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The objective was to compare two neurophysiological variables in active amateur boxers with non-boxing sportsmen. 41 boxers and 27 controls were given psychometric tests: 34 boxers and 34 controls underwent technetium-99m hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime single photon emission computerised tomography (Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT) cerebral perfusion scans. The controls performed better at most aspects of the psychometric tests. Boxers who had fought fewer bouts had a tendency to perform better at psychometric tests than those boxers who had fought more bouts. Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT cerebral perfusion scanning showed that controls had less aberrations in cerebral perfusion than the boxers. In conclusion, significant differences were shown in two neurophysiological variables between young amateur sportsmen who box and those who do not. The long term effects of these findings remain unknown.

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "The Professional Boxing Safety Act of 1996 established minimum health and safety standards for professional boxing and provided for limited federal oversight by the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission. In 2000, the Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act amended the act to better protect boxers' economic well-being and enhance the integrity of the sport. However, reports of problems continue, including permanent and sometimes fatal injuries, economic exploitation, and corruption. GAO was asked to (1) identify fundamental elements considered important to protect professional boxers and enhance the integrity of the sport; (2) assess the extent to which provisions of the Professional Boxing Safety Act of 1996, as amended (the act), cover these elements and determine whether selected state and tribal boxing commissions have documentation indicating compliance with the act's provisions; (3) determine whether selected states and tribes have provisions that cover additional elements; and (4) identify federal actions taken under the act."

BACKGROUND: Balance function is a key indicator in the identification of and recovery from concussion. The NeuroCom Sensory Organization Test (SOT) is used to objectively quantify balance using input from the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems. Baseline tests are necessary for comparison post-concussion. PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this study was to establish baseline SOT measures for the population that will be useful in the concussion assessment, diagnosis, and return to duty decisions following a concussion. Secondary aims were to compare females and males as well as concussed versus non-concussed. To the knowledge of the authors these are the only published normative data for a highly-active military population ages 17-23. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study METHODS: Two hundred fifty-three (70 female and 183 male) cadets in a boxing course at a service academy were enrolled. The participants were evaluated on the SOT using the NeuroCom Balance Manager (Natus Medical Inc., Seattle, WA) and each condition, composite (COMP) score, and ratio score were recorded. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in SOT COMP scores between females (COMP = 76.67 ± 7.25) and males (COMP = 76.57 ± 7.77), nor between participants with history of concussion (COMP = 75.83 ± 7.90) versus those never concussed (COMP = 76.75 ± 7.57). CONCLUSION: This study provides SOT reference values for young, healthy, active individuals, which will assist in the interpretation of individual scores for concussion diagnosis and recovery, as well as serve as baseline data for future studies. These data on 17-23-year-olds will add to the currently available normative values of 14-15-year-olds and 20-59-year-olds. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4

This article explores how Filipino boxers and fans in California in the 1920s and 1930s mobilized radical imaginations to creatively express a politics of dissent and liberation from oppressive racial regimes. U.S. imperialism in the Philippines reoriented the shape and direction of Filipino (anti)conquest and resistance following Spanish colonization. As the sport of boxing developed into an influential transpacific cultural industry, Filipino migrant fans inspired pugilists' performative politics. As they worked and performed in interconnected urban and rural spaces across California, Filipino boxers and their fans destabilized racial scripts while negotiating claims to power, space, and dignity during this period.

