčių" (ekonominių, investicijų grąžos, socialinių, kultūrinių, išskirtinumo / unikalu- mo ir pan.); geogra nių ypatumų (vertingumo vietinių požiūriu, nacionalinių, regioninių, globalinių, daugiau- sia nevietinių ir pan.); potencialių naudotojų / galutinių naudotojų (ekspertų, specialistų, kolekcionierių, verslininkų, miesto gyventojų, tyrėjų, bendruomenės narių ir pan.). Didžioji dalis šių vertybių yra "potencialios"; kartais nėra galimybių ar poreikio nustatyti jų piniginę išraišką. Daugeliu atvejų išlaidas dengiantis subjektas nėra tas, kuris daug uždirba iš kultūros paveldo "naudojimo", čia susiduriama su savotišku asimetrinės rinkos modeliu. Visuomenės reikmėms skirto kul- tūros paveldo atveju "verčių" "rezultatais" dalijasi skirtingi vertybių grandinės dalyviai, o kultūros paveldą prižiūrinti valstybinė institucija tarp jų būna ne visada. Kartais visas vertybių spektras neatrodo akivaizdus (bent jau) vadovams arba nemanoma, kad būtų tinkama ar "išmintinga" šiomis vertybėmis pasinaudoti. Tokių vertybių naudojimas nebūtinai turi kelti pavojų mūsų paveldui – kultūros vertybės nesivaržo tar- pusavyje, išmintingai jas naudojant, jos nebus "suvartotos". Netgi priešingai, aiškiai apibrėžus vertybių "vertę", jas būtų lengviau atpažinti ir apsaugoti, suformuluojant bazines sąlygas jų tinkamam naudojimui užtikrinti. Toks scenarijus atrodo kaip visiems naudingas susitarimas: miesto gyventojai gali pasinaudoti visais efektyvaus paveldo naudojimo teikiamais privalumais, o suinteresuotosios šalys – džiaugtis didesniu matomu ir išaugusiomis pajamomis. Sėkmingai įdiegtoje sistemoje būtų numatytas struktūrinis vertinimo procesas, atsižvelgiantis ir į speci nes vertinimo procedūras bei rodiklius, ir į ekspertus, prisidedančius prie šios blokinės schemos kūrimo. Daugeliu atvejų šios vertybės iliustruoja, kaip įgyvendinami lankytojų ir naudotojų lūkesčiai. Raktiniai žodžiai: kultūros paveldas, ateities paveldas, išmanusis paveldas, netradicinės kultūros vertybės, paveldo vertinimas, paveldo valdymas. ; Starting from a quick overview of the di erent typologies of heritage as de ned by UNESCO, the focus is made on a wide range of cultural assets that, even not classi ed the 'main' heritage families, represent, however, a relevant heritage asset that apart from the typical use o ers great opportunities to be suitable for 'unconventional' added value services. The introduction provides a selection of examples concerning unconventional cultural assets such as the historical trans- portation means Orient Express, Tramvia Blau or the Tibidabo Funicular in Barcelona; parks, gardens and green areas as scenarios of particular events or peculiar or extinct habitats of ora and fauna; historic itineraries such as via Francigena, El Camino de Santiago de Compostela and the Camí de Cel de Barcelona; the Dolomites and mountain hiking trails of the Italian Alpine Club (CAI); cruises, commercial and military routes important in history such as Mediterranean and Baltic routes, routes to India; traditional shows, concerts, opera, music/dances and rituals; land and marine ora and fauna considered to be at risk of extinction; maritime-coastal heritage such as lighthouses, historical harbours, etc. In many European countries, artefacts realised by human beings more than fty years ago are also considered potential 'Cultural Heritage'. Therefore, a variety of objects might be enlis- ted for protection such as the rst bakelite radio-set, post-war period cars, the early electronic computer equipment and design products. Furthermore, if ethnographic collections, many times movies and TV recordings are considered the complement pictures (that have already been pro- tected for almost sixty years), all of them constitute an irreplaceable 'source' of information to be protected and handed down to posterity. In addition to the tangible heritage, the intangible heritage such as music, dances, rituals, tales, etc. and last but not least the 'future' heritage should be preserved. If we look around in the shoes of a curator of a future museum of the 21st c., it is reasonable to ask ourselves 'Will future generations, even those of the near future, be able to access the content produced by this generation?' Having brie y explored the vast and heteroge- neous universe of heritage, one of the key questions posed to ourselves is 'How can we ensure a proper use, valorisation and management of it?' Along with the current scenario, we