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Human actions make up the fabric of economic life: producing and distributing goods are essential components of economic behaviour, be ita intentional or not.

This paper investigates the role of higher order beliefs in the formation of exchange rates. Our model combines a standard macroeconomic dynamics for the exchange rates with a microeconomic specification of agents' heterogeneity and their interactions. The empirical analysis relies on a state space model estimated through Bayesian methods. We exploit data on macroeconomic fundamentals in a panel of subjective forecasts on the euro/dollar exchange rate. The equilibrium strategy on the optimization process of the predictors shows that higher order beliefs is the relevant factor in performing individual forecasting. Moreover public information, namely past exchange rates and fundamentals, plays a crucial role as a coordination device to generate expectations among agents on the basis of their forecasting abilities.

The focus on environmental education research is at the centre of national/international educational agendas and policies; at the same time, there is a rise in public debate of ideologies/discourses/narratives on environmental issues which, while fuelling interest, may cause new tensions in educational research, which, on the other hand, is required to rigorously and precisely examine 'discourses over ideas'. The international literature reveals a heated debate on environmental educational ideologies but also a research gap on the complex relationship between the ideologies that underpin the research itself and the educational practices investigated, as both are carriers of 'worldviews'. Therefore, this work has set itself the following objectives: 1) to identify the ideologies of environmental education research and practice; 2) to investigate the relationships between ideologies and beliefs, educational approaches and research methods; 2) to propose this analysis as a possible heuristic and critical instrument for researchers, in order to reflect and explicate their methodological choices, taking into account the tensions "about worldviews" of which the researches are themselves bearers. ; L'attenzione sulla ricerca di educazione ambientale è al centro delle agende e delle politiche educative nazionali/internazionali; allo stesso tempo, nel dibattito pubblico si assiste un aumento di ideologie/discorsi/narrazioni sulle questioni ambientali che se da un lato alimentano l'interesse, dall'altro possono provocare nuove tensioni, in ambito di ricerca educativa, alla quale, invece, è richiesto un vaglio rigoroso e preciso sui "discorsi sopra le idee". Dalla letteratura internazionale emerge un acceso dibattito sulle ideologie educative ambientali ma anche un gap di ricerca sulla complessa relazione tra le ideologie che innervano le stesse ricerche e le pratiche educative indagate, in quanto entrambe portatrici di "visioni del mondo". Pertanto, questo lavoro si pone i seguenti obiettivi: 1) identificare le ...

L'attenzione sulla ricerca di educazione ambientale è al centro delle agende e delle politiche educative nazionali/internazionali; allo stesso tempo, nel dibattito pubblico si assiste un aumento di ideologie/discorsi/narrazioni sulle questioni ambientali che se da un lato alimentano l'interesse, dall'altro possono provocare nuove tensioni, in ambito di ricerca educativa, alla quale, invece, è richiesto un vaglio rigoroso e preciso sui "discorsi sopra le idee". Dalla letteratura internazionale emerge un acceso dibattito sulle ideologie educative ambientali ma anche un gap di ricerca sulla complessa relazione tra le ideologie che innervano le stesse ricerche e le pratiche educative indagate, in quanto entrambe portatrici di "visioni del mondo". Pertanto, questo lavoro si pone i seguenti obiettivi: 1) identificare le ideologie di ricerca e di pratica di educazione ambientale; 2) indagare le relazioni tra le ideologie e le credenze, gli approcci educativi e i metodi di ricerca; 3) proporre questa analisi come un possibile strumento euristico e critico per i ricercatori, al fine di riflettere ed esplicitare le proprie scelte metodologiche, tenendo conto delle tensioni "sulle visioni del mondo" di cui le ricerche stesse sono portatrici.

This paper focuses his attention on a specific form that Deleuze's political thought has tak-en, especially in the Eighties: believing in the world. Through the analysis of the different figures that the loss of this belief has engendered, the author tries to diagnose the contem-porary annihilation of thought and reason from one hand, and of any political faith from the other. It is then with the help of contemporary French philosopher Bernard Stiegler, and specifically through the concept of 'algorithmic govenrmentality' as borrowed from Antoinette Rouvroy, that Deleuze's (and Guattari's) formulations of the automatization of the human relation with the world, today embodied in the notion of the Anthropocene, will be extended to the critique of the newest form of computational capitalism and its weap-ons.

