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Main description: Der Band enthält - mit dem Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit - kritische Editionen aller Copernicus-Biographien und biographischen Texte des 16. bis 18. Jahrhunderts. Alle lateinischen, französischen, italienischen und polnischen Texte werden sowohl im Originaltext als auch in deutschen Übersetzungen wiedergegeben. Einen umfassend kommentierten Katalog der frühen Copernicus-Bildnisse stellt der zweite, ikonographische Teil des Bandes dar. Dieser Katalog, der weit über alle bisherigen Publikationen zur Copernicus-Ikonographie hinausgeht, umfaßt alle Darstellungen von Copernicus in der Malerei und Grafik des 16. bis 18. Jahrhunderts, sofern es sich nicht um bloße Nachstiche handelt.

«A multiplicity of languages and cultures has entered the Italian school environment»: that is what is written in the introduction of the Indicazioni Nazionali per il curricolo della scuola dell'infanzia e del primo ciclo di istruzione (MIUR, 2012, p. 8). The ministerial document, which forms the framework for school curricula, describes the de facto multilingual situation which can be observed in all kinds of educational environments and in communities. In infancy educational services and in schools, the presence of girls and boys who practice another language at home has long been widespread and on the increase. After describing the pluralistic linguistic repertoires featured in schools, the essay presents some evidence collected in two kindergartens in Milan, as part of a training course. Teachers were invited to use a map of intra-family communication during interviews with foreign parents, in order to outline the children's language biographies, and to know the strategies and choices of the family. In the second part, the focus will be on some autobiographical fragments taken from literary texts in which the authors highlight the stages and steps they have gone through in their history of native bilinguals. Finally, a review of the legislation dealing with the themes of mother tongues, multilingualism and linguistic diversity in childcare and schools is presented. ; «Una molteplicità di lingue e culture è entrata nella scuola italiana. L' intercultura è già oggi il modello che permette a tutti i bambini e ragazzi il riconoscimento reciproco dell'identità di ciascuno»: così si legge nella parte introduttiva delle Indicazioni Nazionali per il curricolo della scuola dell'infanzia e del primo ciclo di istruzione (MIUR, 2012, p. 8). Il documento ministeriale, che fa da cornice ai programmi scolastici, descrive la situazione multilinguistica di fatto che si osserva nei luoghi educativi per tutti e nelle comunità. Nei servizi educativi per l'infanzia e nelle scuole, la presenza di bambine e bambini che a casa ...

In the world of sport, and in particular in that of football, biographies, a literary genre that is usually associated with the stories of political and historical figures rather than the lives of great sports champions, have become more and more important for a few years,. This article analyses the official biographies of four football legends, authentic planetary icons, such as that of George Best, Johann Cruyff, Diego Armando Maradona and Francesco Totti. Through the comparison of some common episodes (the first kicks, the debut in professionalism, the transition from a "simple" player to a global phenomenon) we tried to understand, from the analysis of the individual biographies, if it is possible to trace a "narrative scheme" that can meet the expectations of the readers and strengthen their relationship of identification with their idol. ; Nel mondo dello sport, ed in particolare in quello del calcio, da alcuni anni hanno acquisito sempre più importanza le biografie, genere letterario che solitamente viene invece associato alle storie di personaggi politici e storici piuttosto che alle vite di grandi campioni sportivi. In questo articolo vengono analizzate le biografie ufficiali di quattro leggende del calcio, autentiche icone planetarie, quali quella di George Best, Johann Cruyff, Diego Armando Maradona e Francesco Totti. Attraverso la comparazione di alcuni episodi comuni (i primi calci, l'esordio nel professionismo, il passaggio da "semplice" calciatore a fenomeno globale) si è cercato di comprendere se dall'analisi delle singole biografie è possibile rintracciare uno "schema narrativo" che cerca di soddisfare le aspettative del lettore e ne rafforzi il rapporto di identificazione con il proprio idolo.

