One of the most important economic policies is the employment creation. The private sector plays an important role for this dynamics; nevertheless, when the labor market forces alone cannot absorb the labor supply, the deficiency is denoted in the sector. For this reason, the State must act as an Institution committed with this politics and implement programs as "Employer of Last Resort " to these vulnerable populations, in this case the youth. With the purpose that they are ready and willing providing with tools that guarantee a correct transition between training and productive employment of such a way, which on having joined they could contribute efficiently to the development. Therefore, by means of a simulation, one proposes a public policy of employment for the vulnerable population of graduates and NEET (Not in employment, education or training) ensuring that unemployment rate may fall to 5,8% in four years.Keywords: Youth, Employer of Last Resort, Labour Market, Unemployment, Development.
In recent times there have been numerous arrivals to the European Union in search of refuge, especially in 2015 when an unprecedented humanitarian crisis began and applications for international protection in the EU exceeded one million. Faced with the massive arrival of applicants for protection in the EU, there is a commitment to the creation of regulatory instruments aimed at controlling and blocking borders. An example of this ineffective protection of the rights of refugees was the creation of the Turkey-EU Agreement of 2016, now repealed, which was to act as a buffer state preventing them from reaching EU territory. Despite existing refugee law and the recent New Deal on Migration and Asylum of 23 September 2020, certain social and political trends repeatedly forget the international obligation to guarantee refugee rights. For this reason, an in-depth analysis is needed of the application of restrictive policies that are committed to border shielding focused on control and security and that violate the principles of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. ; En los últimos tiempos se han producido numerosas llegadas a la Unión Europea en búsqueda de refugio, especialmente en el año 2015 cuando comienza una crisis humanitaria sin precedentes y las solicitudes de protección internacional en la UE superan más de un millón. Ante la llegada masiva de solicitantes de protección a la UE, se apuesta por la creación de instrumentos normativos destinados al control y bloqueo de las fronteras. Como ejemplo de esta ineficaz protección de los derechos de los refugiados podemos mencionar la creación del Acuerdo de Turquía-UE de 2016, actualmente derogado, que debía de actuar como Estado-tapón impidiendo alcanzar territorio de la UE. A pesar de la normativa existente en materia de refugio y del reciente Nuevo Pacto sobre Migración y Asilo de 23 de septiembre de 2020, determinadas tendencias sociales y políticas olvidan de forma reiterada la obligación internacional de garantizar los derechos de los refugiados. Por ello, es necesario un análisis en profundidad sobre la aplicación de políticas restrictivas que apuestan por un blindaje de fronteras centradas en el control y seguridad y que vulneran los principios de la Convención sobre el Estatuto de los Refugiados de 1951.
Studies on common goods tend to focus primarily on so-called community institutions. In this article, however, I analyze the transformations of collective action and the expansion of ecological conservation policies in Mexico in order to understand the management of common property resources. Thus, from a diachronic and ethnographic perspective, I analyse two complementary processes: the local construction of the idea of 'community', and the reconfiguration of the idea of 'State'. Both processes are analyzed in the light of the experiences of two groups that colonized the southeast of the Lacandon Jungle in Mexico, around 1970. In studying the relationship between the government apparatus and the colonizers, I question the tendency to refer to the 'state' and the 'community' as if they were finished entities in complete opposition. Furthermore, in approaching local organizational practices, I explore the dynamics, tensions and contradictions experienced by the settlers in the first time in regard to the imperative to form ejidos and in the second time to knowing themselves to be inhabitants of an ecological buffer zone. Considering these constraints, the final section describes the recent orientation of the sense of community toward environmental concerns, but also the acquired learning to take a political position in the face of state power. ; Los estudios sobre bienes comunes suelen centrar su atención en las llamadas instituciones comunitarias. En este artículo, por el contrario, analizo el devenir de la acción colectiva y la expansión de políticas de conservación ecológica en México para entender el manejo de recursos de propiedad común. De este modo, con una perspectiva diacrónica y etnográfica, evidencio dos procesos complementarios: la construcción local de una idea de 'lo colectivo' y la reconfiguración de la idea de 'Estado'. Ambos procesos son analizados a la luz de las experiencias de dos agrupaciones que colonizaron el sureste de la Selva Lacandona, México, hacia 1970. Al estudiar la relación entre el aparato gubernamental y los colonizadores, cuestiono la tendencia a referirse al 'Estado' y a la 'comunidad' como si fueran entidades acabadas y en completa oposición. Por otra parte, al abordar las prácticas organizativas locales exploro las dinámicas, tensiones y contradicciones vividas por los colonizadores, inicialmente ante el imperativo de formar ejidos y posteriormente al saberse habitantes de una zona de amortiguación ecológica. Teniendo en cuenta estos condicionamientos, finalmente, describo la reciente orientación del sentido de comunidad hacia las inquietudes ambientales, pero también, los aprendizajes adquiridos para posicionarse frente al poder estatal.
