Suchergebnisse

1 Plant Breeders and Their Work -- What Is Plant Breeding? -- The Strategy of Plant Breeding -- Training for the Modern Plant Breeder -- Some Early Plant Breeders -- Some Accomplishments in Plant Breeding -- Who Does Plant Breeding in the United States? -- 2 Reproduction in Crop Plants -- Types of Reproduction -- Sexual Reproduction in Crop Plants -- Asexual Reproduction in Crop Plants -- 3 Gene Recombination in Plant Breeding -- Variation, the Basis of Plant Breeding -- The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity -- Gene Recombination Following Hybridization -- Gene Structure and Action -- 4 Quantitative Inheritance in Plant Breeding -- Quantitative Inheritance and its Measurement -- Multiple Alleles -- Types of Gene Action -- Heritability -- Selection Intensity and Genetic Advance -- Gene Frequency and Genetic Equilibrium -- Gene Recombination and Plant Breeding -- 5 Variations in Chromosome Number -- Polyploidy -- Aneuploidy -- Haploidy -- 6 Mutation -- The Nature of Mutation -- Induction of Mutation -- Mutator Genes and Controlling Elements -- Some Mutation-Breeding Experiments -- Role of Mutation Breeding -- 7 Fertility-Regulating Mechanisms and Their Manipulation -- Incompatibility -- Male Sterility -- Apomixis -- Interspecific Hybridization -- 8 Plant Cell and Tissue Culture: Applications in Plant Breeding -- Plant Cell and Tissue Culture -- Clonal Propagation -- Embryo Culture, Ovule Culture, and in Vitro Pollination -- Anther Culture and Haploid Plant Production -- Genetic Variability from Cell Cultures -- Somatic Cell Hybridization -- Plant Genetic Engineering -- 9 Germplasm Resources and Conservation -- Germplasm Conservation -- Germplasm Resources and Their Maintenance in the United States -- How Genetic Resources Are Utilized -- Acclimatization -- 10 Breeding Self-Pollinated Crops -- What Is a Variety? -- Genetic Significance of Pollination Method -- Breeding Methods in Self-Pollinated Crops -- Plant Breeding: A Numbers Game? -- 11 Breeding Cross-Pollinated and Clonally Propagated Crops -- Genetic Structure of Cross-Pollinated Crops -- Breeding Seed-Propagated Cross-Pollinated Crops -- Breeding Clonally Propagated Crops -- 12 Breeding Hybrids -- Proprietary Nature of Hybrid Varieties -- Inbreeding -- Hybrid Vigor or Heterosis -- Double-Cross Hybrid Corn—The Model for Hybrid Breeding -- Cytoplasmic Male Sterility and Hybrid Seed Production -- Alternative Hybrid Procedures -- 13 Techniques in Breeding Field Crops -- Selfing and Crossing -- Conducting Field Trials -- Maturity Comparisons -- Resistance to Lodging and Shattering -- Resistance to Stress -- Breeding for Disease Resistance -- Breeding for Insect Resistance -- Measuring Quality -- Keeping Accurate Records -- 14 Breeding Wheat and Triticale -- Breeding Wheat -- Breeding Triticale -- 15 Breeding Rice -- Origin and Types -- Varieties -- Botany and Genetics -- Breeding Methods -- Breeding Objectives -- Upland Rice -- Deep-Water and Floating Rice -- Wild Rice -- 16 Breeding Barley and Oats -- Breeding Barley -- Breeding Oats -- 17 Breeding Soybeans -- Origin and Species -- Genetics -- Botany -- Varieties -- The USDA and Cooperative State Agricultural Experimental Stations -- International Soybean Program (INTSOY) -- Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) -- Breeding Methods -- Breeding Objectives -- 18 Breeding Corn (Maize) -- Origin -- Races of Corn -- Genetics -- Pollination -- Heterozygous Nature of Open-Pollinated Corn -- Breeding Open-Pollinated Corn -- Hybrid Corn -- Breeding Improved Hybrids -- Population Improvement -- Breeding Objectives -- Special-Purpose Hybrids -- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center -- 19 Breeding Sorghum and Millet -- Breeding Sorghum -- Breeding Millet -- 20 Breeding Cotton -- Botany, Pollination, and Male Sterility -- Genetics and Cytology -- Varieties -- Breeding Methods -- Variety Maintenance -- Breeding Objectives -- 21 Breeding Sugar Beets -- History of the Sugar Beet -- Botany and Genetics -- Varieties -- Breeding Methods -- Breeding Objectives -- 22 Breeding Forage Crops -- Forage Crop Breeding Problems -- Pollination, Fertilization, and Seed Setting -- Vegetative Propagation -- Genetic and Cytogenetic Studies -- Natural Selection -- Endophytic Fungi: Impact on Grass Breeding -- Breeding Self-Pollinated Forage Species -- Breeding Cross-Pollinated Forage Species -- Public versus Private Breeding of Forage Crops -- Breeding Objectives -- Seed Increase of New Varieties -- 23 Seed Production Practices -- Public and Private Plant Breeding and Seed Distribution -- Classes of Certified Seed -- How a New Variety Reaches the Farmer -- How a Variety is Certified -- Agencies Concerned with Seed Certification in the United States -- Practical Problems in Seed Production -- Vegetatively Propagated Forages.

