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This paper has as main goal to investigate and circumscribe the problematic relation between intellect and brain in Arthur Schopenhauer's work, under the consideration of the well known Eduard Zeller's formulation of the problem. In this way, the concepts of intellect and brain might be considered according to the major explanation of the metaphysics of nature, having as main idea the distinction between the two ways of considering the world presented simultaneously in The world as will and representation and improved and developed in the author's posterior works. If, on the one hand, the world is object of investigation through subjectivity and its forms of existence, on the other hand it is considered through the objective way which, firstly, admit the object as existing by itself, independently of any subject. Without an independent existence, in so far each object depend on subjectivity, both modes must contribute to the complete understanding of the world as a whole as complementary parts: the intellect must be understood from the objective point of view and the brain according to the subjective analysis of the world that leads to the metaphysical conclusions of Schopenhauer's work, whose aim include putting it in the general explanation of nature.

Transplantation and human organ donation are controversial issues that have generated much interest and discussion. The lack of clarification and the sensationalist news about organ trafficking contribute to raise questions and render the myths and prejudices permanent.The donation of organs and tissues is seen by society in general, as an act of solidarity and love from the family. However, it requires decision-making at a time of extreme pain and distress, caused by the impact of breaking news of death, the feeling of loss and the unexpected interruption of a life course(1).As the criteria of death are modified, the concept of brain death arises, along with the possibility of using donor organs and tissues. When there is not a good understanding of the organ donation process, the relatives of potential donors feel apprehensive, doubtful and undecided at the time of occurrence, because it is a subject about which there hasn't been much clarification(1).Brazil has the largest public transplants program in the world, since the government finances 92% of procedures done in the country. However, when we consider the rate of post mortem transplant into the population, Brazil's results are little expressive(2).Family refusal is a major obstacle to the realization of transplants, and is also identified as major cause for the shortage of organs and tissues for transplantation. Families who understand well the diagnosis of brain death are more favorable to organ donation, compared to families who believe that death only occurs after the heart stops. Therefore, the poor level of information, either by the quality of information concerning brain death, either by not having exceeded the barrier of stigmatized fear of organ trading, propagated by the media, drastically reduces the number of patients who are benefited from receiving an organ(3).Although all people are responsible for disseminating information, we must also educate health professionals, since they interfere directly in the likely donor's family decision. ...

The similarity between the interaction pattern of neurons in the human brain and the ant colony makes the latter an object of the hypothesis of being a structure capable of having a consciousness. Thus, in this article, Thomas Nagel's definition of consciousness as something that is to be for an organism becomes fundamental for the examination of it as a possible experiential subject. The ant colony, if considered an organism, could be a subject capable of having internal experiences. Therefore, in this article, I developed based on Panpsychism, criteria for colony analysis, presenting which characteristics it must meet in order to be qualified as conscious. I do not argue that the ant colony is a genuine organism, but that, if it is, it will have some kind of conscious experience. In dealing with this question, I examine whether the colony is a biological individual, and then, whether it is possible for the ants' minds to underlie the colony's mind. I conclude that, based on how the parts interact with the whole, there may be more than one resolution to the problem, i.e., the colony's consciousness depends on the way how its components are physically and phenomenally integrated.

This work aims to highlight the continuous game and the paradoxical relationship established between memory and forgetfulness based on the contributions of Friedrich Nietzsche and Henri Bergson. We will follow the hypothesis that the origin of memory and consciousness in Nietzsche is very close to that made by Bergson in Matter and Memory. I will try to expose how memory in Bergson arises in the interval between action and reaction, at the moment when man hesitates, organizes and selects the new movement. The same hesitation movement occurs in Nietzsche, when man abandons the "animalistic" realm of the instant and begins to calculate and plan his actions. In the meantime, when man acquires the capacity to remember and distances himself from the instinctive animals, forgetfulness becomes vitally important, according to Nietzsche, since an excess of memory can resent and sadden the body. In Bergson, on the other hand, the brain mechanism - an organ of attention to life - also occupies a prominent place, from the moment it temporarily removes the totality of (non-useful) memories, and allows only some of them to become conscious (the useful ones). To this end, we will observe that what is behind this infinite game between memory and forgetfulness is the maintenance of a healthy body that does not get lost in excesses - of remembering too much or forgetting everything. A body that knows how to remember, but also how to forget in order to live.

