Suchergebnisse

Die vorliegende Analyse von "beschämenden Niederlagen" beim Boxen wird als ein Modell für sozialen Wettkampf und die sportliche Niederlage entsprechend als paradigmatisch für das Scheitern im Wettbewerb um gesellschaftliche Anerkennung und Erfolg diskutiert. Gemeinsam ist beiden Sphären, dass die Ideologie des Individualismus Sieg oder Niederlage auf Anstrengungen und Leistungen des Individuums zurechnet anstatt auf gesellschaftliche Umstände. Die individualistische Ideologie suggeriert: Jeder kann nach oben kommen, jeder kann ein Sieger werden. Unterlegenheit wird dann als das Ergebnis des eigenen Scheiterns gewertet, die soziale Niederlage ist selbst zu verantworten. Wenn der Individualitätsglaube als allgemeine Zuschreibungsformel von Erfolg gilt, wenn jeder glaubt, sein Scheitern sei, ebenso wie sein Erfolg, selbst zu verantworten, dann muss, wer dabei scheitert, mit Schamgefühlen rechnen. Allerdings kann die Erfahrung, trotz Anstrengung und Leistungsbereitschaft nicht den gewünschten (oder versprochenen) Erfolg zu bekommen, unter Umständen auch zu Empörung, Wut und Aufstand führen - insbesondere, wenn es als Gegengewicht zur individualistischen Ideologie einen Zusammenhang der Solidarität der Unterlegenen gibt. Ob man sich schämt, hängt also von der Sozialstruktur und ihrer Kultur ab, das heißt, von strukturellen Hierarchien und Ungleichheiten und deren Legitimationsmustern. (ICA2)

Introduction / Robert Bickers -- Village politics and national politics: the Boxer movement in central Shanxi / Henrietta Harrison -- The church militant: armed conflicts between Christians and Boxers in North China / R.G. Tiedemann -- (A) subaltern('s) Boxers: an Indian soldier's account of China and the world in 1900-1901 / Annand A. Yang -- Reporting the Taiyuan Massacre: culture and politics in the China war of 1900 / Roger R. Thompson -- Looting and its discontents: moral discourse and the plunder of Beijing, 1900-1901 / James L. Hevia -- Scandals of empire: the looting of North China and the Japanese public sphere / Ben Middleton -- After the fall: Tianjin under foreign occupation, 1900-1902 / Lewis Bernstein -- The Boxer Uprising and India: globalizing myths / C.A. Bayly -- The Boxer Uprising and British foreign policy: the end of isolation / T.G. Otte -- Humanizing the Boxers / Paul A. Cohen

Hitler and Boxing -- Men of Unsurpassed Evil -- The Biggest Little Champ: Victor Perez -- The Miracle of Life in a Pair of Fists -- 200 to 1 -- Sinto Into the Ring -- Harry Haft: Contender -- Run for Your Life -- Vengeance in Mine -- The Nuremberg Trials -- German Boxing: Before, During, and After the War -- :Anti-Semitism in Germany and America.

Abstract
Background
In post-industrial countries, ethnic minorities suffer poorer health and premature deaths. The present study examined ethnic differences in life expectancy and related features among elite heavyweight boxers.

Methods
Dates of birth and death, anthropometry, and championship years were gathered from media archives for champions and challengers (never been a champion) between years 1889 and 2019. Cox regression adjusted for age at contest, nationality, BMI, champion/challenger status, and number of contests was used to assess survival.

Results
All 237 boxers, 83 champions (37.3% whites) and 154 challengers (61.0% whites), who contested for heavyweight championships were identified. By 2019, 110 (75 whites, 34 non-whites) were known to have died. Non-white boxers died at an earlier age than whites boxers (mean ± SD = 59.8 ± 14.2 years versus 67.3 ± 16.4 years, p = 0.018) and had shorter survival: HR = 2.13 (95% CI = 1.4–3.3). Among non-white boxers, deaths were higher from neurological disorders: OR = 8.2 (95% CI = 1.3–13.5) and accidents: OR = 15.1 (95% CI = 2.3–98.2), while death from natural causes was lower: OR = 0.2 (95% CI = 0.03–0.8). After boxing careers, fewer non-white boxers had non-manual jobs (34.4% versus 71.8%) than manual (34.4% versus 19.7%) or were unemployed (28.1% versus 2.8%). Reported substance abuse was similar across ethnicity (8.0% versus 8.8%) but conviction rates were higher among non-white boxers (17.6%) than white (1.3%).

Conclusions
Compared with white boxers, non-white boxers tend to die younger with excess neurological and accidental deaths, and they have lower social positions in later life. Sporting authorities should reappraise the wisdom of permitting head injuries in sport and monitor and support the health and wellbeing of sports men and women after retirement.

This research describes aspects of the life story of a professional junior middle-weight boxer. We conducted this inquiry in an urban boxing gym in the United States. Five extensive interviews were collected and analyzed through a life story interview method; the findings we present through dialogic representation. This work is a partnership between an academic and a sports journalist, a mother and son duo who wanted to explore one boxer's life story: the sometimes glamorous, sometimes mundane reality of life inside the ring. The research began with a familial connection: The first author's father (who is also the second author's grandfather) was a boxer in the U.S. Navy. As an amateur champion welterweight, Bob "The Brick Wall" Ketelle had a 17-0-1 record (17 wins, 0 losses, 1 draw) with 10 knockouts. This familial introduction formed an interest in the sport of boxing and gave rise to learning more about one boxer's life. The boxing trope has long been the subject of film and literature, most notably documented in American movies such as Raging Bull (1980) and Rocky (1976). We all know the story: the young unknown boxer with a heart of gold, fighting his way to the top, going from a nobody to a champion in a few short fights. But how does this cliché match up with reality? Through our research we have attempted to go behind the trope, to present some of the life experiences of one professional boxer to better understand how boxing tales from film and literature relate to life lived in an urban boxing gym. (author's abstract)

Over the last 50 years the participation rates of women and girls in sport have soared, challenging sport as a male preserve. Participation rates of female athletes in most low to middle-income countries have lagged behind their higher income counterparts, but this too appears to be changing even in male-dominated sports such as boxing. Female boxers transgress gender norms, and threaten conceptions of masculinity and femininity that position women and girls as vulnerable, and male physical superiority as a justification for male dominance. Data drawn from the archives of the Association Internationale de Boxe (AIBA) and other sources document the increasing representation of women from lower income countries in the sport of boxing. Informed by the narratives of women from a cross-section of countries, I argue that increasing numbers of women boxers disrupt normative gender scripts in often highly patriarchal communities, and contests gendered hierarchies in sport.

In professional boxing, rags-to-riches-to-rags stories are as commonplace as elaborate ring entrances. In the wake of the Professional Boxing Safety Act of 1996, the U.S. Congress mandated that the Secretary of Labor undertake a study on the feasibility of establishing a pension plan for professional boxers. The results of the study have yet to be utilized for the development of such a plan. Employing data on those boxing in Nevada, 2008-2010, a model pension plan is developed herein, which may be used as a prototype for other states or a national boxers' pension plan.