The article analyzes the production of border waiting spaces generated by the U.S. asylum policy through the metering and the Migrant Protection Protocols. These mechanisms are understood as part of a migration management repertoire that hasturned several Latin American borders into waiting "buffer-territories."The analysis focuses on migration contention and waiting in Tijuana, Baja California, and Central American and Haitian asylum seekers arriving at theborder from 2016. The research was carried out using a qualitative approach and specialized bibliographic review. The findings show how the two mechanisms articulate with each other and, together with the indefinite extension of waiting imposed by COVID-19, suggestsa sort of preamble to the cessation of the right of asylum in the United States.
The present study exposes six geopolitical theories belonging to Alfred Mahamçn, Halford Mackinder, James Fairgrieve, Nicolas Spykman, Alexander Seversky and Samuel Cohen. It is considered that the Theory of the Marine Power of Mahan (1890) was enlarged by the Theory of the Terrestrial Power of Mackinder (1905). James Fairgrieve (1915) designed a world based on Areas of Pressure, Areas of Conflict and Countries Buffer or countries designed to separate to each other to the big powers. Nepal from the India, Finland of the Nordic Countries, Belgium separated the vicinity from Germany to England and north flank of France. The theory of the Air Power (Seversky 1959) was born before the rupture of the marine and terrestrial blockades for the Soviet aviation. Samuel Cohen (USA, 1990 and 2002) created the Theory of the Hierarchy of the appropriate Global Sapces for a tripolar world constituted by the United States, the European Union of 25 countries and the Pacific (Russia, China, Japan) . Spykman (USA, 1950) established the Theory of the Perimeter of Security of the United States. ; El presente estudio expone seis teorías geopolíticas pertenecientes a Alfred Mahan, Halford Mackinder, James Fairgrieve, Nicolás Spykman, Alexander Seversky y Samuel Cohen. Se considera que la Teoría del Poder Marítimo de Mahan (1890) fue ampliada por la Teoría del Poder Terrestre de Mackinder (1905). James Fairgrieve (1915) diseñó un mundo basado en Zonas de Presión, Zonas de Conflicto y Países Buffer o países diseñados para separar a las grandes potencias entre sí. Nepal de la India, Finlandia de los Países Nórdicos, Bélgica separó la proximidad de Alemania a Inglaterra y flanco norte de Francia. La Teoría del Poder Aéreo (Seversky 1950) nació ante la ruptura de los bloqueos marítimos y terrestres por la aviación soviética. Samuel Cohen (Estados Unidos, 1990 y 2002) creó La Teoría de la Jerarquía de los Espacios Globales apropiada para un mundo tripolar constituido por los Estados Unidos, una Unión Europea de 25 países y el Pacífico (Rusia, China, Japón). Spykman (USA, 1950), estableció La Teoría del Perímetro de Seguridad de los Estados Unidos.
Resumen: Egypt plays a pivotal role in the birth and development of Islamism and radicalization in the Arab world, especially after violent demonstrations in Cairo in January 2011. Revolution was predictable; in fact, it has been a constant in the history of Egypt. The only thing unknown was the timing. The process of love-hate relationship between the Muslim Brotherhood and the Armed Forces is not surprising provided that both groups have common interests. All in all, the only chance for Arab nationalism to regain political prominence in the Country should be the rise of a new charismatic leader. For many Egyptians, Abdelfattah Al Sisi might be that leader. But this could mean a return to the old political habits. Jordans response to the revolutions of 2011 was excellent. That is not surprising being a key ally of the United States as well as other Arab monarchies. Jordan has succeded in overcoming the political crisis. Anyway, successive regional wars have turned to Jordan, a buffer country, into a refugees receiving one. First in Palestine, later on Iraq and nowadays in Syria, this transformation is stressing its ability to offer hospitality, as well as to control open borders. Jordan may have to pay a high price for its own internal situation.