This article considers, initially, the mobility of doctors throughout the world from a bibliographic database collection and identifies the lack of information regarding Brazilian doctors. The aim is to analyze aspects that determine the emigration of Brazilian doctors to the United States of America. The methodology is based on bibliographic research using the keywords brain drain, medical migration, physicians migration, data migration physicians; identification of articles related to the emigration of doctors throughout the world; elaboration and validation of the questionnaire "Emigration Motives"; identification of doctors that emigrated, using the "snowball" technique; sending of the questionnaire by e-mail to the doctors that emigrated to the USA; tabulation of the forwarded answers; Skype interviews aiming at the validation and illustration of the results obtained in the questionnaire. Initially, the doctors choose to emigrate for personal motives (family, professional opportunities, and, in general, absence of language barriers); when established in the USA, they experience a new way of life that makes them stay (better work condition, quality of life, family and general opportunities); external motives become the cause for staying in the USA (insecurity, professional, political and economic scenarios). The conclusion is that an emigrational process of Brazilian doctors to the USA exists and, at first, the reason to emigrate is not well defined; salary is not mentioned as a primary reason; the presence of the family eases the stay in the country; the proficiency in the English language is fundamental and necessary to restart the professional life as a recently graduated in medicine since there isn't an university degree or medical specialty degree validation. ; Este artigo aborda a mobilidade de médicos pelo mundo a partir de levantamento bibliográfico em base de dados e identifica a escassez de informações referentes aos médicos brasileiros. O objetivo é analisar aspectos que determinam a emigração de médicos brasileiros para os EUA. A metodologia baseia-se em pesquisa bibliográfica, utilizando as palavras-chave "brain drain", "medical migration", "physicians migration", "data migration physicians"; identificação de artigos relacionados à emigração de médicos pelo mundo; elaboração e validação do questionário "Motivos de Emigração"; identificação de médicos que emigraram utilizando a técnica "bola de neve" ; envio do questionário por e-mail aos médicos que emigraram para os EUA; tabulação das respostas encaminhadas; realização de entrevistas por Skype com a finalidade de corroborar e exemplificar os resultados obtidos nos questionários. Inicialmente, os médicos escolhem emigrar por motivos pessoais (família, oportunidades profissionais e, em geral, facilidade do idioma); ao se estabelecerem nos EUA vivenciam uma nova forma de vida, o que os faz permanecer (melhores condições de trabalho, qualidade de vida, família e oportunidades em geral); as causas do não retorno ao Brasil passam a ter motivos externos (insegurança, cenários profissional, político e econômico). Conclui-se que existe um processo emigratório de médicos brasileiros para os EUA e, a princípio, a motivação de emigrar não é bem determinada; o salário não é citado como questão primordial; a presença da família facilita a permanência no país; a fluência na língua inglesa é fundamental; e é necessário recomeçar a vida profissional como um recémformado em medicina, pois não existe processo de validação de diploma ou de especialidades.

