Suchergebnisse

Funding: The research for this article was supported by the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007–2013)/ERC grant agreement No. 617391. ; Focusing on the figure of Diego Velázquez, this article examines the significance of the notion of ingenio in early modern Spanish writings about painting. First, it considers its relevance to discussions about natural talent, including the links with treatises like Examen de ingenios. Second, it shows how the adoption of ingenio as a motif in two biographies of the young Velázquez contributed to the crafting of a contrived narrative on the artist, privileging his giftedness and independence. Third, it considers other articulations of this rhetoric of ingenio in relation to Velázquez's art, particularly regarding matters of practice and skill. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

Einer der am häufigsten replizierten Befunde zu Jugend und Politik ist in dem Datum zu sehen, daß Jugendliche eine vergleichsweise hohe Distanz zu politischen Themen aufweisen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird dafür plädiert, diesen Umstand vor dem Hintergrund der biographischen Spezifika der Adoleszenz zu sehen. So ist nicht davon auszugehen, daß alle Jugendlichen ein Interesse daran haben, schnell erwachsen zu werden und sich demgemäß auf die Rolle als politisch mündiger Bürger vorzubereiten. Es soll theoretisch und empirisch gezeigt werden, daß die Auseinandersetzung mit der 'politischen' Entwicklungsaufgabe davon abhängig ist, ob Heranwachsende stärker das Hier und Jetzt der Jugendphase betonen bzw. einen raschen Übertritt in den Erwachsenenstatus vollziehen möchten. (DIPF/Orig.) ; One of the most found results in research on adolescence and politics is, that young people are few interested in political issues. This fact has to be seen in the light of biographical peculiarities of adolescence as a life episode. One can't say generally, that all members of a youth cohort are interested in reaching the adult status and getting prepared for the role as citizen as soon as possible. Infact, some young people hesitate to reach that status and do not care about coping with the "political" developmental task. In this contribution it is suggested, that the biographical orientations of adolescents (transition vs. moratorium) have an impact on the grade, they cope with this task. Therefore, a theoretical framework will be developed and endorsed with some empirical evidence. (DIPF/Orig.)

In dem Beitrag werden Lebensläufe von Parlamentariern als Quellen der Parlamentarismusforschung untersucht. Vermittelt wird ein Überblick (1) über die auf der Basis von Lebensläufen/Biographien von der Elitenforschung untersuchten Fragestellungen, (2) über die für diese Forschung notwendigen biographischen Informationen, (3) über die besonderen Probleme von Quellenlage und Quellenkritik bei der Erschließung von biographischen Informationen und ihre besonderen Auswirkungen auf die bisherige Forschung zur Sozialstruktur deutscher Parlamente. Ausgehend vom Prozeßmodell der politischen Elitenrekrutierung von Herzog werden aus der bisherigen Forschung zu Parlamentarierkollektiven solche Merkmalsgruppen bzw. Informationssegmente bestimmt und zusammengestellt, die sich zur Rekonstruktion individueller und historischer Parlamentarierlebensläufen eignen. Methodisch-empirisch erfolgt die Anwendung des Modells durch die longitudinale Rekonstruktion von Lebenslaufsequenzen und deren vergleichende Analyse. Indem nach dem Informationsgehalt gefragt wird, wird begründet, warum die vorhandenen Bücher nicht als biographische Handbücher bezeichnet werden können und warum und in welcher Form ein solches notwendig ist. Die Hauptquellen für ein biographisches Handbuch werden dargestellt. Ausgehend von den möglichen Benutzern des Handbuchs werden der Informationsbedarf ermittelt und Editionsprinzipien erörtert. Es wird die Einrichtung einer Datenbank BIOPARL als Informationsbasis erwogen. Mit dem Hinweis darauf, daß ein 'Biographisches Handbuch der Parlamentarier' eine grundsätzliche Lösung des Quellenproblems bietet, werden abschließend die wichtigsten Kriterien für eine Herausgabe zusammengefaßt. ; There is an urgent need for collective biographies of German parliamentarians within the national 'Reichstag' and the regional 'Landtage' up to 1933. The absolutely necessary pre-requisite for further research will be the preparation of a biographical directory resp. a 'Who's who?' of all German parliamentarians. The author describes the problem of historical biographical sources, the actual situation of biographical information, the general needs for biographical informations and the relevant criteria for research-planing, decision-making-processes and practical realization of the proposed directory and information-system BIOPARL.