During the last decade, political biographies have resurfaced in the context of Spanish historiography, often adding value to historical knowledge and gaining the favour of the public. This text goes through several 19th century political biographies recently published, showing that, together with the richness and opportunity of the sources used, a good biography entails the author being able to combine both empathy and distance, as well as enough critical will to remove the distortions that ideological pressure and political passion could have poured over the character. ; Hace tiempo que el género biográfico recuperó visibilidad en la historiografía española, a menudo con gran éxito de público y provecho del conocimiento histórico. En este texto se realiza un recorrido por biografías políticas sobre protagonistas del siglo xix español publicadas durante la última década, para concluir que, junto con la riqueza y oportunidad de las fuentes y su calidad representativa, una biografía lograda parece el fruto de la capacidad de su autor para combinar empatía y distanciamiento, junto con la iniciativa crítica suficiente para remover los tópicos y las distorsiones que la presión ideológica y la pasión política hayan acumulado sobre el personaje.

This article discusses some of the new directions taken by cultural history nowadays, with particular focus on the works by scholars using a global perspective. It argues that this choice of a global perspective raises several problems, especially the apparent contradictions between the traditional micro-approaches, typical of cultural history, and the macro ones often used in economic or political analyses. The question is how to deal with individuals from a global perspective. Based on reflections by Peter Burke and Natalie Zemon Davis, among others, the essay shows that this concern is an important issue today, in an increasingly interconnected era, and that it responds to our cultural and intellectual needs, enriching and relativizing our perspectives. Moreover, the text also considers that global history is an emerging field that can be practiced in several ways that include micro- perspectives, as in the so called global biographies or the global microhistory. In fact, these studies present examples of intense cultural encounters in the past, focusing on the different types of individual intermediaries that made it possible, experimenting with stories of individual lives in global contexts, connecting communities and the outside world, juxtaposing micro and macro perspectives. In other words, the life of a single individual may serve to understand the connections across cultures and groups from the perspective of the actors involved. ; Este artículo aborda algunas de las nuevas direcciones de la historia cultural. En particular, los trabajos de algunos estudiosos que emplean una perspectiva global. Esa elección plantea algunos problemas, sobre todo los relativos a las aparentes contradicciones entre la tradicional mirada micro, que ha sido característica de la historia cultural más significativa, y la macro, en la que acostumbraba a primar el análisis económico o político. ¿Cómo analizar un individuo desde una perspectiva global? Utilizando principalmente las reflexiones de Peter Burke o Natalie Zemon Davis, el artículo expone que esa preocupación es un asunto actual, propio de una época de interconexión acelerada, que responde a nuestras necesidades culturales e intelectuales, permitiendo enriquecer y relativizar nuestras perspectivas. Asimismo, muestra que se trata de un campo emergente que se puede trabajar de distintos modos, incluso desde una perspectiva micro, con las llamadas biografías globales o la microhistoria global. Esos estudios, en realidad, ofrecen ejemplos de intensos encuentros culturales en el pasado, centrándose en los diferentes tipos de intermediarios individuales que los hicieron posibles, experimentando con vidas individuales en contextos globales, conectando las comunidades y el mundo exterior, yuxtaponiendo las perspectivas macro y micro.

This is a study of the meaning and uses of the term jāh in the biographies of certain Andalusi ʻulamā'. Classical Arab lexicography describes jāh as "rank, station, or dignity, with, or in the estimation of, the sulṭān", but texts extracted from biographical literature show that jāh is also linked to the possession of wealth, noble genealogical descent (though this is not always a necessary requisite), and above all, the existence of a system of distribution and circulation of favours, both material and symbolic, between possessors of jāh and persons close to them. A significant tradition is identified, through which the term jāh gradually acquires a religious character, since it was considered by some to be subject to the payment of zakāt. Examples of the "misuse" of jāh by Andalusi ʻulamā' are also provided. In conclusion, it is proposed on the basis of numerous examples that the concept of jāh belonged to a secular semantic field, and that its use in the biographies of ʻulamā' reveals the growing involvement of such scholars in the sphere of political and economic power. ; En las biografías de cierto número de ulemas andalusíes aparece el término ŷāh, al cual se dedica este estudio. Los lexicógrafos árabes lo definen como «rango y posición ante el poder», pero el examen de los textos biográficos aquí reunidos muestra que, junto a ello, el ŷāh se define por la posesión de riquezas, la nobleza genealógica (un requisito no siempre presente) y, muy en especial, la existencia de un sistema de distribución y circulación de favores, materiales y simbólicos, entre los poseedores de ŷāh y las personas de su entorno. En este sentido, se identifica una tradición que trata de dotar al ŷāh de un carácter religioso, al considerarlo sometido al mismo azaque que los bienes materiales. Se ofrecen asimismo ejemplos del «mal uso» del ŷāh entre los ulemas andalusíes. Como conclusión, se propone que el concepto de ŷāh pertenece a un repertorio semántico secular, aplicado a los ulemas cuando éstos se incorporan al aparato del poder político y económico, de lo cual se ofrecen numerosos ejemplos.

