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This paper aims to examine the weakness that exist in the sportentertainment agreement between professional boxers and current managers. This study is included in the sociological juridicial study due to existence of field activities to find out the real situation in the field. The conceptual framework begins with the emergence of a lack fair sense of the boxer in his profession as an athlete. Primary data source from the interview result plunged into the field with the responses of professional athletes, while the secondary data sources are references related to the title, such as legislation relating to the agreement as well as bibliographic references. While data analysis using content analysis. The results indicate there is still much execution of agreement between professional athletes and managers who harmed the athlete due to lack of understanding of the agreement law

National audience In the context of a study on the middle of boxe, Fabrice Burlot, a sociologist at the INSEP, met for several years with practitioners (professional boxers, amateurs, leisure, etc.). He is now finalising a book on the sociology of boxe, to be published shortly. Interview with a researcher who gave up all his/her a priori and took a passion for his topic. ; National audience Dans le cadre d'une étude sur le milieu de la boxe, Fabrice Burlot, sociologue à l'Insep, a rencontré, pendant plusieurs années, des pratiquants (boxeurs professionnels, amateurs, de loisirs…). Il achève aujourd'hui un ouvrage consacré à la sociologie de la boxe, à paraître prochainement. Entretien avec un chercheur qui a renoncé à tous ses a priori et s'est pris de passion pour son sujet…

Pour répondre à la crise née de la guerre des Boxers, un corps expéditionnaire international de 100 000 hommes stationne en Chine, dans la province du Petchili, de l'automne 1900 à l'été 1901. Officiellement destiné à épauler le gouvernement impérial chinois dans le rétablissement de l'ordre, il constitue également un puissant atout dans les négociations entre Pékin et les puissances européenne, russe, américaine et japonaise qui ont envoyé des contingents militaires. Patrouilles, dispersion de bandes armées, contrôle de zone, présence ostensible représentent le quotidien des soldats, dans un cadre marqué par l'absence de commandement unique et la rivalité sous-jacente des États participant à l'expédition. Après la signature du traité de paix avec la Chine, en septembre 1901, l'occupation militaire étrangère diminue fortement. Néanmoins, quoique réduites en nombre, les troupes de diverses nationalités occupent le territoire jusqu'à la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Ethnography in sport-related research : influences, continuities, possibilities -- Finding the Field : Ethnographic Research in Exercise Settings -- Ethnography as a sensual way of being : Methodological and representational challenges -- Ethnographic creative non-fiction : Exploring the what's, why's and how's -- Women's lived experiences of health and ageing in physical activity -- Suffering and the Loneliness of the Fell Runner : An Ethnographic Foray -- The boxer in the mirror : The ethnographic-self as a resource while conducting insider research among professional boxers -- Considering micropolitical (under)"currents" : Reflections on fieldwork within an elite men's rowing programme -- Reflecting on the "perils of ethnography" : A case study of football fan rivalry in Birmingham -- The legitimacy of ethnographic filming : Literary thoughts and practical realities -- Traversing ontological dispositions : The intersection between remote Indigenous communities and elite urban-based men's football organisation -- Walking the streets : The flâneur and the sociology of sport -- The marginal place of ethnographic research in sport management

Measurement of punch performance in a reliable, quantitative manner is relevant to combat sport, military, and concussion research. A punching protocol (3MPT) was developed, based on performance demands of amateur boxing, and evaluated on a custom‐built punch integrator (PI). PI reliability and accuracy were assessed by calculating TE and CV for a range of known masses. A within‐subject, repeated‐measures design assessed the test‐retest reliability of 3MPT. Fifteen male boxers (17.5 ± 0.5 years; 177.5 ± 9.5 cm; 73.0 ± 14.0 kg) were familiarized and then completed two 3MPT trials 90 minutes apart on 2 days (total of four tests). Peak punch force (N), relative punch force (N/kg), impulse (N·s), and rate of force development calculated to various time points were compared using a linear mixed model. Smallest worthwhile change (SWC) was also computed. PI data were reliable and accurate (CV