Meihuaquan ("Plum Blossom Fist [Boxing]") has traditionally been practiced as vernacular (folk) art practiced among the Han ethnic group residing in the Shandong, Henan and Hebei Provinces of China. Historical documentation dates Plum Blossom Boxing to the seventeenth century. The classic Chinese novel, Shuihu Zhuan (Marsh Chronicles) recounts the martial exploits of Shandong's twelfth century outlaw heroes who may have been Mei Boxers, also. Thus, for perhaps a millennium, the region has been noted for vernacular martial arts and social banditry. The region's rampant lawlessness promoted highly-developed martial prowess among both lawbreakers and those who were required to protect themselves against the brigands. Cultural, economic, and environmental factors in the region gave rise to heterodox political and religious beliefs that frequently served as a catalyst for martial sects, most notably the "Boxers" who at the turn of the twentieth century, came into conflict with the imperial government. These factors laid the groundwork for the "character traits" of the art while Taoism, the Five Elements theory, and a concept of predictable change shaped Plum Boxing's strategic and mechanical principles. In the past decade, there have been efforts to globalize this vernacular martial art. Rather than driving Plum Boxing to extinction it is likely that the folk and the "larger than local" will co-exist. ; El meihuaquan ("Puño [Boxeo] de la Flor del Ciruelo") se ha practicado tradicionalmente como arte vernáculo (folclórico) en el grupo étnico de los Han de las provincias chinas de Shandong, Henan y Hebei. Los registros históricos datan al boxeo de la flor del ciruelo del s. XVII. La novela clásica china Shuihu Zhuan (Las crónicas del pantano) relata las proezas marciales de los héroes proscritos de Shandong durante el siglo XII, quienes también podían haber sido boxeadores mei. Así, durante posiblemente un milenio, la región ha sido célebre por sus artes marciales vernáculas y el bandolerismo social. La rampante anarquía de la región promovió habilidades marciales altamente desarrolladas tanto entre los criminales como entre aquellos que necesitaban defenderse frente a los bandidos. Los factores culturales, económicos y ambientales de la región dieron lugar a creencias políticas y religiosas heterodoxas que sirvieron frecuentemente como catalizadoras de sectas marciales, muy destacadamente los "Bóxers", que en el cambio al s. XX entraron en conflicto con el gobierno imperial. Estos factores sentaron las bases de los "rasgos de carácter" del arte, mientras que el taoísmo, la teoría de los cinco elementos y un concepto del cambio predecible conformaron los principios estratégicos y mecánicos del boxeo de la flor del ciruelo. Durante la última década se han realizado esfuerzos para globalizar este arte marcial vernáculo. Es probable que esta circunstancia, en vez de conducir al boxeo de la flor del ciruelo a la extinción, consiga que lo tradicional y lo "más amplio que lo local" lleguen a coexistir. ; O meihuaquan ("Punho [Boxe] da Flor de Ameixa") praticou-se tradicionalmente como arte vernácula (folclórica) no grupo étnico dos Han, das províncias chinesas de Shandong, Henan e Hebei. Os registos históricos datam o boxe flor de ameixa do século XVII. A crónica clássica chinesa Shuihu Zhuan (As Crónicas do Pântano) relata as proezas marciais dos heróis proscritos de Shandong durante o século XII, que também podiam ter sido "boxeurs" mei. Assim, durante possivelmente um milénio, a região foi célebre pelas suas artes marciais vernáculas e de banditismo social. A aparente anarquia da região promoveu habilidades marciais altamente desenvolvidas, tanto entre os criminosos como entre aqueles que necessitavam de se defender frente aos bandidos. Os factores culturais, económicos e ambientais da região deram lugar a crenças políticas e religiosas heterodoxas que serviram frequentemente como catalisadoras de seitas marciais, muito destacadamente os "boxeurs", que na transição do século XX entraram em conflito com o governo Imperial. Estes factores assentaram as bases nos "atributos de carácter" da arte, tal como o taoísmo e a teoria dos cinco elementos, confirmando os princípios estratégicos e mecânicos do boxe flor de ameixa. Durante a última década realizaram-se esforços para globalizar esta arte marcial vernácula. Mais do que conduzir o boxe flor de ameixa à extinção, é provável que o tradicional e o "mais amplo que o local" cheguem a coexistir.

