In the last thirty years, it has been identified a theory corresponding to the biological evolution one which concerns the behavioral traits of men and their social organization (institutions, customs, beliefs, social norms, values and technologies). By tracing back the guidelines of cultural evolution and showing how it differs from biological evolution, this paper focuses on the cultural evolution theory and its capability to explain the emergence and the change of rules and institutions at the bottom of social life. In the last part of the paper, recovering F. A. Hayek's pioneering insights, I will analyze the evolutionary dynamics acting at the level of rules and institutions. I will show, on the one hand, how selection of the rules is driven by a complex process in which emerg-ing macro-systemic effects lend an evolutionary advantage to some human groups and allow us to explain how specific rules have successfully survived over time. On the other hand, I will argue that some behaviors have jointly transformed with the changing of societies by following the increasing degree of complexity in the relationships and human environments.
The book collects the works presented during the XII meeting of the Italian Group of Evolutionary Biology, held in Florence in February 2004. Evolutionary theories are illustrated with balance from different points of view (from the perspective of historians, zoologists, paleontologists, anthropologists, molecular biologists) in the light of some recent experimental and theoretical discoveries. The debate and the diversity of investigations demonstrate the validity and relevance of the study of biological evolution.
In the spring of 1995, during works for the rehabilitation of a wall that closed the grotto of the Old Cemetery in the Sicilian village of Alia, the skeletal remains of the victims of the cholera outbreak of 1837 that had been rapidly interred here were brought to light. From that moment on, the Alia project was developed without interruption, analysing the biological evolution of the local population by exploiting study methods characteristic of different anthropological disciplines, such as skeletal biology, population genetics and biodemography. The book renders account of research completed and in progress carried out by academics from the Universities of Florence, Palermo, Parma, Cagliari, Turin and Göttingen. - Nella primavera del 1995, durante i lavori di risanamento al muro che chiudeva la grotta del Cimitero Vecchio del paese siciliano di Alia, erano tornati alla luce i resti scheletrici delle vittime dell'epidemia di colera del 1837, qui frettolosamente inumati. Da quel momento il progetto Alia si è sviluppato senza sosta, analizzando l'evoluzione biologica della popolazione aliese mediante le metodologie di studio tipiche di differenti discipline antropologiche quali la biologia scheletrica, la genetica di popolazione, la biodemografia. Il volume dà conto delle ricerche condotte e in corso da parte di studiosi delle Università di Firenze, Palermo, Parma, Cagliari, Torino e Göttingen.
The contribution offers targeted readings of texts by Herbert G. Wells (The Time Machine, The Island of Doctor Moreau) and also of twentieth-century texts such as Ape and Essence by Aldouls Huxley and The irritable planet by Paolo Volponi. The subject of the study is the relationship, significant from the point of view of the history of fantastic literature, between the biological and scientific instance and the ethical one. If in Wells the political and social message stops in the face of insurmountable aporias and instead proceeds towards a biological idea of human evolution (following Darwin and Thomas Huxley), the twentieth-century dystopian literature of the post-bomb depletes of actual curiosity scientific investigation and turns towards an ethical reflection which again has its center on man and his commitments towards the future. ; Il contributo propone letture mirate di testi di Herbert G. Wells (The Time Machine, The Island of Doctor Moreau) e inoltre di testi novecenteschi quali Ape and Essence di Aldouls Huxley e Il pianeta irritabile di Paolo Volponi. Oggetto dello studio è il rapporto, significativo sotto il profilo della storia della letteratura fantastica, fra l'istanza biologica e scientifica e quella etica. Se in Wells il messaggio politico e sociale si arresta di fronte a insormontabili aporie e procede invece verso un'idea biologica dell'evoluzione umana (sulla scorta di Darwin e Thomas Huxley), la letteratura distopica novecentesca del dopo-bomba depaupera di curiosità effettive l'indagine scientifica e volge verso una riflessione etica che ha nuovamente il suo centro sull'uomo e sui suoi impegni nei confronti del futuro.