This volume reviews the status of the major challenges, approaches, and accomplishments of plant breeding programs from around the world. This volume originated from the Arnel R. Hallauer International Symposium held in Mexico City in 2003, and represents contributions from an international field of leading plant breeding researchers. The coverage is broad and comprehensive and provides the latest developments affecting grains, trees, fruits, nuts, and forage crops. Plant Breeding: The Arnel R. Hallauer International Symposium is an essential resource for agronomists, horticulturists, and plan

Le développement des marchés de niche pour les systèmes de production biologique et à faibles niveaux d'intrants répond à une diversification des demandes des consommateurs, en particulier pour des produits traditionnels, biologiques et/ou locaux, et qui ont bon goût. Ces systèmes de production ont besoin d'une large gamme de variétés – de pays, anciennes, paysannes, populations – adaptables à des pratiques agronomiques diverses, dans le but d'accroître la résilience des agroécosystèmes et de faire face aux changements climatiques. Plusieurs projets de Sélection Participative faisant appel à de nouveaux types de variétés, d'organisation de la sélection et de la production de semences ont ainsi vu le jour ces dernières années en Europe. Cependant, la grande diversité d'expériences et d'initiatives en Sélection Participative n'est pas assez prise en compte dans les politiques et les lois européennes sur les semences. Le projet Farm Seed Opportunities (« Les Chances des Semences Paysannes ») – FSO, du 6e Programme Cadre Européen (2007-2009), a été construit pour servir de soutien à la mise en oeuvre des réglementations sur les « variétés de conservation » (directive 98/95/CE et nouvelles directives 2008/62/CE et 2009/145/CE) et pour proposer des scénarios réglementaires complémentaires intégrant la diversité des systèmes semenciers européens. Il est une collaboration entre paysans et scientifiques d'Espagne, de France, d'Italie, des Pays-Bas, du Royaume-Uni et de Suisse.

The establishment of PPP for Pre-breeding, development, present status and the way forward are described in this booklet. The success of the PPP is based on: • Pooled public funding • Participation from plant breeding companies • Engagement from research environments • 50/50-funding between public sources and industry The history of PPP for Pre-breeding has been a success and this booklet reveals some cases from the fruitful collaborations. The Nordic Council of Ministers is proud to have initiated the PPP for Pre-breeding and we are grateful to the partners, who have contributed to the process: plant breeding companies, universities, NordGen and governments of the Nordic countries, which have decided to continue funding the project. It is vitally important to continue this work because plant breeding is a long term process. There is no finishing line – only the way forward.