У статті розглянуто основні віхи життєвого шляху Никанора Харитоновича Онацького в дослідженнях освітніх діячів і науковців, проведено аналіз відповідних архівних матеріалів, виконано періодизацію життєдіяльності педагога-художника. Приділено увагу суспільнополітичним умовам в країні, на тлі яких відбувалося становлення особистості педагога-просвітителя. Також розглянуто шлях навчання: від сільської школи в Гадяцькому повіті до Імператорської Академії мистецтв у Петербурзі, схарактеризовано періоди життєдіяльності митця. ; The article analyzes educational research workers and scientists of life course Nicanor Kharytonovych Onatsky. The main factors were determined that contributed to the formation of the ideological position of teacher-artist. The main attention is given by author to the socio-political conditions in the country, against which was becoming a person of the teacher-educator. Chronologically traces the major milestones of the life and work of the teacher-artist, the peculiarities of education, described the period of study, established stages of educational activities: Lebedinskiy period (1906–1913) and Sumy period (1913– 1933). Also described arrests, denunciations brought excerpts from the interrogation and exact date of execution; processed and confirmed information published by scientists, researchers materials State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine (SSU DA) in Poltava region. Basic life N. Onatsky held in Slobozhanschyna and only the last tragic years (1933–1937) passed in Poltava. It was in Poltava, where Nicanor Kharytonovych tried to escape from persecution, there were three arrests and executions. For rigged affair November 23 he was shot by order of the top three in the management of the Extraordinary Commission of Internal Affairs (ECIA) in Poltava region. The indictment stated that he was "recruited Mayfetom in Poltava nationalist counter-revolutionary nationalist organization that trained personnel for the armed uprising in the country." In 1959, rehabilitated posthumously. Thus, N. Onatsky lived and worked in the historical context of the struggle for Ukrainian education and, of course, as a personality, indifferent to the fate of his country could not accept the idea of progressive intellectuals and not to engage in the process of improving Ukrainian culture and education. The author focuses on education and educational, cultural and local history of Nicanor Onatsky in the context of national culture and education in Slobozhanschyna. Therefore, the life, teaching and educational activities Nicanor Kharytonovych Onatsky held in the struggle for Ukrainian lumen, for national revival for improving Ukrainian culture and education in the difficult social and political change.

Rich collections of private archives, antiquarian manuscript collections and published resources make the British Library an obvious choice for biographical research. While these collections include material relating to high ranking legal officials, legislators, renowned legal scholars and their correspondents the article moves beyond this view of legal biographical source materials. Presenting examples of resources from across the Library's diverse collections through a particular perspective on information needs and sources in broadly socio-legal research, a framework for conceptualising the Library's resource is offered together with signposts to discovery aids as contributions to the theme of methods in legal biographical research. In doing so, various notions of the nature of legal biographical research, its subjects and its source information are considered.