ABSTRACT Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) was initially described in boxers, but in recent years it has been reported in other settings, particularly in contact sports and military personnel. Soccer (football association) had previously been (and still is) considered relatively safe when compared to other sports, such as American football. However, a few cases of professional soccer players with CTE have been reported in the last few years. It is still unknown how frequent this condition is in soccer players, and the role played by heading the ball remains elusive. Other traumas to the head, face and neck caused by contact with another player's head, arm or other body parts are among the most frequent in soccer. In spite of the lack of more in-depth knowledge, there is reasonable evidence for recommending severe punishment (red card and suspension for several matches) for players causing avoidable trauma to another player's head.

The conceptual separation of `work' and `life', as distinct elements of social activity, has become established as shorthand for the social and psychological dislocation felt by being at work and not being at work.There is a literature on the work/life balance driven by governmental rhetoric, based on the idea of flexible working. This article suggests that distinctions between `work' and `life', implying a dichotomy in adult life, are overstated. Using material from a study of bicycle messengers this article presents a rich account of a group of workers for whom the binary distinction between work and life is meaningless. The account of this world of work is more closely aligned with those of the jazz musicians described by Becker or the boxers of Weinberg and Arond, where the occupation, identity and culture are not confined to hours of work.

In the United States, prizefighting carries deep-seated meanings as an ethnically and racially delineated, class-based and gendered practice. At present, the sport is characterized by its ongoing 'latinization' corresponding to Latinos' integration endeavors in urban USA. This article examines boxing as a locus for identity formations. Based on four years of ethnographic fieldwork with a community of Latino prizefighters in Austin, TX between 2000 and 2004, the research draws on life-story interviews conducted with the boxers, while their experiences are situated within a theoretical framework of the body in space and place. The fieldwork brings the research 'onto the ground' to the actual sites-such as the boxing gym, the weigh-in and the competition venue-where the athletes conduct their occupation on a daily basis. As professional boxing determines these worker-athletes' physical prowess, it also shapes their identities, day-to-day survival and their very mode of being in the world.

Cet article analyse l'émergence du dragon comme symbole de la Chine dans la caricature européenne du xix e siècle. Les caricaturistes européens se mirent, à cette époque, à dessiner la Chine sous les traits d'un dragon lorsqu'il s'agissait de la représenter comme une menace ou un danger afin de justifier l'impérialisme ou l'usage de la force en Chine. Cependant, se servir du ­dragon, dans les dessins humoristiques, comme d'un symbole de la Chine procède toujours d'une culture propre : les dessins naissent sous l'influence des intérêts nationaux et de la construction discursive de l'identité nationale. Ainsi les dessinateurs britanniques étaient-ils beaucoup plus portés à cet usage du dragon que leurs homologues français, et les dessinateurs allemands ne commencèrent-ils à recourir au motif du dragon que lorsque l'Allemagne se positionna comme une puissance impériale en Chine. La révolte des Boxers en 1900 installa le dragon comme le symbole de la Chine dans toute l'Europe. En dépit de la circulation transnationale de l'image en question, sa popularité est restée différente cependant d'une nation à l'autre.

"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy" (CTE) is described as a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease believed to result from multiple concussions. Traditionally, concussions were considered benign events and although most people recover fully, about 10% develop a post-concussive syndrome with persisting neurological, cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms. CTE was once thought to be unique to boxers, but it has now been observed in many different athletes having suffered multiple concussions as well as in military personal after repeated blast injuries. Much remains unknown about the development of CTE but its pathological substrate is usually tau, similar to that seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). The aim of this "perspective" is to compare and contrast clinical and pathological CTE with the other neurodegenerative proteinopathies and highlight that there is an urgent need for understanding the relationship between concussion and the development of CTE as it may provide a window into the development of a proteinopathy and thus new avenues for treatment.