The paper proposes a morphological interpretation of the question of the debt in its intrinsical relationship with the credit. Morphology is conceived as the theory of the genesis of the form (formation), which offers an innovative and fruitful point of intersection and interaction between human and natural sciences. From a biological point of view, the "human form" lives an open dialectic between lack and excess, neoteny and progenesis that characterizes his evolution; debt-credit should be then interpreted as the mutual relationship (munus) which expresses the generic and relational nature of human animal. This munus is made at the same time of incapacity and capacity, and it is not mono-, neither a-, but rather pluri-morphic: it is declined in various forms, from the political and the ethical to the economical etc. Thus, moving from the consideration of the (wo)man as zoon allotriomenon and according both to Western and Eastern thought, I claim that we need to redefine the form of the individual as a social process of individualisation and self-flourishing.
Negli ultimi anni il danno da fumo passivo rappresenta un tema molto dibattuto sia in dottrina che in giurisprudenza. In questo articolo si analizza il fenomeno di specie in un settore dove le dinamiche socio-giuridiche si manifestano più costantemente come quello lavorativo, cercando di fornire un inquadramento chiaro e lineare della normativa italiana sul divieto di fumo nei luoghi chiusi aperti al pubblico e, in particolare, negli ambienti lavorativi. Ciò consente di verificare come il ruolo del datore di lavoro, sul rispetto di tale divieto, assume una rilevanza primaria in riferimento alla tutela dei lavoratori che siano esposti al fumo passivo. Infine si fornisce una panoramica concisa sull'evoluzione giurisprudenziale in tema di danno giuridico da fumo passivo negli ambienti di lavoro, ricordando, tra le molte, la storica pronuncia della Corte di Cassazione (n. 4211/2016), con cui la Rai (Radiotelevisione italiana S.p.A.) è stata condannata a risarcire una ex dipendente per i danni biologici e morali, che aveva patito a causa del fumo passivo inalato nel proprio ambiente di lavoro.Since last years one of the most important topic has been developing is about the consequences of secondhand smoke, both in doctrine and jurisprudence one. This post is focused on these species phenomenon within a sector that explicits definitely all social and legal aspects: the job one. The goal is to provide a clear and linear classification of Italian legislation on forbidden smoke in public places, specially the job one. Very clear has to be the role of employer about that becoming the first leader on duty in the employees protection against the secondhand smoke. At last, there is the law evolution overview about the topic of secondhand smoke damage in the job places like the historical judgment of Italian Cassazione Court (n. 4211/2016). The national tv RAI has been condemned to compensate an ex employee for biological and moral damage due to the secondhand smoke inhalation in the job place
El concepto de agrobiodiversitad se refiere a los ecosistemas con su flora, su fauna, su componente microbiológico y genético que derivan de la acción ejercitada inicialmente por la selección natural en la evolución de la vida y por el hombre que ha domesticado la naturaleza desde el tiempo de los primeros agricultores cerca de 10.000 años atrás hasta el dia de hoy. La biodiversidad es un elemento esencial del ambiente natural y garantiza numerosos beneficios para el hombre, beneficios que son llamados: Servicios Ecosistémicos. Los ecosistemas naturales, consituidos por un conjunto de especies que han evolucionado en el tiempo en equilibrio con el ambiente físico, son la garantía de la sustentabilidad de bienestar humano. Los servicios ecosistémicos pueden ser de diferente naturaleza como: suministro (madera, comida, medicinas, etc), regulación (filtrado del agua, descomposición de residuos orgánicos, regulación del clima con el ciclo del carbono, etc), de base (ciclo de los nutrientes, fotosíntesis y formación de biomasa, formación de los suelos), cultural (recreación, estética, espiritual, etc). La ley 194 de diciembre del 2015 del gobierno italiano, sobre la seguridad y la conservación de la biodversidad de los productos agrícolas y alimentarios, ha cubierto la diferencia entre la rica reglamentación internacional y la normativa italiana aun en fase de desarrollo y ha dado particular resalto a la protección de la rica herencia de biodiversidad presente en el