The life and administration of the president Manuel González Flores has been barely addressed in the Mexican historiography; his four years of government have been included as part of the time called Porfiriato, in which Porfirio Diaz ruled with absolute power. This article describes four biographies of Gonzalez, inspired by his military exploits, his exercise of power and his personal profile. Two of them were written by contemporary journalists: one with the aim of glorifying his acts in front of Mexico and the other seems to discredit him because of the analysis presented here. The other two were written by the greatgrandchildren of the president in an effort to reclaim their image and highlight the reasons why in national history Manuel González is almost unknown or identified as the person who only occupied the presidential chair to execute the will of Diaz. These lines also refer to some research prepared on the gonzalina administration in the electoral field, English debt, banking, colonization and freedom of worship, which relate with the biographies studied here. ; La vida y administración del presidente Manuel González Flores ha sido poco abordada en la historiografía mexicana. Los cuatro años que estuvo al frente del gobierno mexicano se incluyen como parte de la etapa denominada Porfiriato, en la que Porfirio Díaz gobernó de manera absoluta. En este artículo se analizan cuatro biografías de Manuel González, inspiradas en sus hazañas militares, ejercicio del poder y perfil personal. Dos de ellas fueron escritas por periodistas contemporáneos a ese político, una con el objetivo de ensalzar sus actos al frente de México y la otra, aparentemente, para desacreditarlo, pues el análisis que aquí se presenta fija algunos matices al respecto. Las otras dos fueron redactadas por los bisnietos del mandatario, con el afán de reivindicar su imagen y evidenciar los motivos por los que en la historia nacional Manuel González es casi desconocido o señalado como el personaje que ocupó la silla presidencial solo para ejecutar la voluntad de Díaz. Estas líneas también hacen referencia a las investigaciones que se han elaborado sobre la administración gonzalina en los terrenos electoral, deuda inglesa, banca, colonización y libertad de cultos, los cuales se articulan con las biografías aquí estudiadas.

La vida y administración del presidente Manuel González Flores ha sido poco abordada en la historiografía mexicana. Los cuatro años que estuvo al frente del gobierno mexicano se incluyen como parte de la etapa denominada Porfiriato, en la que Porfirio Díaz gobernó de manera absoluta. En este artículo se analizan cuatro biografías de Manuel González, inspiradas en sus hazañas militares, ejercicio del poder y perfil personal. Dos de ellas fueron escritas por periodistas contemporáneos a ese político, una con el objetivo de ensalzar sus actos al frente de México y la otra, aparentemente, para desacreditarlo, pues el análisis que aquí se presenta fija algunos matices al respecto. Las otras dos fueron redactadas por los bisnietos del mandatario, con el afán de reivindicar su imagen y evidenciar los motivos por los que en la historia nacional Manuel González es casi desconocido o señalado como el personaje que ocupó la silla presidencial solo para ejecutar la voluntad de Díaz. Estas líneas también hacen referencia a las investigaciones que se han elaborado sobre la administración gonzalina en los terrenos electoral, deuda inglesa, banca, colonización y libertad de cultos, los cuales se articulan con las biografías aquí estudiadas ; The life and administration of the president Manuel González Flores has been barely addressed in the Mexican historiography; his four years of government have been included as part of the time called Porfiriato, in wich Porfirio Díaz ruled with absolute power. This article describes four biographies of Gonzalez, inspired by his military exploits, his exercise of power and his personal profile. Two of them were written by contemporary journalists: one with the aim of glorifying his acts in front of Mexico and the other seems to discredit him because of the analysis presented here. The other two were written by the great-grandchildren of the president in an effort to reclaim their image and highlight the reasons why in national history Manuel González is almost unknown or identified as the person who only occupied the presidential chair to execute the will of Diaz. These lines also refer to some research prepared on the gonzalina administration in the electoral field, English debt, banking colonization and freedom of worship, which relate with the biographies studied here