The theoretical basis for this research is genealogical method. Genealogical method is based on theconcept of discursive which formed in the tradition of structuralism. The genealogical method is basedon the fact that, due to inclusion in the practices of daily, the existence of an individual is fixed in thetexts and documents of government. Based on the analysis of these documents, these practices can besubsequently reconstructed and reproduced. In this sense, any activity of individuals in the field ofdaily is seen as a discursive practice. This makes it possible not only to describe or reconstruct dailyactivities or components of daily, but also to identify its genealogy, to establish the reasons why one oranother practices were admitted or excluded from daily. For the study of daily within the framework ofthe concept of discourse and the genealogical method, the facts and phenomena should be studied ascomponents of discursive practices. It is necessary to concentrate attention not on the historical analysis,but on the analysis of discourse sequences. Genealogical method allows to establish a valid and effectivefor sociological approaches principle of describing the sphere of daily. This approach is effective becauseof grouping of events and facts which traditionally related to the sphere daily, into new sequences -discursive practices and dispositives. The main idea of the genealogical method in biographical researchis to consider various information of oneself in the relevant historical and cultural contexts (discursiveformations). Creation of information should be considered as a manifestation of some dispositives,which are formed of discursive practices. "Evidence of oneself" is a separate form of"statements" that can also be one of the types of dis cursive practices. The main thing in thisnew methodology is the definition of the content of the "evidence of oneself" as separatediscursive speech and discursive practices that are formed the basis of a dispositive as a reflection of thestrategies of discourse of power. ; В статье рассмотренны методологические основы применения генеалогического метода М.Фуко для анализа проблем повседневности. Выяснено, что генеалогический метод позволяет уста-новить общезначимый и эффективный для социологических подходов принцип описания сферыповседневности, благодаря группировке событий и фактов, традиционно рассматриваемых в рам-ках повседневности, в новые по следовательности – дискурсивные практики и диспозитиви.Генеалогический анализ дискурсивных структур, составляющих повседневность, показал, чтовласть проникает на уровень отношений между индивидами, для чего властями были выработанымеханизмы внедрения стратегий в сферу повседневности. Познавательные стратегии, предлагае-мые генеалогическим методом исследования, предполагают рассматривать социокультурные фе-номены как элементы дискурсивных практик повседневности и ее, повседневности, диспозитивы.Это позволяет рассматривать любой социокультурный феномен, институт или культурную формув контексте концепции повседневности в качестве составляющих сферы повседневного. Подоб-ные стратегии распространяются и на способы интерпретации источников, составляющих архивповседневных практик – биографические свидетельства. Как архивные, так и полученные эмпири-ческим путем биографические источники информации рассматриваются, во-первых, как важныесоставляющие практик повседневности, при этом их роль в этих практиках сводится к тому, чтобывыступать в качестве средств передачи культурных значений, и, во-вторых, в качестве способовфиксации практик повседневности, что позволяет реконструировать составляющие повседневнойжизни именно в качестве практик. Главное в этой новой методологии – определение содержатель-ного наполнения «свидетельств о себе» как отдельных дискурсивных высказываний и дискурсив-ных практик, составляющих основу того или иного диспозитива как отражение стратегии власт-ного дискурса. Генеалогический анализ дискурсивных структур, составляющих повседневность,показал, что власть проникает на уровень отношений между индивидами, для чего властями быливыработаны механизмы внедрения стратегий в сферу повседневности.Предусматривается, что такой подход позволит по-новому посмотреть не только на содержа-ние личных свидетельств – биографических исследований, но и на трансформации, которые слу-чились в диспозитиве повседневности в целом. ; В статті розглянуті методологічні основи застосування генеалогічного методу М. Фуко дляаналізу проблем повсякденності. З'ясовано, що генеалогічний метод дозволяє встановити загаль-нозначущий та ефективний для соціологічних підходів принцип опису сфери повсякденності,завдяки угрупування подій і фактів, традиційно відношуваних до сфери повсякденного, в новіпослідовності – дискурсивні практики та диспозитиви.Генеалогічний аналіз дискурсивних структур, що становлять повсякденність, показав, що вла-да проникає на рівень стосунків між індивідами, для чого владою були вироблені механізми впро-вадження стратегій у сферу повсякденності. Пізнавальні стратегії, пропоновані генеалогічнимметодом дослідження, припускають розглядати соціокультурні феномени як елементи дискурсив-них практик повсякденності і її, повсякденності, диспозитивів. Це дозволяє розглядати будь-якийсоціокультурний феномен, інститут або культурну форму в контексті концепції повсякденності вякості складових сфери повсякденного. Подібні стратегії поширюються і на способи інтерпретаціїджерел, що складають архів повсякденних практик – біографічні свідоцтва. Як архівні, так і от-римані емпіричним шляхом біографічні джерела інформації розглядаються, по-перше, як важливіскладові практик повсякденності, при цьому їх роль в цих практиках зводиться до того, щоб висту-пати в якості засобів передачі культурних значень, і, по-друге, в якості способів фіксації практикповсякденності, що дозволяє реконструювати складові повсякденному житті саме в якості прак-тик. Головне в цій новій методології – визначення змістовного наповнення «свідчень про себе» якокремих дискурсивних висловлювань та дискурсивних практик, що складають основу того чи ін-шого диспозитиву як відзеркалення стратегій владного дискурсу. Передбачається, що такий підхіддозволить по-новому поглянути не лише на зміст особистих свідчень – біографічних досліджень,але і на т рансформації, що сталися в диспозитиві пов сякденності в цілому.