In last decade, Romanian agriculture does not follow entirely the European and programs as concerns land exploitation and animal farming (SAPARD). Restrictive development projects (POS-MEDIU, POS-DRU, POS-CCE) were active only in large private farms, which represent only 10.7% of the total registered farms in Romania. Was used a questionnaire for 36 students of our faculty, which have animal farms in 7 counties in Northwest of Transylvania. The study want to put into evidence the current problems of farmers in conditions of some private farms with small and middle number of animals. As small farms, they do not obtain important productions because of financial resource absence, limited professional education and absence of association in bigger exploitation farms. In these situations, the government must react providing a legal frame for rural agricultural development, supporting and supervising these small exploitations.

Original issued in series: Agricultural department circular / British Columbia. Live Stock Branch ; no. 14. ; Caption title. ; At head of title: Province of British Columbia. Department of Agriculture (Live Stock Branch) ; "Selected List of Bulletins and Circulars Issued by the Department of Agriculture, Victoria, B.C.": p. 3. ; "Printed by Authority of the Legislative Assembly." ; Electronic reproduction. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 44

Almost the whole humane movement is snowed under and overwhelmed by the still mounting flood of surplus cats and dogs. The surplus turns our shelters into sordid slaughterhouses. It distorts and perverts the thinking of many even of our very best people. Hundreds of our societies are kept permanently on the edge of bankruptcy by the single problem of taking in and disposing of cats and dogs which are homeless or unwanted simply because of the immense surplus of such animals. It is so easy for all of us to throw up our hands and denounce veterinarians for the high fees that ·they charge for spaying. It is so very easy for all of us to place the blame on "irresponsible animal owners". It is easy for us to lay the blame on public pounds or on legislatures. The fact is, however, that we of the humane movement haven't cleaned up our own house in this respect. Scores of local humane societies still are unrestrainedly selling unspayed female cats and dogs to any takers who appear. Not one humane society in a dozen is conducting any kind of educational campaign about the evils of surplus breeding. The American Humane Association says that it "has no fixed policy" about spaying. The American SPCA, handling 265,000 animals a year, freely releases unspayed animals for adoption.

peer-reviewed ; In all ryegrass breeding programmes it is necessary to select a range of traits within different cultivar types, varying in ploidy and flowering time. The traits selected in ryegrass breeding can be broadly grouped into production traits such as yield, quality and persistency; those seed production traits crucial for delivery of the cultivar, as well as those traits that can benefit the environment, or allow ryegrass to be used for biofuel production. The emphasis placed on each trait will depend on its economic value within the various farming systems where each cultivar will ultimately be used, as well as the potential to make genetic gain in each trait. In all cases multiple trait selection will be required, to develop a cultivar improved for key traits of interest but importantly the cultivar must not have unacceptable performance for any trait. Where the genetic variation is inadequate within perennial ryegrass it may be necessary to enhance ryegrass diversity. In the future this could be achieved through targeted introgression from the closely related Festuca species, or through introduction of genes via genetic modification. Funding of ryegrass breeding internationally will increasingly be subject to the economic success of a few larger seed companies as Government funding for field-based breeding is diminishing and shifting focus to more basic research, often of a molecular nature. Ensuring this expensive basic research and associated molecular technologies are used effectively in ryegrass breeding programmes will remain a challenge when seed companies operating field-based programmes are vulnerable to considerable economic pressure.

Fire blight, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is a disastrous disease to pome fruit. Although fire blight is now a regulated non-quarantine pest (RNQP) in the European Union, for a long period it was regarded as a quarantine disease in Europe. Highly effective control is only possible with the application of antibiotics, but most European countries have banned their use. A sustainable approach would be the growing of fire blight resistant cultivars. Since most apple cultivars grown worldwide are susceptible to the disease, breeding of new apple cultivars resistant to fire blight would be an ecological and sustainable approach to overcome the menace of the disease. Major fire blight resistance QTLs have been mainly detected in wild Malus species, but the conventional introduction of these QTLs into cultivated apple takes decades. Methods using biotechnological approaches can reduce the time needed for the development of fire blight resistant cultivars. We will highlight the possibilities and difficulties in breeding for resistance to fire blight in apple (Malus).