Nell'ambito di un'indagine sull'identità del rivoluzionario nel XIX secolo, calata tra gli attivisti coinvolti nella Comune di Parigi, si è trattato di selezionare quelle autobiografie scritte e pubblicate da comunardi come parte integrante della loro attività politica, e così porre il problema del rapporto tra pratica autobiografica e rivoluzione, ovvero chiarire le condizioni del passage au récit, la scelta autobiografica e insieme la mise en intrigue tra esperienze individuali e rivoluzione. Questa ricerca si presenta dunque come un lavoro sulle pratiche autobiografiche all'interno delle pratiche di attivismo politico, ovvero più specificamente sulla relazione tra autobiografia e rivoluzione. In altri termini si analizza il modo in cui i rivoluzionari narravano la loro identità in pubblico, perché lo avessero fatto e cosa veicolavo in termini di stili di vita e convinzioni particolari. In quanto rivoluzionari, l'autobiografia diviene fonte e parte di ciò che essi reputavano in quel momento la propria traiettoria rivoluzionaria, la narrazione di quella che in quel momento ritenevano comunicare al pubblico come propria identità narrativa. La ricerca si articola in tre momenti. Nel primo capitolo analizzo le biografie, o meglio un piccolo gruppo tra la massa di biografie di comunardi edite all'indomani della Comune da parte della pubblicistica tanto ostile quanto partigiana della Comune. Queste narrazioni biografiche diffuse nei mesi successivi alla repressione della rivoluzione comunalista consentono di affrontare una delle condizioni fondamentali del passage au récit autobiografico che si manifesterà solo posteriormente. Il secondo e il terzo capitolo sono dedicati a due progetti autobiografici di diversa natura: la trilogia autobiografica di Jules Vallès (1879, 1881, 1886) e le Mémoires di Louise Michel (1886). ; As part of an investigation of revolutionary identity in the XIX century, declined on the activists involved in the Paris Commune, it was to select those life-stories written and published by the Communards as part of their political activity, and thus to pose the problem of the relationship between autobiographical practice and revolution, clarify the conditions of passage au récit, the autobiographical choice and the mise en intrigue of the individual experiences and revolution. This research thus provides an inquiry of the autobiographical practices within the practices of political activism, or more specifically on the relationship between autobiographical narratives and revolution. I analyse the way in which the revolutionaries told their identity in public, the reasons why they had done and what they spreaded in terms of lifestyles and beliefs. As revolutionaries, the autobiography becomes a source and a part of what they considered their revolutionary path, the narrative of what at that time they believed to communicate to the public as their own narrative identity. The research is divided into three parts. In the first chapter I analyse the biographies, or rather a small group among the mass of published biographies of Communards after the Commune. These biographical narratives help address one of the fundamental conditions for the passage au récit which will be appeared only later. The second and third chapters are dedicated to two autobiographical practices of different nature: the autobiographical trilogy of Jules Vallès (1879, 1881, 1886) and Memoirs of Louise Michel (1886).

Entrepreneur, urban planner, politician, editor, the Italian intellectual Adriano Olivetti (1901-1960) proposed a novel reading view of modernity and demonstrated that an alternative way, one that was complex and disinterested in the common good, was possible. Relying on previously unexploited research drawn from Olivetti's library and various archives, this intellectual biography reconstructs the life of Adriano Olivetti looking through the lens of the specifics of his territory and his family, the scientific management, urban planning, anti-fascism, entrepreneurial activity and politics, thereby providing a global and historically-based interpretation of the man and his thought. Adriano Olivetti was born in Ivrea, in the Canavese. Situated between Aosta and Turin, this small rural town had little industry when, in the early twentieth century, his father Camillo Olivetti founded a typewriters' factory. Camillo was a socialist of Jewish origin, whose wife was Waldensian, and his son was educated in religious freedom and would become a Catholic. As an engineering student, Adriano Olivetti supported the principles of autonomy and of federalist socialism, before focusing on scientific management which he had observed in the USA. In the early '30s he became the director of the company, where he inaugurated the scientific management of mass production. He subsequently noticed that the modernization of industry, conceived as the only means to generalize the well-being, generated serious social and urban problems. As a result, as the company grew larger and conquered foreign markets, he coordinated an urban plan of the Val d'Aosta. An antifascist, he contributed to the fall of Mussolini by working with the Allies. While exiled in Switzerland, he developed a plan for the reform of Italian institutions which would set the territories at the center of politics, the "Communities" that would allow the citizens to participate more directly in the management of politics, economics, urban and social development. When in 1945 ...