The main tendencies of the development of biography in Poland at the beginning of the 21st cent. are determined. The research basis is the publication of the scientific journal «Polish Biographical Studies», published in Szczecin since 2015 at the Center for Biographical Studies. The main problems raised by Polish researchers concern the biographies of Polish communists, the military, the multidisciplinary nature of biography, and the division of human science into periods. Articles contained in the publication are divided into groups by topic. Political, intellectual, collective, female and separately Jewish biographies are distinguished. Publications of biographical documents were also noted. It has been found that Polish biographers are most interested in the period of the first two thirds of the twentieth century. In particular, biographies of thinkers of the Second Rzeczpospolita, educators and statesmen. The discourse on fighting in the anti-German and anti-Soviet underground is notable. The participation in church and student organizations, as well as acquaintance with figures like Y. Pilsudski or R. Dmowski are very common in political biographies. Jewish biography is no exception — most of the people mentioned as heroes of the uprising and underground movements in the ghetto, so even though they went to Palestine, they remain «Polish» in biographical discourse. Also in «Polish Biographical Studies», most biographies are also tend to be political and they "supersede" biographies of engineers, athletes or artists. Comparing the Polish biographical publication with the «Ukrainian Biography» in 2013–2017, Ukrainians published almost twice as many theoretical works and biographies of scientists. With less difference, but also more political and collective biographies and the same number of source articles. At the same time, there are more female biographies in Polish edition, as well as biographies of Jews, while none in Ukrainian. This explains that biographies of Polish Jews are perceived by Polish ...

Karpiai – a famous noble family of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – are distinguished by their political and educative activities. The family's influence is most markedly observed in the 18th–19th centuries, when the most famous and active members of the Karpiai family had lived. This family has not received plenty of scholarly attention, though from time to time new studies do spring up. Almost all of them are oriented to analyzing the activities of separate members of the Karpiai family, while the family's origin and genealogy researches are scarce. Recently, prosopography has been found to be a very promising method for analyzing noble families. It analyzes the person, their environment, social position, career, power amassment, political influence, and other factors, researching bonds between individuals and constantly evaluating them in an interplay aspect. Besides, in prospect, a prosopographic analysis creates an ideal base for a person's historical biographical research. This article returns to the beginning of the Karpiai family, studies the theories regarding its legendary origin and the appearance of their progenitor's in the Grand Duchy, and explains how the recent researches of the Karpiai family's origin lay the foundation for productive prosopographic researches. Since in prosopography one of the most important methods is the genealogical one, this article discusses the topic of genealogical tree researches of the Karpiai family. ; Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajorų Karpių giminė. Dabar labai perspektyvus metodas kilmingoms šeimoms analizuoti yra prozopografija. Šiuo metodu analizuojamas asmuo, jo aplinka, socialinis statusas, karjera, galios kaupimas, politinė įtaka ir kiti veiksniai. Nagrinėjami individų ryšiai ir nuolat vertinami tarpusavio sąveikos aspektu. Straipsnyje grįžtama į Karpių giminės pradžią, aptariamos giminės legendinės kilmės ir jos pradininko LDK pasirodymo teorijos bei aiškinamasi, kiek dabartiniai Karpių giminės kilmės tyrimai leidžia taikyti produktyvius prozopografinius metodus. Kadangi prozopografijoje vienas iš svarbiausių metodų yra genealoginis, straipsnyje aptariama Karpių giminės genealoginio medžio tyrimų problematika.