territorio italiano. Esta ley tiene como principal objetivo la actulización de la normativa italiana adaptándola al marco normativo internacional en diferentes niveles que van desde la seguridad y conservación de la biodiversidad de alimentos, necesaria para conservar los recursos genéticos locales, a la definición de medidas para prevenir riesgo de extinción y erosión genética y específica de la biodiversidad a escala nacional. En fin, viene presentado y comentado un trabajo piloto sobre la integración de los servicios ecosistémicos en la planificación de las áreas protegidas. El proyecto se ha realizado utilizando fondos europeos LIFE+ y se llama LIFE+mgn (making good nature). En particular en el proyecto LIFE+mgn se propone a través de la participación de las comunidades locales y la utilizacion de PES (Pay for Ecosystems Services= Pago por servicios ambientales) de definir los planes de gestión y conservación de la biodiversidad dentro de la red de áreas protegidas europeas (Red Natura 2000). La propuesta ha sido desarrollada y puesta en práctica en un set de 22 áreas de la red con características ambientales, territoriales y culturares muy heterogéneas y que son representativas de la realidad italiana. La aplicación del modelo LIFE+mgn, que se ha demostrado muy eficaz para integrar los servicios ecosistémicos en la planificación sustentable de la red Natura 2000, podría ser extendida a toda la red de áreas protegidas incluyendo otras áreas como los Parques nacionales y regionales. ; Agricultural biodiversity entails the wealth of plant, animal and microbial genetic resources formed through biological mechanisms, natural selection and a lengthy evolution process, and accumulated ‐since the appearance of the agriculture about 10.000 years ago‐ by generations of farmers who patiently and diligently domesticated, selected and moved from different areas, the species from which the products necessary to manʹs existence would derive. Biodiversity is an irreplaceable element in the natural environment, producing a range of benefits for humanity realized by the so‐called ecosystem services, in the form of different types of goods and services such as food, timber, drinking water, pollination, energy, climate regulation, protection from natural hazards/risks, erosion control, ingredients for medicines and cosmetics, leisure activities The Italian act 194, passed of the 1st of December 2015, on safety and conservation of agricultural and food biodiversity, attempts to fill a gap between a set of prolific international agreements – aimed, in different ways, at regulating the delicate topic of the safety of biological and agricultural diversity– and a likewise productive season of regional acts, focused on the protection of our territory's remarkable genetic heritage. This legislation's main objective is to achieve an international framework, arranged through different levels and competences, for the safety and conservation of agricultural and food biodiversity, able to safeguard local genetic resources ‐ both agricultural and food‐ from the risk of genetic erosion and extinction. A pioneering work aimed at defining new management tools that include Ecosystem services in the governance of the network of protected areas (Natura 2000 network) has been recently done in Italy in the context of the LIFE+ European program (called LIFE+mgn). The proposed procedure was implemented and tested in a pool of 22 protected areas representative of the environmental, social and economic heterogeneity in Italy. Specific PES (Payment for ecosystem services) and contracts were defined. The model LIFE+mgn seems adequate for including ES in defining a sustainable plan of the Natura 2000 network. ; Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) - Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
La presente ricerca è finalizzata a vagliare gli approdi raggiunti dalla c.d. "questione animale" e la corrispondente evoluzione della coscienza sociale relativa alla considerazione degli animali. Tali approdi sono il risultato di un importante sviluppo della ricerca scientifica, etica e filosofica e della diffusione nella mentalità sociale di acquisizioni oramai irrefutabili nel campo delle scienze biologiche, zoologiche, cognitive, che hanno reso improponibili le vecchie certezze sulla irriducibile, ontologica, separatezza dell'uomo rispetto agli animali. Da ciò, l'elaborato è volto a porre in rilievo il cammino che tanto l'ordinamento nazionale, quanto quelli comunitario ed internazionale, hanno intrapreso al fine di elaborare