After losing World War I, Germany's new society, the Weimar Republic (1919—1933), needed to rebuild its image both at home and abroad. As a reaction to the soft bodies of their military, who some argued led the country in its humbling defeat, Weimar developed a newfound fascination of bodies. Athletes embodied Weimar's new ideals and boxers especially came to represent a new brand of hegemonic masculinity. The Ambassador to America even went as far as declaring that it was athletes, not thinkers, who would move the country forward.Ernst Krenek responded to this craze by composing a satire. The burlesque operetta Schwergewicht, oder die Ehre der Nation (1928), reflects on what the idolization of boxers really means for both society and the boxers themselves. Krenek alienates his boxer, Ochsenschwanz, from the audience by neglecting the boxer musically and writing libretto where he can only be categorized as brutish, violent, and unintelligent. He frames the operetta with popular dance music, which supports Ochsenschwanz's rival Gaston, a dancer. Gaston emasculates and humiliates Ochsenschwanz until he paralyzes the boxer and renders his strong body useless. Besides easily cracking the tough exterior of the boxer, Krenek exposes the truth that the fighting machine's singular function is only useful in a society that values toughness. When society asks the boxer to represent all of its hopes and dreams, he will fall short.

This study aims to determine how the implementation of Etu traditional boxing in Bhoawae sub-district and the promotion of this sport as a type of tourism in Nagekeo district, East Nusa Tenggara. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with 4 informants as the subject of the study. The data collection technique was carried out by in-depth interviews, documentation and observation. Data were analyzed using Miles Huberman's interactive analysis model. The results showed that the procedures for implementing the traditional Etu Boxing were carried out by traditional rituals and traditional dances. Boxers wear special equipment such as headbands, tai kolo, dhese and you gauze. Each round will end if one of the boxers has bleeding which symbolizes fertility. In conclusion, Etu is a boxing attraction that involves traditional rituals as an expression of gratitude for the people of the Bhoawae traditional village in welcoming the harvest, while the Etu promotion form currently being pursued by the government Nagekeo area is by making video story telling Keywords: Boxing, Adat Etu, Sports Promotion, Tourism

In late 1890's, a xenophobic Yihetuan ("Boxer") movement emerged in German sphere of influence in Shandong. In 1900, the movement spread into the neighbouring province of Zhili and was largely tolerated by anti-foreign officials. Foreign diplomats failed to understand this threat. As a consequence of hasty and miscalculated moves of both sides, the Chinese court found itself in the middle of an open conflict with the great powers. Since mid-June, foreign detachments were fighting with governmental troops in Zhili; on June 20, German Minister to China was killed and the siege of the Beijing legations began. German forces in the Far East were too limited to participate much on the fighting. Germany sent a large expeditionary force to the Far East, but these troops arrived too late to take part on the conquest of Beijing on 14 August 1900. Allied forces under supreme command of German Field Marshall Alfred vonWaldersee occupied Zhili and conducted many punitive operations at the country. During the crisis, Germany gained bad reputation for the conduct of her troops.

In 2008 Joe Calzaghe (from Wales) fought Bernard Hopkins (from the USA) in a light-heavyweight boxing match. Prior to the fight Hopkins had taunted Calzaghe with the refrain that he would never lose to a white boy. This paper assesses the interplay of discourses surrounding race and nation in the build-up to the contest between the two boxers. The analysis highlights how simplistic binaries are used to perpetuate notions of difference and considers how this accentuates divides in contested racial and national terrains.

Handwritten diary kept by Brooks Hays ; [illegible] alone – world is ready to back the ideals of democracy. Japan wants foothold in that rich province. What we need is another Yuan Shai Kai [Shikai] ? Its [sic] like the spirit of Y S K [Yuan Shikai] to call upon the world for their moral support. Kia Chow would have gone to China if Japan had not interpoa [illegible]. Our people have not yet had the opportunity to have the open forum. Shantung is home of the boxers – home of

