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В рамках деятельностно-структурной концепции Т. И. Заславской определены ключевые этапы развития предпринимательства в Беларуси в зависимости от влияния политико-управленческой и реформаторской деятельности властей на социально-инновационную деятельность предпринимателей. Историко-социологический подход к развитию предпринимательства в Беларуси основан на анализе книг, статей, официальных документов и государственной статистики. Отмечается, что реформаторская деятельность властей по отношению к предпринимательству полностью зависит от политико-административного влияния, именно поэтому поведенческие стратегии предпринимателей формируются как реакционно-адаптивное поведение. ; The aim of the study is within T. Zaslavskaya's theoretical model of societal transformation to determine the key development stages of small entrepreneurship in Belarus depending on the impact of politico-administrative activity and reformative activity of authorities on socio-innovative activity of entrepreneurs. Historico-sociological approach to the development of entrepreneurship in Belarus is based on the analysis of books, articles, official documents and state statistics. We found out that the reformative activity of the authorities towards entrepreneurship is absolutely dependent on politicoadministrative influence. That is why the behavioral strategies of entrepreneurs are formed as reaction-adaptive behavior. The results of the study are primarily applicable for post-Soviet republics and countries with transition economy.

в статье проведен сопоставительный анализ экономических и правовых подходов к процессу разгосударствления. Использован системный подход для определения основных субъектов ; участвующих в процессе реформирования социальной сферы ; выявления последствий принимаемых политико-правовых решений. ; a comparative analysis of economic and legal approaches to the process of denationalization is carried out in this article. A systematic approach was used to identify the main actors involved in the process of reforming the social sphere to identify the consequences of political and legal decisions.

The author's point of view is presented, according to which, formulated back in the 80s of the last century by Yu.M. Lopukhin et al., the cholesterol theory of aging and death is now often misunderstood by many biologists and physicians. It is emphasized that this theory prioritized not the well-known role of cholesterol (CS) in metabolic processes, but its structural role in the plasma membrane of the cell. It was assumed that an increase in the microviscosity of the cell membrane due to the accumulation of CS in it leads to a deterioration in the transfer of external signals and nutrients to the cell, as well as to a decrease in the activity of membrane enzymes. This, according to the authors, triggers the occurrence of "senile" changes in cells, tissues and organs, and then in the entire multicellular organism, which ultimately leds to an increase in the probability of its death, that is, to aging. At the same time, the content of CS (mainly, of considered to be especially "bad" CS of low density lipoproteins) in serum was assigned only a minor role, because its increase is not at all necessary, according to the authors of the concept, leads to adverse changes in the body. This paper briefly discusses the evolution of ideas about the possible role of CS in aging and the development of various age-related pathologies, mainly cardiovascular diseases and mental disorders. Experimental data on the effect of liposomes containing both normal and oxidized CS on the proliferative activity of cultured cells are analyzed. The data of longitudinal studies are considered, suggesting that, paradoxically, it is people with elevated levels of CS in the blood plasma who live to an advanced age. At the same time, the consumption of large amounts of food rich in CS may not affect the health of some patients. It is noted that a number of studies indicate the absence of a causal relationship between the level of CS in serum and the occurrence of atherosclerotic changes. It is emphasized that CS is a very important compound for our body, without which cell proliferation and, as a result, normal regeneration are impossible. It is noted that there is a continuously increasing amount of data on the negative role of statins in the formation of age-related pathology, especially in people of older age groups. It is concluded that at present it becomes obvious that there is a need for a significant reappraisal (using the systems approach) of ideas about the possible role of CS in aging, the development of atherosclerosis and other age-related diseases, as well as dementias due to various causes, including Alzheimer's disease.

The article discusses the importance of the theory of punishment, formulated in Kant's critical philosophy to justify and punishment in modern Russian criminal procedure.

The Russian officials extensively apply antitrust prohibitions in the domestic markets. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly determine the presence of dominant companies in the market. The article examines the signs of collective dominance in the antimonopoly practice in Russia. For this purpose, the author examines judicial acts for cases on cancellation of decisions of the Russian Antimonopoly authority concerning collective dominance for 2007-2017, and considers type I and type II errors arising in establishing collective dominance. The empirical analysis of the factors influencing judicial reviews shows that the predictions of economic theory are not sufficiently taken into account in law enforcement.