The main tendencies of the development of biography in Poland at the beginning of the 21st cent. are determined. The research basis is the publication of the scientific journal «Polish Biographical Studies», published in Szczecin since 2015 at the Center for Biographical Studies. The main problems raised by Polish researchers concern the biographies of Polish communists, the military, the multidisciplinary nature of biography, and the division of human science into periods. Articles contained in the publication are divided into groups by topic. Political, intellectual, collective, female and separately Jewish biographies are distinguished. Publications of biographical documents were also noted. It has been found that Polish biographers are most interested in the period of the first two thirds of the twentieth century. In particular, biographies of thinkers of the Second Rzeczpospolita, educators and statesmen. The discourse on fighting in the anti-German and anti-Soviet underground is notable. The participation in church and student organizations, as well as acquaintance with figures like Y. Pilsudski or R. Dmowski are very common in political biographies. Jewish biography is no exception — most of the people mentioned as heroes of the uprising and underground movements in the ghetto, so even though they went to Palestine, they remain «Polish» in biographical discourse. Also in «Polish Biographical Studies», most biographies are also tend to be political and they "supersede" biographies of engineers, athletes or artists. Comparing the Polish biographical publication with the «Ukrainian Biography» in 2013–2017, Ukrainians published almost twice as many theoretical works and biographies of scientists. With less difference, but also more political and collective biographies and the same number of source articles. At the same time, there are more female biographies in Polish edition, as well as biographies of Jews, while none in Ukrainian. This explains that biographies of Polish Jews are perceived by Polish scholars as the property of Polish society, when such an identification is almost non-existent in Ukraine. Keywords: biography, scientists, political figures, Polish humanities, Polish Biographical Studies, Ukrainian biography 21st cent. ; Визначено основні тенденції розвитку біографічних досліджень у Польщі на початку ХХІ ст. За основу взято публікації наукового журналу «Polish Biographical Studies», що виходить у Щецині з 2015 р. при Центрі біографічних досліджень. Серед проблем, які порушують польські науковці, найпомітнішими є біографії комуністичних функціонерів, військових та науковців різних галузей. Окрім того, дослідження стосуються постколоніального наративу в біографічних текстах і гендерних питань. Ключові слова: біографістика, науковці, політичні діячі, польська гуманітаристика, «Polish Biographical Studies», ХХІ ст.

The main tendencies of the development of biography in Poland at the beginning of the 21st cent. are determined. The research basis is the publication of the scientific journal «Polish Biographical Studies», published in Szczecin since 2015 at the Center for Biographical Studies. The main problems raised by Polish researchers concern the biographies of Polish communists, the military, the multidisciplinary nature of biography, and the division of human science into periods. Articles contained in the publication are divided into groups by topic. Political, intellectual, collective, female and separately Jewish biographies are distinguished. Publications of biographical documents were also noted. It has been found that Polish biographers are most interested in the period of the first two thirds of the twentieth century. In particular, biographies of thinkers of the Second Rzeczpospolita, educators and statesmen. The discourse on fighting in the anti-German and anti-Soviet underground is notable. The participation in church and student organizations, as well as acquaintance with figures like Y. Pilsudski or R. Dmowski are very common in political biographies. Jewish biography is no exception — most of the people mentioned as heroes of the uprising and underground movements in the ghetto, so even though they went to Palestine, they remain «Polish» in biographical discourse. Also in «Polish Biographical Studies», most biographies are also tend to be political and they "supersede" biographies of engineers, athletes or artists. Comparing the Polish biographical publication with the «Ukrainian Biography» in 2013–2017, Ukrainians published almost twice as many theoretical works and biographies of scientists. With less difference, but also more political and collective biographies and the same number of source articles. At the same time, there are more female biographies in Polish edition, as well as biographies of Jews, while none in Ukrainian. This explains that biographies of Polish Jews are perceived by Polish scholars as the property of Polish society, when such an identification is almost non-existent in Ukraine. Keywords: biography, scientists, political figures, Polish humanities, Polish Biographical Studies, Ukrainian biography 21st cent. ; Визначено основні тенденції розвитку біографічних досліджень у Польщі на початку ХХІ ст. За основу взято публікації наукового журналу «Polish Biographical Studies», що виходить у Щецині з 2015 р. при Центрі біографічних досліджень. Серед проблем, які порушують польські науковці, найпомітнішими є біографії комуністичних функціонерів, військових та науковців різних галузей. Окрім того, дослідження стосуються постколоніального наративу в біографічних текстах і гендерних питань. Ключові слова: біографістика, науковці, політичні діячі, польська гуманітаристика, «Polish Biographical Studies», ХХІ ст.

