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Biographical information on Gianni Agnelli, chairman of Fiat, S.p.A.

ABSTRACT- The epistolary of the brazilian writer Mario de Andrade (1893-1945), very important on account of its lenght and its historical and biographical richness, appears as the undertaking of an educational scheme within the modernist ideas. We try to show some aspects of this project, by observing, in the 1920's, Mario de Andrade's effort to spread, through his correspondence, the idea of the necessary creation of a national art with critical adjusting.

The results of Italian studies of the Cassa Integrazione Guadagni, a fund that provides benefits to workers in big firms who are laid off but not actually dismissed, are subjected to theories about labor market segmentation, the job-search, and the perfectly informed actor's logic. Since none of these theories accounts for observations, cultural and biographical variables are taken into consideration. They lead us to see work as something other than a mere merchandise.

Résumé Tari pendant quelque temps, peut-être sous l'effet de la déconsidération du genre, le flot des biographies de Hitler a repris depuis la fin des années 1980. Ce sont tantôt des essais sur sa personnalité et son action, tantôt des éléments d'un parallèle avec Staline. Seule la théorie weberienne du pouvoir charismatique semble à l'heure actuelle fournir une interprétation satisfaisante des rapports entre le Fuhrer et son peuple. Although the biographical approach has been considered as out of date by many historians, one had to notice a new wave of such publications on Hitler in the eighties and nineties. Some took the shape of essays on his personality and action, others, while denying to be biographies in the old sensé, still used a narrative method « from the cradle to the grave ». In the best cases however, relations between the Fuhrer and the people were brought into full light by having recourse to the weberian theory of charismatic power. « Parallel lives », e.g. of Hitler and Stalin, are also to be mentioned.

Building an Officiai Company History: François-Paul Utzschneider, the "August Ancestor" This text focuses on how the consolidated narrative recounting the history of Sarraguemines, an earthenware; manufacture, was put together, bringing to the fore the founding father François- Paul Utzschneider. The latter was in fact given this title posthumously in an official history of the factory, which adopted the long view in telling the story and presented an idealised model of company paternalism in the second half of the 19th century,' reflecting : the constraints weighing upon company managers at the time. Thus, the character of F.-P. Utzschneider is granted a special existence in a biographical construction geared to achieving mastery over time: a paternalistic appropriation of history.

«The Actual Times and their Interlacing in the Course of Everyday Life».
Thomas Luckmann [17-38].
From the question of the meaning of the historical time, the author propose a comprehensive theoretical reflexion on the different modes of temporality, which interlace in the everyday life structuration. The typology of temporalities that he presents (inner rhythm, intersubjective time, biographical time, time objectived in categories, historical time) draws the frame of a phenomenological sociology of time. This construction offers new outlooks on the exploration of the common sense of history, for the historical time, as inserted in the more generai scope of the struturation of identities, find there an original and rigourous reformulation.

Efim ETKIND, Viacheslav Ivanov and the questions of poetics in the 1920s.
Viacheslav Ivanov was instrumental in creating a theory of poetry. This activity brings him close to his contemporaries, Briusov, Belyi and even Bal'mont. This paradoxical marriage between Symbolists' intuitivism and their scientific rationalism is explained by the discovery of various poetical worlds, due to Symbolists' attempts at being acquainted with new aesthetic phenomena, still indecipherable. In 1921-1922, Ivanov gave several lectures at Baku University, the texts of which had never been published. This study, based on the notes of one of Ivanov's students, analyses his conceptions of poetics (such as the nature of the language, the origine of sonorous images, the phonetic structure of poetry, etc.). The article concludes that Ivanov creates his theory through a constant polemics with the young Formalists. In spite of obvious divergencies, it can be stated that it is at the beginning of the twentieth century that modem poetics was created, thanks to the common efforts of Symbolists, Acmeists and supporters of the Russian formalist school.

The interactionist sociological idea of the "militant career" provides a sequential model of commitment analysis that allows the phenomenon of militant commitment to be understood. Participants' involvement in the French Ligue des droits de l'homme (League of Human Rights) is analyzed in light of the past militant itineraries of these participants, & a biographical reconstruction of this involvement demonstrates that many of the militants pursue militant careers because they permit collective action that is free from the limits of the constraints associated with more traditional party organizations. Focus is placed on how the past experiences of these militants help shape their current choices & their understanding of their own actions. 1 Appendix. Adapted from the source document.

This article focuses on the position of drug dealing in territories that are undergoing social disaffiliation. It examines the socio-historical processes that account for the current configuration of the illicit drugs economy in this context. The analysis is based upon an ethnographical survey conducted in housing estates in a Paris suburb, and on a series of biographical interviews completed in prison with various types of participants in drug dealing. Three phases are differentiated: the emergence of a local heroin and cocaine trade; its professionalisation; and restructuring over recent years. This study provides an account of the social relationships that build up around these illegal activities. It also highlights the paradoxes of local drug dealing, both a factor of social peace and an inducement to renewed violence.

Originating from a study of biographical data of parliament representatives elected from 1946 to 1998, we attempted to detect changes in parliamentary recruiting patterns observed throughout the last five decades. High levels of parliamentary renewal have offered access opportunities to outsiders, who arrive at the national legislature after a brief political career &, frequently, at a late period of their lives. The analysis of political party links allowed the identification of an increase in changes among political parties & a decrease in the affiliation period previous to obtaining parliamentary seats. The results suggest the existence of erosion in the political field, demanding a review in the image of parliamentary representation in Brazil, traditionally described as oligarchic, formed by individuals who monopolize the access to elective posts. 6 Tables, 2 Graphs. Adapted from the source document.

Writing One's Autobiography (institutional Communist autobiographies, 1931-1939). Biographical control was an essential element of leadership policy within the Communist movement. This study is based on the first group of 364 autobiographies made available to scholars by the recent opening of Soviet archives. It proposes a framework for analyzing the texts that is able to account for the tense relations between institutional aims and militants who were more or less predisposed to accomplish the social and psychological work the institution enjoined them to perform by "inviting" them to write their autobiographies. Institutional Communist autobiographies, which belong to the long-term history of institu tional control over "the depths of the heart", reveal a variety of sometimes contradictory modes of self-recall, characteristic of the Community Party world.

Patrick Pharo
Work and Social Positioning.
Between the quest for the objective description of social groups and the recording, from biographical analyses, of the capacity of individuals to define their own social positions, a relatively unexplored field is open to analysis.
The author identifies three stages in the «positioning» process : professional characterization operations which lead to the subject's capacity to adhere to a social category on the basis of his mastering of cognitive resources, narrative operations which find the definition of the social position through interaction with other partners, and civil operations which describe a series of legitimate representations and practices.
According to the author, the advantage of this renewed class analysis is that it does not dissociate objective positions from subjective positions.