Suchergebnisse

Cet article procède à une comparaison de deux formes de politiques comportementales, les boosts et les nudges , du point de vue des questions normatives auxquelles elles doivent répondre. Ces politiques s'inscrivent toutes les deux dans une perspective welfariste, i.e. elles veillent à respecter les attitudes subjectives et raisonnables des individus dans la détermination des jugements concernant le bien-être de chacun d'entre eux. Cependant, dans la mesure où ces deux formes de politiques comportementales affectent les comportements par des biais différents, leur adhésion au welfarisme n'induit pas les mêmes implications normatives. Les nudges affectent les comportements en agissant sur le contexte de choix en s'appuyant sur les résultats expérimentaux établissant une stabilité des relations entre les éléments du contexte et les comportements. Ce type d'intervention ne dépend pas du degré de compréhension ou de la participation active et volontaire des individus visés. Par conséquent, la justification des nudges repose sur la démonstration que l'intervention va permettre de corriger une erreur comportementale et effectivement mener à un meilleur résultat. Les boosts , quant à eux, affectent les comportements en améliorant les compétences des individus à la prise de décision via l'utilisation d'outils. Ce type d'intervention requiert la compréhension et la participation active et volontaire des sujets. Par conséquent, la justification des boosts ne dépend pas des questions normatives relatives à l'identification des erreurs ou à la détermination de l'amélioration effective du bien-être via l'intervention. Bien que les partisans des nudges puissent parfois répondre à ces difficultés normatives, il apparait que les boosts les évitent d'emblée. De ce point de vue, les boosts apparaissent préférables aux nudges .

The Islamic financial system has made its mark. Born from the awakening of political Islam, financial globalization gave Islamic banking a strong boost. Islamic banking is still poorly represented in Africa but it could easily undergo further expansion in the near future via investment banking and the accelerated development of microfinance. This would open up interesting prospects for sovereign wealth funds and foreign investment. Adapted from the source document.

The Frelimo state-party : a reassessment of its origins.
At its formation in 1962, FRELIMO was no more than an alliance of unstable social fractions and ethnic groups with opposing tendencies. The crisis of 1968 resolved these internal contradictions in favour of the military and «revolutionary intellectuals» thus signalling the defeat of merchants and traditional authority. The guerilla movement received a boost but the peasant/military alliance was maintained more by the exigencies of war than by a social project internalized by the peasantry. The state apparatus then in formation was a generic factor of fragility as its object was the incorporation of rural society in the urban project of forging a Nation.

The ENA-IIAP Merger, a Boost to French International Cooperation

Though rivalry undoubtedly existed between the ENA and the IIAP as to their respective roles, it was minimal at the time the two institutions merged. Thus, rather than as the resuit of a battle won by one or the other institution, this merger might be explained as stemming from historical reasons combined with the need for administrative rationalization, which involved the restructuring of ENA so as to integrate the IIAP's spécifie input. Restructuring was carried out along three main thèmes — basic training, career development and research, international relations — aiming to give France an efficient instrument for administrative coopération.

General McChrystal commanded the NATO International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and JS forces in Afghanistan from June 2009 to June 2010. In this exclusive interview with Brigitte Ades, he talks about this pivotal period in his career, which enabled him to apply lessons learned from the Iraqi campaign. In Iraq, where he was commander of US Special Forces for five years, from 2003 to 2008, he experimented with unprecedented strategic methods that enabled American troops to significantly boost their effectiveness in the fight against AI Qaeda. General McChrystal, who for several months held the future of Afghanistan in his hands, shares a frank and moving account of everybody he worked with, both civilian and military. Adapted from the source document.

In this exclusive interview with Aude Marcovitch for Politique Internationale, the mayor of Jerusalem unveils his ambitious aims for the city. Jerusalem is a very special city due to its history, religious significance & symbolic resonance. But it is also a city like any other, one that faces the same problems as cities the world over: demographic pressures, poverty, lack of infrastructure, unregulated urban sprawl & communitarian clashes. To boost Jerusalem, Nir Barkat is betting on cultural tourism as a tremendous wellspring of employment. His goal is to make the city a leading destination for tourists from everywhere in the world, & of all religions. Addressing the thorny issue of the city's status, Barkat does not mince words: Jerusalem has always been the heart of the Jewish people; it must remain so & cannot be divided. There is room for only one capital. Adapted from the source document.

All it took was a brief conflict between Russia & Ukraine in early 2006 for the world to discover the hugely strategic value of natural gas & the risk of excessive dependence on a single provider. Natural gas is as abundant as oil, but production is lower by one-third -- despite the fact that demand is very strong. Certain exporters, such as Russia, don't have the means to develop their gas infrastructures. Others are voluntarily curbing their production as a means of pressuring some buyers: this is the case with Iran & Venezuela, which don't hesitate to use their reserves as a weapon against the United States. In theory, the huge spike in prices over the past few months should motivate them to boost production. But in practice, the prospect of large profits won't necessarily be enough for them to go ahead. Adapted from the source document.

Larry Summers, the eminent economist and former President of Harvard University who played significant roles in both the Clinton and Obama administrations, offers an enlightened analysis of the financial and economic crisis which has ravaged developed countries over the past three years. The root cause of the crisis is that people were too confident, they borrowed too much, lent too much, and spent too much. As a good Keynesian, Larry Summers believes that the only way out is to boost confidence, borrow more, lend more and spend more. This is a paradoxical solution that most people have a hard time understanding. The Obama administration has started to understand. Europeans, on the other hand, are desperately implementing restrictive policies which risk destroying growth and dragging the economy down into an infernal spiral. And yet Europe can only resolve its debt problem and improve the global economic climate if it rediscovers the growth path. This will require both monetary and budgetary stimulus. Adapted from the source document.

Joy and sorrows of French immigration in Canada after the Second World War.
Richard JONES
Few immigrants came to Canada from France in the years following the Second World War. Certainly, the French government did not regard emigration with enthusiasm and the French-speaking province of Quebec, in Canada, did little to welcome new arrivals, even those from France. Still, the Canadian government must bear a large part of the blame for this failure. For political reasons, Ottawa decided, in September 1948, to modify the Immigration regulations and to place citizens of France on an equal footing with British subjects and American citizens. However, the federal government's fear that the new rules would enable French Communists or collaborators to immigrate to Canada led it to set up new, unpublicized barriers. These controls limited the number of French admitted to Canada. Moreover, the Canadian government continued to favour British immigration and it did not appear ready to invest substantial resources, both human and financial, in a programme designed to boost immigration from France.

Of all the prime ministers who have left their mark on the political life of the Baltic states since their return to independence two decades ago, Estonia's Andrus Ansip stands out as the only one to have secured a degree of stability. Prime minister since 2005, Mr. Ansip succeeded in gaining eurozone membership for Estonia on January 1, 2011, in return for a level of budgetary rigor that could serve as a model for many other European states... Symbolic implications aside, Andrus Ansip is banking on the euro to make Estonia a more attractive option for foreign investors, to boost trade with the rest of the continent and to stabilize the currency. However, membership in the EU also carries a political dimension: Estonians are eager to be part of Europe mainly to escape the domination of their imposing neighbor to the east, Russia, under whose yoke they have been for half a century. The cyber attacks that hit Estonia in 2007 served as a timely reminder of this threat. Adapted from the source document.