should be ready to deal with the future heritage that may represent a real challenge for future collectors or curators. As the heritage represents a multi-function and multi-value domain, there is a need to explore this multidimensional space in order to fully bene t from its richness. Thus, a metho- 129 130 dology enabling to complete the task in an e cient and productive way is required. Application of the 'value' approach in analysing heritage may contribute to solving the problem and provide a valid support in de ning a strategy to preserve, promote and manage it. The present paper outlines the logical approach for identi cation and clustering of the broad range of the values associated with the heritage. The in-depth analysis of values, starting from the more evident ones, leads to identi cation of a set of new values due to or directly connected with innovation and technologies. The plurality of values that can be associated with a cultural asset widens with the variety of stakeholders considered to participate in the process of heritage use, conservation and management. Establishing the values upon making decisions about the heritage and there- fore meeting the needs of di erent stakeholders is crucial, mainly due to the reason that such values contribute to identi cation of the degree of attractiveness of a given territory. The cultural heritage should be considered a system based on the heterogeneous demand to be recognised in its many components in order to investigate the value space throughout its extension that, as it will be outlined later, is delimited by di erent needs of the di erentiated demand; in order to do this, we need to identify and de ne tools and methods of measuring and evaluating the cultural heritage in the di erent perspectives of the value attributable to it. Each speci c value is outlined in detail to facilitate the implementation of the approach to a single case study. The concept of the European cultural heritage, interpreted in the broad sense and with all its declinations, is the bearer of a multitude of values: historical value, testimony, citizenship, civilization, recognition, traditions, artistic, scienti c, conservation and technology. The matter of values and the other di erent elements actively contributing to the overall appreciation and fruitful exploitation of our legacy might be considered a complex of interactions among the following di erent aspects: • Heritage typology (natural, cultural,. intangible,. future) • Wide set of 'values' (economic value, return of investment, social, cultural, exceptionality/uniquely, etc.) • Geographic range (valuable for locals, national, regional, global, non-local mainly, etc.) • Potential users/end users (experts, specialists, collectors, businessmen, citizens, researchers, community members, etc.) Major parts of these values are 'potential'; sometimes there is no chance or need to monetize them. It happens frequently that the one who covers the expenses is not the one who earns much money from the 'use' of the cultural asset, i.e. a kind of asymmetric market model is observed. In case of public cul- tural assets, the 'e ects' of the 'values' are shared among di erent actors in the value-chain, sometimes not including the public body looking after the cultural assets at all. Moreover, sometimes the full set of values is not evident at least to the managers or it is not considered proper or 'wise' to take advantage of them. The exploitation of such values will not necessarily jeopardize our heritage, cultural assets are not rivalling and a wise exploitation will not 'consume' them. On the contrary, a clear identi cation of their 'values' will help to identify and protect them developing the basic conditions to ensure a proper exploitation. Such a scenario looks like a win-win agreement: citizens may bene t from the fruitful exploitation of their own heritage, whereas stakeholders may bene t from enhanced visibility and inco- mes. The full implementation of the system foresees a structured evaluation process taking into account both speci c evaluation procedures, metrics and a network of experts providing their contribution in a kind of block chain architecture. In most cases, these values represent the ful lment of the present expectations of visitors and users. Keywords: Cultural heritage, future heritage, smart heritage, unconventional cultural assets, heritage valorisation, heritage management.