OBJETIVO Avaliar a viabilidade de profissional especialista em comissões intra-hospitalares de doação de órgãos e tecidos para transplantes. MÉTODOS Estudo epidemiológico, retrospectivo e transversal (2003 a 2011 e 2008 a 2012), realizado com dados de doação de órgãos para transplantes no estado de São Paulo. Foram avaliados nove hospitais (hospitais 1 a 9). Foram avaliadas, por regressão logística, diferenças em número de notificações de morte encefálica e doadores efetivos (variáveis dependentes) após a entrada do profissional especialista (variável independente) na comissão intra-hospitalar de doação de órgãos e tecidos para transplantes. Para avaliação do faturamento hospitalar, foram calculados o salário-hora de médico e enfermeiro, conforme legislação da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho, o retorno e o prazo do retorno do investimento. RESULTADOS Após a entrada de enfermeiro especialista na comissão, as notificações de morte encefálica e o número de doadores efetivos aumentaram no hospital 2 (4,17 e 1,52, respectivamente). No hospital 7, o número de doadores efetivos também aumentou de 0,005 para 1,54. E, após entrada de enfermeiro especialista, o faturamento hospitalar aumentou em 190,0% (variação de 40,0% a 1.955%). O custo mensal para 20 horas semanais do enfermeiro foi R$940,00 e, do médico, R$8.330,00. O retorno do investimento foi de 275%, em curto prazo (0,36 anos). CONCLUSÕES A inserção de profissional especialista nas comissões intra-hospitalares para captação de doação de órgãos e tecidos para transplantes mostra-se custo-efetiva. Novos estudos econômicos na área podem contribuir com uma política pública eficiente de implantação desse modelo de captação de órgãos e tecidos para transplantes. ; OBJECTIVE To evaluate the viability of a professional specialist in intra-hospital committees of organ and tissue donation for transplantation. METHODS Epidemiological, retrospective and cross-sectional study (2003-2011 and 2008-2012), which was performed using organ donation for transplants data in the state of Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. Nine hospitals were evaluated (hospitals 1 to 9). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the differences in the number of brain death referrals and actual donors (dependent variables) after the professional specialist started work (independent variable) at the intra-hospital committee of organ and tissue donation for transplantation. To evaluate the hospital invoicing, the hourly wage of the doctor and registered nurse, according to the legislation of the Consolidation of Labor Laws, were calculated, as were the investment return and the time elapsed to do so. RESULTS Following the nursing specialist commencement on the committee, brain death referrals and the number of actual donors increased at hospital 2 (4.17 and 1.52, respectively). At hospital 7, the number of actual donors also increased from 0.005 to 1.54. In addition, after the nurse started working, hospital revenues increased by 190.0% (ranging 40.0% to 1.955%). The monthly cost for the nurse working 20 hours was US$397.97 while the doctor would cost US$3,526.67. The return on investment was 275% over the short term (0.36 years). CONCLUSIONS This paper showed that including a professional specialist in intra-hospital committees for organ and tissue donation for transplantation proved to be cost-effective. Further economic research in the area could contribute to the efficient public policy implementation of this organ and tissue harvesting model.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the viability of a professional specialist in intra-hospital committees of organ and tissue donation for transplantation. METHODS Epidemiological, retrospective and cross-sectional study (2003-2011 and 2008-2012), which was performed using organ donation for transplants data in the state of Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. Nine hospitals were evaluated (hospitals 1 to 9). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the differences in the number of brain death referrals and actual donors (dependent variables) after the professional specialist started work (independent variable) at the intra-hospital committee of organ and tissue donation for transplantation. To evaluate the hospital invoicing, the hourly wage of the doctor and registered nurse, according to the legislation of the Consolidation of Labor Laws, were calculated, as were the investment return and the time elapsed to do so. RESULTS Following the nursing specialist commencement on the committee, brain death referrals and the number of actual donors increased at hospital 2 (4.17 and 1.52, respectively). At hospital 7, the number of actual donors also increased from 0.005 to 1.54. In addition, after the nurse started working, hospital revenues increased by 190.0% (ranging 40.0% to 1.955%). The monthly cost for the nurse working 20 hours was US$397.97 while the doctor would cost US$3,526.67. The return on investment was 275% over the short term (0.36 years). CONCLUSIONS This paper showed that including a professional specialist in intra-hospital committees for organ and tissue donation for transplantation proved to be cost-effective. Further economic research in the area could contribute to the efficient public policy implementation of this organ and tissue harvesting model. ; OBJETIVO Avaliar a viabilidade de profissional especialista em comissões intra-hospitalares de doação de órgãos e tecidos para transplantes. MÉTODOS Estudo epidemiológico, retrospectivo e transversal (2003 a 2011 e 2008 a 2012), realizado com dados de doação de órgãos para transplantes no estado de São Paulo. Foram avaliados nove hospitais (hospitais 1 a 9). Foram avaliadas, por regressão logística, diferenças em número de notificações de morte encefálica e doadores efetivos (variáveis dependentes) após a entrada do profissional especialista (variável independente) na comissão intra-hospitalar de doação de órgãos e tecidos para transplantes. Para avaliação do faturamento hospitalar, foram calculados o salário-hora de médico e enfermeiro, conforme legislação da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho, o retorno e o prazo do retorno do investimento. RESULTADOS Após a entrada de enfermeiro especialista na comissão, as notificações de morte encefálica e o número de doadores efetivos aumentaram no hospital 2 (4,17 e 1,52, respectivamente). No hospital 7, o número de doadores efetivos também aumentou de 0,005 para 1,54. E, após entrada de enfermeiro especialista, o faturamento hospitalar aumentou em 190,0% (variação de 40,0% a 1.955%). O custo mensal para 20 horas semanais do enfermeiro foi R$940,00 e, do médico, R$8.330,00. O retorno do investimento foi de 275%, em curto prazo (0,36 anos). CONCLUSÕES A inserção de profissional especialista nas comissões intra-hospitalares para captação de doação de órgãos e tecidos para transplantes mostra-se custo-efetiva. Novos estudos econômicos na área podem contribuir com uma política pública eficiente de implantação desse modelo de captação de órgãos e tecidos para transplantes.

In nanomedicine the nanocarriers are generally biocompatible, biodegradable with rapid biodistribution in the body and can be used to carry drugs or therapeutic genes. Thus, new drug delivery systems have been heavily exploited in the treatment of CNS disorders such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and glioma, since the CNS is a major challenge for therapeutic approaches due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood–cerebrospinal fluid (BCSFB). Thus, the scientific community together with government and private industry has added efforts to generate new formulations in nanoscale in order to achieve an appropriate therapeutic approach, satisfying, and that is within the principles of health monitoring for cerebral affections. This article aims to summarize the knowledge about the main barriers to drug delivery to the CNS, Nanomedicine, Glioma, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and sanitary surveillance. ; Na nanomedicina, os nanocarreadores são geralmente, biocompatíveis, biodegradáveis de rápida biodistribuição pelo organismo e podem ser utilizados para transportar drogas ou genes terapêuticos. Assim, novos sistemas de liberação de fármacos têm sido altamente explorados no tratamento de doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC), como Parkinson, Alzheimer e gliomas, visto que o SNC representa um grande desafio para as abordagens terapêuticas devido às barreiras hemato-encefálica (BHE) e sangue-líquido cefalorraquidiano (BSLCR). Desse modo, a comunidade científica juntamente com instituições governamentais e indústrias privadas vem somando esforços para gerar novas formulações em escalas nanométricas com o intuito de alcançar uma abordagem terapêutica adequada, satisfatória e que esteja dentro dos princípios da vigilância sanitária para os acometimentos cerebrais. Este artigo visa sumarizar os conhecimentos sobre principais barreiras para entrega de fármacos ao SNC, Nanomedicina, Glioma, Parkinson, Alzheimer e vigilância sanitária.