Il saggio ha ad oggetto il bilanciamento tra la libertà di espressione e la protezione dell'altrui religiosità. Il punto di osservazione prescelto è quello della giurisprudenza della Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo. La prima parte del saggio è rivolta all'esame della norma della Convenzione europea dei diritti dell'uomo dedicata alla libertà di espressione (art. 10) e alle restrizioni imponibili a tale libertà a tutela dei diritti altrui. Nella seconda parte, il contributo è dedicato all'esame delle principali sentenze in cui la Corte di Strasburgo ha dovuto decidere sulla legittimità di restrizioni alla libertà del pensiero (prevalentemente ma non esclusivamente di carattere penale ed ex post) poste a tutela dell'altrui religiosità. Sulla base della giurisprudenza esaminata il contributo procede alla ricostruzione di un griglia composta di sei fattori che legislatori e giudici nazionali possono considerare, ciascuno evidentemente nell'ambito delle proprie funzioni, allorché intervengano nel bilanciamento tra libertà di espressione e protezione dell'altrui sentimento religioso. Le conclusioni sono dedicate all'individuazione di alcune criticità che emergono dalla complessiva ricostruzione proposta ed in particolare all'affermarsi nella giurisprudenza della Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo dell'interesse all'ordine pubblico, astrattamente inteso, come criterio idoneo, aggiuntivo rispetto alla protezione dell'altrui religiosità, a legittimare una restrizione della libertà di espressione. ; The essay deals with the balance between freedom of expression and the protection of other religious beliefs. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights is the reference. The first part of the essay investigates the provision of the European Convention of Human Rights dedicated to freedom of [removed]art. 10 ECHR) and to restrictions which aim to protect the rights of others within the meaning of paragraph 2. The second part of the contribution is devoted to the examination of the jurisprudence of the Strasbourg Court which decided on the legality of restrictions on freedom of [removed]mainly but not exclusively through criminal law) for the safeguard of other religious beliefs. Based on the examined case law, the contribution suggests a grid composed of six factors that national legislators and judges may consider when intervening in the balance between the freedom of expression and the protection of other religious beliefs. The conclusions are dedicated to the identification of some critical issues that emerge from the overall view and, in particular, from the tendency of the European Court of Human Rights to consider the public order as an appropriate aim, supplementary to protection of other religious beliefs, to justify restrictions to the freedom of expression.

The 19th-century was characterized by unshakable trust in both political and spiritual authority. However, towards the end of the century trust in all aspects of life dwindled and uncertainty became the order of the day. All across Europe one could easily observe a literature based on mistrust and relativism. From now on, Man's beliefs and certainties were put on trial and previous convictions severely challenged. Periodicals such as Il Regno, Lacerba, and, most of all, La Voce were the first to inject a new perspective in the stagnant Italian literature. The author who wholeheartedly hurled himself against the mediocre literature was Luigi Pirandello (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1934) who continually questioned reality as perceived by the majority. This is, in fact, one of the basic themes in the play Così è (se vi pare) where the playwright derides individuals who uphold conventional beliefs, that is to say who are unable to see what lies beneath the surface. Pirandello confronts Man with himself so that he should feel the pain that would lead him to an authentic existence, even if this is extremely difficult for presumptuous individuals. ; peer-reviewed

Different authors have argued the importance of central banker's secrecy over alternative targets of monetary policy. One of the argument is based on the welfare results in a well known signalling game of monetary policy by Vickers (1986). This work aims to show how this argument crucially depends on the cost of separation and the specification of the prior beliefs held by private agents about the preferences of central banker. This is performed by solving a model similar to that solved by Vickers (1986) under a different assumption (a continuum of types) about the support of the distribution of prior beliefs. Welfare analysis shows that the result underlying the argument by Persson and Tabellini (1990) about the convenience of Central Banker's secrecy is upturned when the priors are skewed towards high inflation and alternative devices like credible pegging of a nominal variable, delegation and (negotiated) wage controls may be welfare enhancing. Furthermore, we show that if an appointed central banker has to incurr signalling costs a Rogoff (1985) type result can not be obtained and secrecy may be a bad substitute for commitment.

Different authors have argued the importance of central banker's secrecy over alternative targets of monetary policy. One of the argument is based on the welfare results in a well known signalling game of monetary policy by Vickers (1986). This work aims to show how this argument crucially depends on the cost of separation and the specification of the prior beliefs held by private agents about the preferences of central banker. This is performed by solving a model similar to that solved by Vickers (1986) under a different assumption (a continuum of types) about the support of the distribution of prior beliefs. Welfare analysis shows that the result underlying the argument by Persson and Tabellini (1990) about the convenience of Central Banker's secrecy is upturned when the priors are skewed towards high inflation and alternative devices like credible pegging of a nominal variable, delegation and (negotiated) wage controls may be welfare enhancing. Furthermore, we show that if an appointed central banker has to incurr signalling costs a Rogoff (1985) type result can not be obtained and secrecy may be a bad substitute for commitment.