This article sets forth the recoding of organizational decision premises during merger and acquisition processes. A multifunctional analysis was conducted for a Brazilian technology start-up that was acquired by a Brazilian market leader, a serial acquirer. The results suggest that mergers and acquisitions may fundamentally change the preferences organizations have for different function systems such as politics, economy, science, art, or sport. The article outlines the basic design of an innovative systems-theoretical approach⎯the multifunctional analysis⎯which combines key concepts of social systems theory and systemic structural constellations. Thus, the article opens up a new set of key variables for M&A research, particularly post-merger integration (PMI).

This article sets forth the recoding of organizational decision premises during merger and acquisition processes. A multifunctional analysis was conducted for a Brazilian technology start-up that was acquired by a Brazilian market leader, a serial acquirer. The results suggest that mergers and acquisitions may fundamentally change the preferences organizations have for different function systems such as politics, economy, science, art, or sport. The article outlines the basic design of an innovative systems-theoretical approach⎯the multifunctional analysis⎯which combines key concepts of social systems theory and systemic structural constellations. Thus, the article opens up a new set of key variables for M&A research, particularly post-merger integration (PMI).

2022 marks the 30th anniversary of the Treaty of Good Neighbourhood, Friendly Relations, and Cooperation between Poland and Ukraine. In the presented article, by applying elements of decision analysis, an attempt was made to explain the decision to conclude the Treaty. First, the decision-making centres in Poland and Ukraine, and their awareness with respect to Polish-Ukrainian relations, were presented as three separate circles: public opinion, political parties, and groups of the most important decision-makers. The decision to sign the treaty was possible thanks to the political and intellectual elites who originated in the former communist-era opposition, both in Poland and Ukraine. Those elites convinced the governing circles to accept their conception of foreign policy. In Poland, this was all the easier because people originating directly from those elites formed part of the decision-making bodies. In Ukraine, however, the foreign policy conception of the dissident circles was internalised by the President. Secondly, using the game theory and assuming the rationality of decision-makers, the decision-making process was reconstructed, understood in the category of interactions between two decision-making centres. The two states aimed to conclude a treaty that would satisfy both parties. It can thus be concluded that they demonstrated a readiness to compromise during the negotiations. It can also be assumed that this readiness was slightly asymmetrical in Poland's favour. Ukraine was willing to sacrifice much more in order for the treaty to be negotiated.

The aim of this thesis is to determine how strategical decision making is being made under uncertainty in the organization. After conducting the analysis of literature, the conclusions have been made about the main fields inside organization that are affected the most by uncertainty during decision making process. The main areas of uncertainty were political environment, economical environment, implementation of technologies, consumer behaviour, new products and services, invensment decisions. As it was important to find out companies' leaders point of view towards decision making under uncertainty, an empirical research was conducted. During empirical research, structured questionnaire was given to leaders of Lithuanian companies and 82 answers were gathered. After analyzing the results of research companies leaders opinion and experience towards decision making under uncertainty was understood and the means of dealing with uncertainty identified. Empirical research how shown, that main contexts of uncertainty that makes influence are the same as were indentified during literature analysis. In the third part of this thesis managerial solutions and recommendations about decision making under uncertainty were given and methods of how uncertainty might be reduced were offered. Recommendations were formulated according to main contexts of uncertainty in order to advice how uncertainty might be reduced while making strategical decisions

The aim of this thesis is to determine how strategical decision making is being made under uncertainty in the organization. After conducting the analysis of literature, the conclusions have been made about the main fields inside organization that are affected the most by uncertainty during decision making process. The main areas of uncertainty were political environment, economical environment, implementation of technologies, consumer behaviour, new products and services, invensment decisions. As it was important to find out companies' leaders point of view towards decision making under uncertainty, an empirical research was conducted. During empirical research, structured questionnaire was given to leaders of Lithuanian companies and 82 answers were gathered. After analyzing the results of research companies leaders opinion and experience towards decision making under uncertainty was understood and the means of dealing with uncertainty identified. Empirical research how shown, that main contexts of uncertainty that makes influence are the same as were indentified during literature analysis. In the third part of this thesis managerial solutions and recommendations about decision making under uncertainty were given and methods of how uncertainty might be reduced were offered. Recommendations were formulated according to main contexts of uncertainty in order to advice how uncertainty might be reduced while making strategical decisions

The aim of this thesis is to determine how strategical decision making is being made under uncertainty in the organization. After conducting the analysis of literature, the conclusions have been made about the main fields inside organization that are affected the most by uncertainty during decision making process. The main areas of uncertainty were political environment, economical environment, implementation of technologies, consumer behaviour, new products and services, invensment decisions. As it was important to find out companies' leaders point of view towards decision making under uncertainty, an empirical research was conducted. During empirical research, structured questionnaire was given to leaders of Lithuanian companies and 82 answers were gathered. After analyzing the results of research companies leaders opinion and experience towards decision making under uncertainty was understood and the means of dealing with uncertainty identified. Empirical research how shown, that main contexts of uncertainty that makes influence are the same as were indentified during literature analysis. In the third part of this thesis managerial solutions and recommendations about decision making under uncertainty were given and methods of how uncertainty might be reduced were offered. Recommendations were formulated according to main contexts of uncertainty in order to advice how uncertainty might be reduced while making strategical decisions