El presente artículo hace parte de los resultados finales de la Tesis Doctoral titulada Subjetividad política y memorias de maestros: entre la violencia política y la escuela[1], que aborda la relación, entre las memorias de historias de vida de maestros vinculados al Distrito de Bogotá, y situaciones de pasados violentos y traumáticos ligados a la violencia política[2], partiendo de un enfoque cualitativo y una metodología que incluye la investigación biográfico-narrativa. [1] Desarrollada en la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas para el Doctorado Interinstitucional de Educación DIE, Énfasis en Historia de la Educación, Pedagogía y Educación Comparada, Línea: Formación Política y Memoria Social; dirigida por el profesor Dr. Diego Hernán Arias Gómez. [2] Apartes de este artículo fueron socializados en el XIX Congreso Internacional de Educación Histórica en la Ciudad de Cali, Colombia, 14 al 16 de agosto de 2019. ; This article is part of the final results of the Doctoral Thesis entitled Political Subjectivity and Teacher Memories: Between Political Violence and the School, which addresses the relationship between the memories of life stories of teachers linked to the Bogotá District and past situations and traumatic violence-related political violence from the qualitative approach with the focus of biographical-narrative research.

This research was done in order to investigate the effect of Biographical Characteristics and Cultural Diversity on Performance in Civil Servants of Lubuk Linggau government. There were two variables in this research. The independent variables were Biographical Characteristics (X1)), Cultural Diversity (X2). The dependent variable was the performance of Civil Servants in Lubuk Linggau government. The objectives of this research were: a) to investigate the effect of Biographical Characteristics (X1), Cultural Diversity (X2) toward the performance of Civil Servants in Lubuk Linggau government, and b) to investigate which dominant independent variables affected the Performance of Civil Servants in Lubuk Linggau.government. The method used in this research was causal. The number of sample in this research was 100 Civil Servants in Lubuk Linggau government. The data were collected through questionnaire. Before the test of influence, the test on validity and reliability was conducted to see the level of validity and instrument trusted which can be used as a data collector. To Measure the relationship between variables, multiple regression analysis was used. Based on the analysis results, it was found that variables Biographical Characteristics (X1)), Cultural Diversity (X2) were altogether affected significantly on the Performance of Civil Servants in Lubuk Linggau government. The variation of dependent variables changes (performance) affected by independent variables were Biographical Characteristics (X1)), Cultural Diversity (X2) was 64.4 percent (R2 = 0.644) while the rest which was 35.6 percent was affected by other variables. It means that if the changes were done together, it would affect the Performance of Civil Servants in Lubuk Linggau government which was 64.4 percent. The Result in this research, the independent variables of Biographical Characteristics (X1), Cultural Diversity (X2) partially and simultaneously affected the Performance of Civil Servants in Lubuk Linggau City government.

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Mediterranean Politics on 11 June 2017, available online: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13629395.2017.1338214 . ; Policy debates on conflict research, which are mostly directly used to develop practices of soft intervention (including conflict resolution, peacebuilding and statebuilding), emanate from common epistemic and ontological frameworks. Most have been produced and perpetuated by key institutions in the global North through their encounter with historical direct and structural violence, both North and South. Power has followed Enlightenment knowledge, along with its various biases and exclusions. Its progressive normative, political, economic and social assumptions about a 'good society' and an 'international community' have been fed through social science into the building of international institutions, IFIs and the donor system. Using a method called ethnographic biography (in which biography is broadly defined to include the bibliography produced by the subject, as well as interviews and discussions), this article illustrates how peace thinking is mutually constructed as both positive and hybrid, confirming earlier critical work. However, the research methods deployed to engage with the contextual production of knowledge by local scholar-practitioners are sorely underdeveloped. This is illustrated through an analysis of the work of 'local' conflict scholars on their own peacebuilding and statebuilding processes in Cyprus, Kosovo and Timor Leste.