Background: Professional boxing is a popular contact sport with a high risk for both acute and chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although rare, many boxers have died in the ring or soon after the completion of a bout. The most common causes of death in these cases are usually acute subdural hematomas, acute epidural hematomas, a subarachnoid haemorrhage, an intracranial haemorrhage or Second Impact Syndrome (SIS). Ringside physicians are entrusted with the health and safety of boxers in the ring and in the immediate aftermath of a bout.Discussion: As per the Uniform Boxing Rules (approved August 25, 2001, Amended August 2, 2002, Amended July 3, 2008, Amended July 24, 2012, Amended July 29, 2014), the referee is the sole arbiter of a bout and is the only individual authorised to stop a contest. [1]In some states in the United States and in other countries around the world, the referee and the ringside physician are the sole arbiters of a fight and the only individuals authorised to enter the fighting area at any time during the competition and also authorised to stop a fight. This raises the important question of when should a fight be stopped on medical grounds.Conclusion: Standardising medical stoppage decisions in boxing will help to protect a boxer's health and safety in the ring. Good practice guidelines for medical stoppage due to suspected TBI are suggested. It is recommended that the medical community debate the proposed guidelines vigorously, in order that evidence-based guidelines can be developed in conjunction with professional boxing governing bodies.

"The Occasional Papers series was established by the Center for Strategy and Technology (CSAT) as a forum for research on topics that reflect long-term strategic thinking about technoology and its implications for U.S. national security." ; "February 2011." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Introduction / John P. Geis II -- The influence of culture,demographics, and education on the development of the Middle Kingdom / Scott E. Caine -- Harmonious society: rise of the new Boxers / Blaine D. Holt, John P. Geis II -- The peaceful development road: China's economic program / Edwin F. Donaldson -- China's military modernization / Ralph A. Sandfry -- Harmonious discordance: China in 2030 / John P. Geis II -- Conclusion: US capabilities needed to respond to potential Chinese challenges. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Poetry: The land of dreams and love -- Paternalism: An argument for a broader liberty, a better government and a higher civilization -- Zebedee Perkins, the cracker philosopher -- The Pensacola Navy Yard -- Story: Aunt Fanny's rabbit's foot -- Poetry: Lullaby song -- Editorial: Admiral Dewey. The czar's noble act. One day's history of a dollar. The city of imperialism. The "boxers" -- Living notables: Hon. A.E. Maxwell. ; Chas. H. Bliss, editor and proprietor. ; Electronic reproduction. [Florida] : State University System of Florida, PALMM Project, 2002. (Florida heritage collection) Mode of access: World Wide Web. System requirements: Internet connectivity; Web Browser software; Adobe Acrobat Reader to view and print PDF files. Electronically reproduced by the University of West Florida from a book held in the main Library at the University of West Florida, Pensacola.

This paper aims to examine the weakness that exist in the sportentertainment agreement between professional boxers and current managers. This study is included in the sociological juridicial study due to existence of field activities to find out the real situation in the field. The conceptual framework begins with the emergence of a lack fair sense of the boxer in his profession as an athlete. Primary data source from the interview result plunged into the field with the responses of professional athletes, while the secondary data sources are references related to the title, such as legislation relating to the agreement as well as bibliographic references. While data analysis using content analysis. The results indicate there is still much execution of agreement between professional athletes and managers who harmed the athlete due to lack of understanding of the agreement law

National audience In the context of a study on the middle of boxe, Fabrice Burlot, a sociologist at the INSEP, met for several years with practitioners (professional boxers, amateurs, leisure, etc.). He is now finalising a book on the sociology of boxe, to be published shortly. Interview with a researcher who gave up all his/her a priori and took a passion for his topic. ; National audience Dans le cadre d'une étude sur le milieu de la boxe, Fabrice Burlot, sociologue à l'Insep, a rencontré, pendant plusieurs années, des pratiquants (boxeurs professionnels, amateurs, de loisirs…). Il achève aujourd'hui un ouvrage consacré à la sociologie de la boxe, à paraître prochainement. Entretien avec un chercheur qui a renoncé à tous ses a priori et s'est pris de passion pour son sujet…