The main duty of the Constitutional Court is to examine and make a decision, if an effective law, is not contrary with the Constitution or other valid law. The decision of the Constitutional Court is mandatory. The only way to concur decision is to change the Constituion or some of its articles, which are contrary to the questionable law, but as the practice of the states show, states are more willing to change the questionable law not the Constitution. The arguments for changing the law not the Constitution is the complexity of the changing procedure and if you change the principles of the Constitution, you also have to change the ordinary every day life of the state. The Constituional Court decisions can be dedicated to legislative power, or only to private people, assuming who was the initiator of the case, but the unconstitutional law can be amended only by legislative bodies. But there are no prohibitions for Constitutional Court to take his own remedies in order to assure such implementation of the decision, that when the unconstitutional law is abolished, there won't occur any legislative gaps. Constitutional Courts of the Europe use such measures: in the law or constitutional jurisprudence for the bodies, which aplly law, are told to fill the gaps directly using the Constitution (this measure is used by Russian and Polish Constitutional Courts); the delay of the unconstitutional act removal from the law system (used by Austrian, Latvian, German Constitutional Courts); other courts are obliged to stop the process in the cases, which are connected with the questionable law, till the legislative bodies change the law; The Constitutional Court on his own tells to everybody how the law will be for a period, till the legislative bodies change the law (used by German Constitutional Court); The Counstitutional Court acknowledges unconstitutional not the law, but only the exact interpretation of the law (used by German, Italian Constitutional Courts); The Constitutional Court makes a decision that the law still is constitutional, but tells to change it, because later it becomes unconstitutional (used by German, Spain, Romanian, Italian Constitutional Courts). According to Austrian, Czech, Italian, Latvian and German Constitutional Courts' practice, the most often used measure is the delay of the unconstitutional act removal from the law system for additional exact time period. This measure is not used by Lithuanian Constitutional Court, but it is worth to be taken into consideration. Meanwhile, Lithuanian Constitutional Court uses the delay of the official publication and effect of the decision, but it publishes its decision and the Parlament can change the unconstitutional law befor the decision takes effect. Lithuanian Parlament Statute states that Constitutional Court decisions must be implemented through 4 months time period, but in the period from 2004 till 2008 year there were 43 decisions in which Constitutional Court admitted unconstitutional law. More than a half of them were not implemented through 4 months period, some of the laws were abolished, but till now there are no new necessary laws instead of them. So there is legislative gap in some areas, it is not very bad in civil law, because analogy or principles can be used, but in criminal law can not be such situations, because you can not use anything else instead of effective law. Through the 4 months period are changed only such laws, that need to be changed only by Parlament's Law committee and it does not have to consult with other institutions or committees, also those decisions which do not require additional financing from the budget, or those decisions where Constitutional Court used its measure mentioned above. When Lithuanian Constitutional Court used the mentioned measure in its decision and delayed the official publication and effect of the decision for two months, the Parlament fixed the unconstitutional law in one month without waiting for official publication. The Court used such measure only for several times, but it was useful and helped to implement the decision properly. But there is one problem, because legislative bodies have to implement only officially published decisions, so it is up to legislative bodies' good will to change the unconstitutional law. The analysis of the Austrian, Czeck, Italian, Latvian and German Constitutional Courts taken measures in the decisions shows that with the help of the Constitutional Court the legislative bodies avoid legislative gaps, uncertainty and even non-implemented decisions. At the end of this paper there is a recommendation for Lithuanian Constitutional Court that it further should use not the measure it used till now, but the one that other European Constitutional Courts use commonly – the delay of the unconstitutional act removal from the law system, because only officially published decision has the power of law and has to be implemented, and the delay period should be stated according to the exact case circumstances, procedures and financing needed for the implementation. This measure should be incorporated in the Lithuanian Constitutional Court Law, without stating the maximum delay period, in order the Constitutional Court could react more flexible to exact case circumstances.