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Intro -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Biocultural Diversity and Landscape in Europe: Framing the Issue -- Abstract -- 1.1 The UNESCO-SCBD Joint Programme -- 1.2 The Florence Meeting and the Need for an Interdisciplinary Approach -- 1.3 History, Biodiversity and Landscape -- 1.4 History and Biology -- 1.5 The Operational Level -- Annex: UNESCO-SCBD Florence Declaration on the Links Between Biological and Cultural Diversity -- References -- Part I Landscape Characters and Biocultural Diversity -- 2 The Traditional Mediterranean Polycultural Landscape as Cultural Heritage: Its Origin and Historical Importance, Its Agro-Silvo-Pastoral Complexity and the Necessity for Its Identification and Inventory -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Origin and Historical Path of the Mediterranean Garden and Polycultural Landscape -- 2.2.1 The Mediterranean Garden and Landscape Definition Requires Clarification -- 2.3 The Mediterranean Garden and Polycultural Landscape as Cross-Reference Type in Current Landscape Inventories and Typologies -- 2.4 Variability of the Complex Mediterranean Polycultural Land Mosaic Pattern Characterized by the Presence of Trees -- 2.5 Approaching a Polycultural Mediterranean Garden Definition -- 2.5.1 A First Description of the Complex Mediterranean Rural Landscape: The "Tavola Di Halaesa" -- 2.5.2 Landscape Ecology, Multifunctionality and Cultural Heritage of the Complex Mediterranean Agro-Silvo-Pastoral Landscape -- 2.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Connections Between Natural and Cultural Diversities in the Landscape of the Małopolski Vistula Gorge and the Nałęczów Plateau (Eastern Poland) -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Area. Co-evolution of Man and Nature -- 3.2.1 The Area and Its Characteristic Features -- 3.2.2 The Małopolski Vistula Gorge -- 3.2.3 The Nałęczów Plateau -- 3.2.4 Urban Areas.

Obesity is new in human evolutionary history, having become possible at the population level with increased food security. Across the past 60 years, social, economic, and technological changes have altered patterns of life almost everywhere on Earth. In tandem, changes in diet and physical activity patterns have been central to the emergence of obesity among many of the world's populations, including the developing world. Increasing global rates of obesity are broadly attributed to environments that are obesogenic, against an evolutionary heritage that is maladaptive in these new contexts. Obesity has been studied using genetic, physiological, psychological, behavioral, cultural, environmental, and economic frameworks. Although most obesity research is firmly embedded within disciplinary boundaries, some convergence between genetics, physiology, and eating behavior has taken place recently. This chapter reviews changing patterns and understandings of obesity from these diverse perspectives.

Each menopausal body is the product of decades of physiological responses to an environment composed of cultural and biological factors. Anthropologists have documented population differences in reproductive endocrinology and developmental trajectories, and ethnic differences in hormones and symptoms at menopause demonstrate that this stage of life history is not exempt from this pattern. Antagonistic pleiotropy, in the form of constraints on the reproductive system, may explain the phenomenon of menopause in humans, optimizing the hormonal environment for reproduction earlier in the life course. Some menopausal symptoms may be side effects of modernizing lifestyle changes, representing discordance between our current lifestyles and genetic heritage. Further exploration of women's experience of menopause, as opposed to researcher-imposed definitions; macro- and microenvironmental factors, including diet and intestinal ecology; and folk etiologies involving the autonomic nervous system may lead to a deeper understanding of the complex biocultural mechanisms of menopause.

Este libro constituye una aportación original al campo de las ciencias de la alimentación. Es novedosa en la medida que ofrece una visión integral del tema en la que se ponen de manifiesto los límites del nutricionismo y los excesos de algunas industrias agroalimentarias que a través de la publicidad pretenden imponer en la población sus productos sin garantizar que sean saludables. No se rechazan los alimentos industriales pero se indica el peligro que supondría el abuso de este tipo de alimentos. También se aborda el actualmente discutido tema de los alimentos transgénicos que, sin saberlo e incluso sin quererlo, ya están en nuestras mesas aunque haya sido introducidos de forma indirecta. [Texto de la editorial]

Contents -- Section I. Introduction -- Chapter 1. Biocultural collections: needs, ethics, and goals / Jan Salick, Katie Konchar and Mark Nesbitt -- Box: Ethical standards in ethnobiology / Ethnobiology Working Group -- Featured Biocultural Collections -- Missouri Botanical Garden, Biocultural Collection / Katie Konchar and Jan Salick -- National Botanic Gardens of Ireland, Economic Botany Collection / Peter Wyse Jackson and Matthew Jebb -- National Museum of Natural History, Paris, Ethnobiology Collections / Serge Bahuchet

Introduction: the problem with obesity -- Defining obesity -- Obesity and human adaptation -- The distribution of risk -- Culture and body ideals -- Big-body symbolism, meanings, and norms -- Conclusion: the big picture