President Obama's foreign policy grand strategy can be described by the terms shadowboxing or shadowboxer. Shadowboxing is a technique that boxers use to practice, sparring with imaginary opponents or attacking shadows in preparation for the real fight. Similarly, President Obama attacks covert threats but rarely responds to visible or viable threats. Like a practicing boxer, President Obama is fighting the murky shadows while refusing to engage the main stage in the international arena. Obama's foreign policy grand strategy consists of the following five tenets. (1) Modest Retrenchment in Foreign Policy Spending. (2) Rebuilding America's Reputation: The Anti‐Thesis of George W. Bush. (3) Multilateralism. (4) Nonintervention and Avoiding "Boots on the Ground." (5) Assertive Counterterrorism.Related Articles

Quinn, Adam. 2007. "." Politics & Policy 35 (): 522–547.


Haar, Roberta. 2010. "." Politics & Policy 38 (): 965–990.


Farnsworth, Stephen, and
S. Robert Lichter. 2013. "." Politics & Policy 41 (): 447–463.
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Whilst white-collar boxing at first appears to be named according to the social class of its practitioners, this paper will argue that this initial appearance is misleading. Based on the analysis of 32 interviews and six months of ethnographic data collection at a boxing club in the English Midlands, it argues that white-collar boxers do not recognise the classed connotations of the term white-collar, to which sociologists tend to be accustomed. Within this lifeworld, white-collar has become a temporal signifier, referring to a version of the sport in which participation is for beginners and limited to eight weeks, culminating in a public boxing match in front of a large crowd. This eight-week participation model is outlined and identified as being drastically different from other forms of boxing, which are emblematic of modernity. White-collar boxing therefore provides entry into a wider discussion on the social construction of time. Acceleration and condensation of time are routinely discussed in this field, and it is suggested that a conceptual split between condensed and accelerated time allows for this white-collar boxing to be understood. Ultimately, white-collar boxing is theorised as the condensed reproduction of the idealised career of the professional boxer.

Repetitive head trauma provides a favorable milieu for the onset of inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. The result of long-lasting head trauma is chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a disease process well-recognized in boxers, military personnel, and more recently, in American football players. CTE is a chronic neurodegenerative disease with hallmarks of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) aggregates and intercellular lesions of neurofibrillary tangles. The criteria for CTE diagnosis requires at least 1–2 focal perivascular lesions of p-tau in the cerebral cortex, at the depth of the sulci. These pathognomonic lesions aggregate within neurons and glial cells such as astrocytes, and cell processes within the vicinity of small blood vessels. CTE presents in a distinct topographical distribution pattern compared to other tauopathies such as AD and other age-related astrogliopathies. CTE also has an insidious onset, years after repetitive head trauma. The disease course of CTE is characterized by cognitive dysfunction, behavioral changes, and can progress to altered motor function with parkinsonian-like manifestations in later stages. This short review aims to summarize CTE in professional football, epidemiology, diagnosis based on neuroanatomical abnormalities, cognitive degeneration, and adverse mental health effects, as well as gaps in the literature and future directions in diagnostics, therapeutics, and preventive measures.

Accumulation of phosphorylated tau (p-tau) is accepted by many as a long-term consequence of repetitive mild neurotrauma, based largely on brain findings in boxers (dementia pugilistica) and, more recently, former professional athletes, military service members, and others exposed to repetitive head trauma. The pathogenic construct is also largely accepted and suggests that repetitive head trauma (typically concussions or subconcussive forces) acts on brain parenchyma to produce a deleterious neuroinflammatory cascade, encompassing p-tau templating, trans-synaptic neurotoxicity, progressive neurodegenerative disease, and associated clinical features. Some caution before accepting these concepts and assumptions is warranted, however. The association between history of concussion and findings of p-tau at autopsy is unclear. Concussions and subconcussive head trauma exposure are poorly defined in available cases and the clinical features reported in CTE are not at present distinguishable from other disorders. Because control groups are limited, the idea that p-tau drives the disease process via protein templating or some other mechanism is preliminary. Much additional research in CTE is needed to determine if it has unique neuropathology and clinical features, the extent to which the neuropathologic alterations cause the clinical features, and whether it can be identified accurately in a living person.

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