tutele concrete nei confronti degli animali, cercando progressivamente di mitigare e smussare quella visione strettamente antropocentrica ed autoreferenziale che è base e fondamento dei sistemi giuridici. Il rapporto che lega l'uomo agli animali ci ha portato a valorizzare gli stessi sotto diversi profili e a predisporre per essi una tutela policentrica. Gli animali integrano, nel nostro modo di concepire la realtà, valori plurimi e ad essi il legislatore ha riferito in tempi diversi le proprie direttive di tutela. Il naturale sviluppo della ricerca ci porta, in ambito penale, ad analizzare l'ultimo momento di svolta legislativa: con la legge n. 189/2004 il legislatore introduce nel codice penale nuovi reati, che tutelano gli animali in quanto tali, per il valore intrinseco di cui essi sono portatori. Argomento di particolare stimolo per il penalista, il presente studio si interroga su quale sia il bene giuridico protetto da tali fattispecie penali. Una volta ripercorse le tesi esistenti in materia, con un focus particolare su quelle tradizionali e maggioritarie orientate sul bene-sentimento, l'elaborato porta argomenti a confutazione di queste teorie e rileva in conclusione come il bene protetto sia semplicemente l'animale. Sollevando lo sguardo dal più ristretto recinto penalistico, la ricerca si propone, infine, di proiettare l'animale nell'intero ordinamento giuridico, evidenziando le caratteristiche di tendenziale soccombenza di questo bene rispetto a numerosi altri, peraltro discendente da precise scelte politico-criminali del legislatore, al fine di comprendere il quadro di liceità/illiceità che l'ordinamento nel suo complesso rende e formulare alcune proposte atte a migliorare de iure condendo un quadro normativo che, nonostante gli innegabili passi avanti fatti, si rivela ancora disorganico ed incoerente. The law no. 189/2004: animal as a legal interest and the political-criminal inconsistency of the regulatory system This research is aimed at evaluating the landings reached by the so-called "animal question" and the corresponding evolution of social conscience relative to the consideration of animals. These finding are the result of an important development of scientific, ethical and philosophical research and of the spread in the social mentality of now irrefutable acquisitions in the field of biological, zoological and cognitive sciences, which have made unthinkable the old certainties about the irreducible, ontological, separateness of man compared to animals. From this, the elaborate is aimed at highlighting the path that both national legal system, as well as the community and international ones, have undertaken in order to develop concrete protections towards animals, gradually trying to mitigate and smooth out that strictly anthropocentric and self-referential vision which is the basis and foundation of legal systems. The relationship that binds humans to animals has led us to value them under different profiles and to arrange for them a polycentric protection. Animals integrate multiple values into our way of conceiving reality and the lawgiver has referred to them at different times its own protection directives. The natural development of the research leads us, in the criminal field, to analyze the last legislative turning point: with Law no. 189/2004 the lawgiver introduces new crimes into the penal code, which protect animals as such, for the intrinsic value they carry. A particularly stimulating topic for the criminal lawyer, this study questions and tries to establish what is the legal interest protected by the criminal law provisions punishing animal cruelty. Once an overview of the existing theses on this subject is provided, which includes the traditional and majority-oriented ones focusing on the sympathetic feelings for animals, the research offers several rebuttals of these theories and concludes by pointing out that the applicable criminal provisions simply protect the animal itself. Lifting our gaze from the narrower criminal area, the research aims, finally, to project the animal into the entire legal system, highlighting the characteristics of tendency to succumb of the animals compared to other legal interest, moreover descending from precise political-criminal choices of the lawgiver, in order to understand the framework of lawfulness/unlawfulness that the legal system as a whole makes and to formulate some proposals aimed at improving de iure condendo a regulatory framework which, despite the undeniable progress made, is still disorganized and inconsistent.