Para comprender la política exterior de EE. UU. hacia América Latina, se debe partir de las nociones de "Gran Área", desarrolladas a inicios del siglo XX por los geopolíticos nazis y estadounidenses, cuyo elemento principal será la noción de "espacio vital" (Lebensraum) y "área de irradiación o influencia" (Ausstrahlung). De ahí que EE. UU., al pretender el control absoluto del continente, no puede permitir la existencia de procesos o elementos que escapen de su control, pues, el continente funciona como plataforma para sus incursiones militares, su enfrentamiento con otras potencias y sus proyecciones globales. Ante un inminente colapso de su hegemonía, EE. UU. buscará el control absoluto de todo el continente, a través de diversos mecanismos, tanto económicos, como políticos y militares. El mayor peso de la política intervencionista estadounidense se ejercerá en la región comprendida entre México, Centroamérica, Colombia y el Caribe, con el objeto de consolidar una "zona tapón" (The Buffer Zone) que controle y reprima a los movimientos sociales de la región y que, además, permita desestabilizar los procesos de unión e independencia que se desarrollan en Suramérica. ; In order to understand the United States Internationalpolitics towards Latin America, one has tostart from the notions of "The Grand Area", an ideainitially created at the dawn of the 20th century by UnitedStates and Nazi geopoliticians. Their main elementwill be the notion of the "Vital Space" (Lebensraum) and "Irradiation Area" or "Area of Influence"(Ausstrahlung). Therefore, the UnitedStates, wanting to have absolute controlof the continent, they cannot allow theexistence of elements and processes thatmay escape of their control, since thecontinent works as a platform for theirmilitary incursions, attacks and globalprojections against other powers. Facingan imminent collapse of the hegemony,the United States will search for ways togain absolute control of the entire continentthroughout diverse mechanisms,not only economically speaking butalso political and military. The heaviestpart of the interventionist politics of theUnited States will be fulfilled in the areabetween Mexico, Central America, Colombiaand the Caribbean. This satisfiesthe objective of consolidating a "BufferZone" which controls and represses thesocial movements of the region, and also,allows them to create unstable processesof union and independence which developin South America.
Para comprender la política exterior de EE. UU. hacia América Latina, se debe partir de las nociones de "Gran Área", desarrolladas a inicios del siglo XX por los geopolíticos nazis y estadounidenses, cuyo elemento principal será la noción de "espacio vital" (Lebensraum) y "área de irradiación o influencia" (Ausstrahlung). De ahí que EE. UU., al pretender el control absoluto del continente, no puede permitir la existencia de procesos o elementos que escapen de su control, pues, el continente funciona como plataforma para sus incursiones militares, su enfrentamiento con otras potencias y sus proyecciones globales. Ante un inminente colapso de su hegemonía, EE. UU. buscará el control absoluto de todo el continente, a través de diversos mecanismos, tanto económicos, como políticos y militares. El mayor peso de la política intervencionista estadounidense se ejercerá en la región comprendida entre México, Centroamérica, Colombia y el Caribe, con el objeto de consolidar una "zona tapón" (The Buffer Zone) que controle y reprima a los movimientos sociales de la región y que, además, permita desestabilizar los procesos de unión e independencia que se desarrollan en Suramérica. ; In order to understand the United States Internationalpolitics towards Latin America, one has tostart from the notions of "The Grand Area", an ideainitially created at the dawn of the 20th century by UnitedStates and Nazi geopoliticians. Their main elementwill be the notion of the "Vital Space" (Lebensraum) and "Irradiation Area" or "Area of Influence"(Ausstrahlung). Therefore, the UnitedStates, wanting to have absolute controlof the continent, they cannot allow theexistence of elements and processes thatmay escape of their control, since thecontinent works as a platform for theirmilitary incursions, attacks and globalprojections against other powers. Facingan imminent collapse of the hegemony,the United States will search for ways togain absolute control of the entire continentthroughout diverse mechanisms,not only economically speaking butalso political and military. The heaviestpart of the interventionist politics of theUnited States will be fulfilled in the areabetween Mexico, Central America, Colombiaand the Caribbean. This satisfiesthe objective of consolidating a "BufferZone" which controls and represses thesocial movements of the region, and also,allows them to create unstable processesof union and independence which developin South America.