Introduction: In December 2019, the first group of patients with symptoms of atypical pneumonia was discovered in Wuhan, China. On January 7, 2020, the etiologic agent was identified; it was a new betacoronavirus, genetically similar to SARS-CoV-1, consisting of a simple RNA strand, an enveloped virus of 50-200nm in diameter, which was called SARS-CoV-2. Soon after, the disease was named COVID-19. On January 30, WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International Importance due to the spread of the coronavirus. Tests for serological detection of IgM and IgG antibodies are those that provide an estimate of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2, highlighting the Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT), simple and accessible with a result within 5-30 minutes, based on sensitization of antigens/antibodies conjugated to colloidal gold capturing specific proteins present in the infected serum, plasma or blood. Objective: This work aims to show the analysis carried out with RDT for COVID-19 diagnosis in compliance with the current legislation from 02.04 to 18.08.2020. Method: In March of 2020, 25 serum/plasma samples were donated, without any identification. These samples were the remaining samples of tests performed on individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection by the RT-PCR technique from health services (National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas – INI and State Institute of the Brain Paulo Niemeyer – IEC) located in the metropolitan region of the state of Rio de Janeiro. The samples obtained in order to become a serological panel were stored at -20ºC until the moment of use. Simultaneously, a panel of samples with confirmed reactivity for IgM and IgG antibodies from COVID-19 was being made, throughout the pandemic and the samples used were evaluated against three Rapid Tests, of different antigenic compositions or different brands; two ELISA tests for IgM and IgG; two chemiluminescence tests and when applicable, a molecular test. In order to assess the specificity of the products sent, ...

OBJETIVO: Descrever a distribuição da mortalidade por doenças do aparelho digestivo, geniturinário e do sistema nervoso, de acordo com a ocupação entre militares da Marinha do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo exploratório da mortalidade proporcional conduzido com militares do sexo masculino lotados na Marinha do Brasil, que faleceram no período de 1991 a 1995. A população do estudo corresponde a todo o contingente da corporação nesse mesmo período. Os dados provêm de certidões de óbitos requeridas para concessão de pensões de dependentes e história ocupacional correspondente. As causas básicas de morte foram codificadas de acordo a Classificação Internacional de Doenças (9ª revisão). RESULTADOS: Militares apresentaram mortalidade proporcional aumentada para as doenças do fígado relacionadas com o consumo do álcool (razão de mortalidade proporcional ajustada (RMPaj=2,03; IC 95%: 1,26 3,00), pancreatite (RMPaj=2,03; IC 95%: 1,06 3,38), hemorragia digestiva (RMPaj=1,61; IC 95%: 1,10 2,23), doenças renais crônicas (RMPaj=2,82; IC 95%: 1,98 3,84), doença de Parkinson (RMPaj=3,00; IC 95%: 1,27 5,72) e degenerações cerebrais (RMPaj=2,88; IC 95%: 1,14 5,70) em relação a população de referência. Associação não estatisticamente significante foi observada entre operadores de radar (RMP=6,50; IC 95%: 1,43 29,56) e doenças do sistema nervoso. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados indicam a existência de possíveis fatores de riscos ocupacionais no ambiente de trabalho da Marinha do Brasil, e a necessidade de estudos com medidas quantitativas de exposição. ; OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of mortality due to digestive tract, genitourinary and nervous system diseases according to occupation among Brazilian Navy servicemen. METHODS: This was an exploratory study of proportional mortality among male servicemen in the Brazilian Navy who died between 1991 and 1995. The study population comprises the entire contingent of servicemen during this same time period. Data were obtained from death certificates submitted in order to obtain dependents' pensions, and from the corresponding occupational histories of these individuals. Basic causes of death were coded in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases (9th Revision). RESULTS: Servicemen presented increased proportional mortality for liver diseases related to alcohol consumption (age-adjusted proportional mortality ratio, PMRadj =2.03; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.26-3.00), pancreatitis (PMRadj=2.03; 95% CI: 1.06-3.38), digestive hemorrhage (PMRadj=1.61; 95% CI: 1.10-2.23), chronic kidney diseases (PMRadj=2.82; 95% CI: 1.98-3.84), Parkinson's disease (PMRadj=3.00; 95% CI: 1.27-5.72) and degenerative brain diseases (PMRadj=2.88; 95% CI: 1.14-5.70), in relation to the reference population. A statistically non-significant association was observed between radar operators (PMR=6.50; 95% CI: 1.43-29.56) and nervous system diseases was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the existence of possible occupational risk factors in the working environment of the Brazilian Navy, and the need for studies using quantitative measurement of such exposure.