This undergraduate thesis research aims to understand and inform the period of World War II experienced by the author Alistair MacLean from a military perspective rather than from a war leader. Because of this, the authors consider this research interesting because it can find the similarity and differences between the novel and Alistair MacLean.The writer applies the biographical approach as the basic of the analysis. The method of this analysis systematically used qualitative methods in compiling this research as the techniques – library data sources, journal article, internet and all books dealing with this research, and the main textual data in South by Java Head. The results of this analysis indicate that in the military life of the war during World War II that seemed disciplined that they made a lifelong commitment to, it turns out there are still those who consciously committed acts of violation; similarity: Japanese Cruelty, Deadly Weapons ect, differences: The Deal Punishment. But there are also some positive knowledge, especially for readers.

Lev Bachynskyі was a representative of prominent Ukrainian civil and political activists of the Eastern Galychyna in the first decades of the XX'th century, he belonged to this circle due to his political activity and participation in the state-building processes of the West Ukrainian People's Republic period (ZUNR). Unfortunately his professional activity, his work as an advocate was usually excluded from the scientific researches on his personality, or mentioned in a moderate mode, therefore a little attention was given to the profession he consciously chose and devoted his life to, and which was a main source of his income and everyday concerns for nearly three decades. This study is aimed at researching the professional side of life of one of the most prominent Ukrainian advocates of the Eastern Galychyna at the beginning of the XX'th century. Bachynskyі was born in a family of a teacher, he attended a grammar school on Kolomyia, and then studied at the law faculty of the Chernivtsi University. His choice of profession mirrored the tendency of the Ukrainian youth choice of that period. Being a lawyer, barrister or advocate allowed people to fulfill their professional strivings, and at the same time it gave them a possibility to actively participate in civil and political activities, become one of the leaders of social life of the Ukrainian society on a local level (be it a district, a town or a city). In the beginning L. Bachynskyі practiced his theoretical knowledge working for famous Ukrainian advocates T. Okunevskyі and A. Kosa. In 1902 he received his doctor of law degree, during 1903–1910 he was completing an obligatory legal practice and after that he opened his own legal practice in Stanislaviv, where he worked as an advocate for nearly 2 decades. He earned his recognition as a lawyer both among his colleagues and clients, often he acted on behalf of Ukrainian peasants, he actively defended Ukrainian activists, who were subjected to legal prosecution by Austrian and, later, Polish authorities for their political actions, he was repeatedly imprisoned himself. Bachynskyі was an active civil and political activist, he was a member of the Ukrainian radical party and he was chosen its head several times. In 1907–1918 he was a deputy of the Austrian parliament, in times of the West Ukrainian People's Republic he was a member of the Ukrainian national council and one of its leaders, he authored the law about unification with the Ukrainian People's Republic and the agrarian law of the West Ukrainian People's Republic, he was among the participants of signing of the unification act between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the West Ukrainian People's Republic in Kyiv. In 1928–1930 he was a deputy of the Polish Seіm (Polish parliament), where he fought for national interests of Ukrainian people in the Polish state. Bachynskyі was among the co-founders and leaders of the Ukrainian Advocates Union, he was the head of its Stanislaviv branch, and therefore he actively contributed to the professional studies of the younger generation of Ukrainian lawyers. All the biographical data provided by this scientific study complement the knowledge about the professional life of L. Bachynskyі as an advocate. Keywords: advocacy, L. Bachynskyі, civil and political activist, ZUNR (West Ukrainian People's Republic), parliamentary deputy, lawyer, Ukrainian Radical Party. ; У статті уточнена професійна складова біографії відомого українського адвоката, громадсько-політичного і державного діяча Лева Бачинського (1872–1930). Зверталася увага на чинники вибору ним юридичної освіти, етапи практичної роботи як адвокатського здобувача і самостійного адвоката, його участь в громадському житті українців Східної Галичини, депутатську і державотворчу діяльність. Подано характеристику його професійного рівня, участі в процесі підготовки молодих українських правників, у діяльності Союзу українських адвокатів. Наведені у статті біографічні дані розширюють знання про професійну сторону діяльності адвоката Л. Бачинського. Ключові слова: адвокатура, Л. Бачинський, громадсько-політичний діяч, ЗУНР, парламентський депутат, правозахисник, Українська радикальна партія.