Abstract. The article determines the structure of political conflicts, technology, and practice management, explains the concept of subject and object of a political conflict. The article provides information about functions of the political conflict, inc ; Анотація. У статті окреслюються структура політичних конфліктів, технології і практика управління ними, пояснюється поняття суб'єкта і об'єкта політичного конфлікту, перераховані функції політичного конфлікту, а також наведено інформацію про розробників т ; Анотація. У статті окреслюються структура політичних конфліктів, технології і практика управління ними, пояснюється поняття суб'єкта і об'єкта політичного конфлікту, перераховані функції політичного конфлікту, а також наведено інформацію про розробників т

The attitude of Louis Althusser towards Mao Zedong and Maoism is determined by the philosopher's intolerance to the "humanistic" revisionism of the fundamental principles of Marxism. Althusser characterizes Mao Zedong as a great Chinese communist leader, whose theoretical and political practice was in strict accordance with Marxism-Leninism. The philosopher draws conclusions about the continuity of Maoism in Leninist theoretical and political practice, as well as the possibility of the existence of a Marxist-Leninist alternative to Soviet socialist development.

Раздел "Международные отношения" ; Динамика международных отношений обусловливает необходимость создания механизмов подготовки, принятия и продвижения решений по вопросам международной деятельности государств с опорой на науку. Наиболее известные приемы проработки внешнеполитических решений — сопоставительная, системная, процедурная методики, метод проблемного структурирования. Активное применение научных разработок указывает на развитие взаимосвязи практики и научного знания. Проблемой остается доведение мнения экспертов до лиц, принимающих решения. Преодолению издержек способствуют исследовательские структуры, целевые научные коллективы («фабрики мысли», в англоязычной версии — think tanks), которые впервые появились в США около 100 лет назад. Следующее поколение «фабрик мысли» возникает после Второй мировой войны. Привлечение научной мысли к разработке политической и государственной стратегии становится все более масштабным. В 70-е гг. XX в. возникает новая генерация экспертных структур с более широкими возможностями и функциями. Окончание «холодной войны» послужило новым толчком к их развитию. «Фабрики мысли» играют важную роль в выработке и обсуждении решений, образуют основу для неформальной дипломатии. Они генерируют идеи, способствуют профессиональному росту политиков, чиновников и экспертов, повышают информированность граждан. Основная ниша их действия — пространство между академическим миром и структурами власти. Наиболее общие тенденции эволюции «фабрик мысли» — количественный рост, сближение с политическими и государственными структурами, тематическая специализация и междисциплинарный подход, оперативный формат продукции, создание экспертных сетей. = Dynamics of the international relations causes the necessity of establishment of mechanisms of preparation, acceptance and promotion of decisions on issues of the international activity of the states with expert support. The most known methods of the study of foreign policy decisions are comparative, systemic, procedural techniques and a method of problem structurization. Active application of research results indicates the developing interrelation between practice and scientific knowledge. A problem there is getting the experts' opinion across to the persons responsible for the decision-making process. Research structures, target scientific groups («think tanks»), which first appeared in the USA about a hundred years ago, promote the overcoming of the barrier. The next generation of «think tanks» arose after the Second World War. Involving scientific thinking in development of political and state strategy is becoming more large-scale. In the 1970s there came a new generation of expert structures with ampler opportunities and functions. The end of the Cold war gave a new impulse to their development. «Think tanks» play an important role in informal diplomacy, development and discussion of decisions. They generate ideas, promote professional growth of politicians, officials and experts, raise citizens' awareness. The basic niche for their action is the space between the academic world and the authority structures. The most general tendencies of the evolution of «think tanks» are quantitative growth, convergence with political and state structures, thematic specialization and interdisciplinary approach, an efficient format of product and the establishment of expert networks.

The paper considers some issues connected with developing the innovation theory in Russia and abroad drawing on Russian scientific literature and textbooks. It is revealed that while understanding the need for an innovative way for the development of national economy, Russia lacks a harmonious and conventional innovation theory. The paper presents a critique of theoretical positions of a number of Russian authors concerning classification and essence of innovation, the corresponding terminological paradigm alongside the main mechanisms of innovations diffusion. We provide a comparison and corresponding generalization of our approach to diffusion mechanisms with those of foreign scientists. We note that the insufficient preparedness of many researchers in contextual understanding of both foreign terms and some notions of political economy poses significant obstacles to the development of innovation theory in Russia. We finally offer some recommendations to improve the innovation theory in Russia.