As a result of the economic crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, the Italian Competition Authority, following other countries, has increased the use of moral suasion. In the context of antitrust law, this observation allows, on the one hand, to assess the impact of alternative instruments to the classic method that is usually applied in antitrust law: legislation, violation, formal warning, sanction. On the other hand, it suggests shifting attention from rules to behaviour, based on the belief that behavioural dynamics between the logical and mandatory contents of the rules and the actual consequences are underestimated. ; As a result of the economic crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, the Italian Competition Authority, following other countries, has increased the use of moral suasion. In the context of antitrust law, this observation allows, on the one hand, to assess the impact of alternative instruments to the classic method that is usually applied in antitrust law: legislation, violation, formal warning, sanction. On the other hand, it suggests shifting attention from rules to behaviour, based on the belief that behavioural dynamics between the logical and mandatory contents of the rules and the actual consequences are underestimated.

Contemporary academic arguments still have the tendency to define the debate between religion and secularity as a dualism between two radically different anthropological or ontological postures toward reality. We can find an example of this approach in Charles Taylor's work A Secular Age, where the debate between religion and secularity is presented as a conflict between belief and unbelief, or transcendence against immanence. We can also see a similar presentation of the problem in Fukuyama's The End of History, where religion is presented as a more primitive, overcome, stage of humanity, that function as a step in something like a Universal History of humanity in the direction of liberal democracies. ; Contemporary academic arguments still have the tendency to define the debate between religion and secularity as a dualism between two radically different anthropological or ontological postures toward reality. We can find an example of this approach in Charles Taylor's work A Secular Age, where the debate between religion and secularity is presented as a conflict between belief and unbelief, or transcendence against immanence. We can also see a similar presentation of the problem in Fukuyama's The End of History, where religion is presented as a more primitive, overcome, stage of humanity, that function as a step in something like a Universal History of humanity in the direction of liberal democracies.

The article analyses some recent cases dealt with by the European Court of Justice (ECJ), relating to the principle of non-discrimination on the grounds of religion and belief. After an introduction providing brief remarks on the status of sources and principles of EU law, the paper focuses on the Egenberger case, highlighting the most innovative aspects of the judgment delivered by the ECJ. In this regard, attention is paid to the interpretation given by the Court to Article 17 TFEU as a provision laying down the principle of neutrality of the EU towards the organisation by the Member States of their relations with churches and religious associations, as well as to the necessity of an effective judicial review concerning the fulfilment of the criteria set out in Directive 2000/78/EC to permit differences of treatment, relating to occupational activities, based on a person's religion or belief. The main subsequent judicial developments before the ECJ, with reference to the issues under consideration, and notably to the horizontal direct effect of the provisions of the Charter of fundamental rights of the EU, are then taken into account. In the final part of the article, some conclusive remarks are put forward as regards the role of the ECJ in balancing rights and principles.

The resistance and hesitancy towards vaccination guidelines - suggested, or sometimes imposed, by state health systems - is not a widespread phenomenon that began in the Internet age. Instead, this outlook was already present in the complex history of the previous centuries of medical institutions and state, political and health decisions, official communications and popular beliefs. This article helps to frame and discuss some of the elements underlying the "bottom-up" processing of biomedicine rejection: social and individualistic drives, information and science sharing issues.

Through the analysis of some case-studies this paper aims to unveil an unknown genre of defamatory painting, which involved milites and condottieri. Contrary to common belief, city-states and urban lords were not the only ones to make use of images to pillory people, since the military also resorted to pittura infamante to settle their accounts. This essay investigates the analogies and discrepancies between public (or official) rituals and military customs. In addition, it traces some regional differences, linking them to the diverse political context.

The essay deals, in a constitutional key, with some aspects regarding the complex theme of eco-building. After tracing the constitutional foundations of this interesting subject matter, we will mention two fundamental issues: at first we will focus on the still quite unknown «participatory urban planning», whereas in the final part of the article we will talk about the lack of a systematic structure of the provisions that characterize the «government of the territory». All this in the belief that the «landscape» represents, on a constitutional level, a real «theater of democracy».