Suchergebnisse

A gap between those who do & do not wield power has, in Asian, African, & Middle Eastern countries, generally been accepted; but it has now become intolerable & a source of instability under the stimulus of modernization. The impact of modernization produced an uneven pattern of change in the nonWestern world: (a) a direct impact & introduction of new soc roles produce rapid change, but (b) indirect changes & slow emergence of new roles produce small change. The course of development depends upon the way in which the gap is narrowed, how interests & values are shared, & how procedures in public life prevail & become institutionalized. Societies can be placed on a continuum of traditional to modern behavior patterns. Soc change does not follow an even course: In China changes in educ & commerce were not accompanied by changes in gov; in India the impact was greatest on gov. The course of development is shaped by the combination of roles which govern the process of change. 6 roles are crucial: (1) the admin'tor becomes a principal agent in transfer from tradition to the spread of new concepts with emphasis on rationality, efficiency, impersonality, order, & predictability. The changes most needed for the society to take a part in the modern world of states are encouraged. This role generally invokes hostility to himself. (2) The agitator who is outside the authoritative system & seeks to reduce diff's between the 2 by destroying the authoritative system. He is also the introducer of the idea of general participation in politics that the demands of the most active should be respected. (3) The amalgamate who is skilled in performing in both the traditional & modern worlds. Their use of traditional power bases often is offensive to observers of modern liberal values, but amalgamates played a leading role in Japan & Turkey where econ development has been most successful. (4) The transmitters who communicate ideas & values of one system to the other but who do not seek pol'al influence for themselves. They include teachers & merchants whose role dominates much of the anthrop'al literature on soc change. (5) Ideological propagandists who strive to bring together on the basis of a common ideology the traditional & modern systems. This category includes agitators with org'al support & charismatic leaders with a diffuse emotional appeal. (6) Pol'al brokers who perform the role of democratic politician by diff'ting special interests so as to relate them to the elite gov'al system. These roles have consequences for the pol'al development depending on their presence, dominance, or absence. Variations in the role structure produce diff results from the same policies. Examples of these variations are given & classification of some patterns of pol'al development according to the roles dominating the mediating structure is shown. J. D. Twight.