Se presenta un breve diagnóstico de los aspectos ambientales, sociales y económicos del área marino costera de Pisco Paracas, cuya bahía forma parte de la zona de amortiguamiento de la Reserva Nacional de Paracas. A pesar de la importancia y fragilidad del ecosistema, y su proximidad en la zona de amortiguamiento de la Reserva, se ha permitido el asentamiento y desarrollo de diversas actividades extractivas, productivas con el consiguiente incremento en el tráfico marítimo. Diversos programas de vigilancia y seguimiento de entidades públicas o multisectoriales se han realizado en la zona, pero sin un enfoque más integral sobre las interacciones que se dan en un medio tan sui géneris como el medio marino Pisco-Paracas. Se realiza un análisis de la data histórica de los parámetros físico químicos de calidad acuática del período 2000-2010, obtenido principalmente de los programas de seguimiento o evaluación que realiza IMARPE y la empresa PLUS PETROL, contrastándolo con los valores ECA – Categoría 4 (DS 02-2008 – MINAM) a fin de determinar si ellos constituyen indicadores apropiados para determinar el estado real del ecosistema marino costero de Pisco – Paracas. La actual legislación de los recursos hídricos, no es muy clara ni precisa sobre la aplicabilidad para el control de los ECA" s en el ámbito marino; esta falta de precisión no contribuye a una vigilancia más eficiente. Con relación a ello, se alcanza una propuesta del sistema de indicadores que incluye parámetro biológico, como la determinación de las floraciones algales nocivas (FAN), episodios recurrentes en Pisco – Paracas; así mismo se introduce el tema de indicadores que midan el cambio en el ecosistema marino, con un enfoque más integral en la zona de Pisco – Paracas tan sujeta a cambios de origen climático. ; A brief diagnosis of the environmental, social and economic aspects of the coastal marine area of Pisco – Paracas is presented, whose bay is part of the buffer zone of the Paracas National Reserve. Despite the importance and fragility of the ecosystem, and their proximity to the buffer zone of the Reserve, the settlement and development of various extractive and productive activities has been allowed, with the consequent increase in maritime traffic. Several monitoring programs of public or multisectoral entities have been carried out in the area, but without a comprehensive approach about the interactions occurring in an environment as sui generis as the Pisco - Paracas marine area. An analysis of historical data of physicochemical parameters of water quality for the period 2000-2010, obtained mainly from the monitoring programs and surveys carried out by IMARPE and PLUS PETROL was performed, data was compared to the ECA values - Category 4 (DS 02-2008 - MINAM) to determine if those parameters were appropriate indicators of the actual state of the coastal marine ecosystem of Pisco – Paracas. Current legislation of water resources is not very clear nor precise on the applicability of the ECA ' s in the marine environment, this lack of precision does not contribute to a more efficient monitoring . Regarding this, an indicators system is proposed which includes a biological parameter, such as Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), recurrent events in Pisco - Paracas area. Also, the issue of indicators with a more comprehensive approach which measure marine ecosystem changes in the area of Pisco – Paracas is introduced. ; Tesis
[Introduction]: In 2006, the Peru government created the Ventanilla Wetlands Regional Conservation Area (RCA) to conserve a representative sample of wetlands, protect soils and vegetation, prevent degradation and biodiversity loss, and promote their economic and academic use. [Objective]: The aim was to evaluate the RCA in what it was its buffer zone from months before its creation to 2021 by using remote sensing tools (ICEDEX and NDVI) to assess the state of vegetation and soil saturation. [Methods]: It consisted in the delimitation of the study area, acquisition of satellite images, pre-processing and processing of the images by using vegetation and soil saturation indexes and unsupervised classification, and interpretation of the results. [Results]: We found that about soil saturation there was a loss of 45.99 ha and a gain of 18.63 ha, the loss was accentuated in the northern zone of the RCA and the gain in the coastal strip, meanwhile for vegetation there was a gain of 27.63 ha and a loss of 5.04 ha, the gain was mainly in the coastal strip and the loss in the limits of the RCA. This evidence a process of eutrophication in the RCA, possibly due to anthropogenic causes, which are the main threats to this ecosystem. [Conclusions]: The variation of vegetation and soil saturation since the creation of the RCA was demonstrated by remote sensing tools and these suggest a possible eutrophication process that should motivate increased efforts for the conservation of this ecosystem. ; [Introducción]: En 2006, en Perú, se creó el Área de Conservación Regional Humedales de Ventanilla (ACR), cuyos objetivos son conservar una muestra representativa de estos, proteger los suelos y vegetación, evitar la degradación y pérdida de biodiversidad, y aprovecharlo económica y académicamente. [Objetivo]: Se evaluó el ACR dentro de lo que fue la zona de amortiguamiento desde meses antes de su creación hasta 2021 mediante herramientas de teledetección (ICEDEX y NDVI) para conocer el estado de la vegetación y saturación del suelo. ...
Tesis (Mg.). -- Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental. ; 109 p. ; Se presenta un breve diagnóstico de los aspectos ambientales, sociales y económicos del área marino costera de Pisco Paracas, cuya bahía forma parte de la zona de amortiguamiento de la Reserva Nacional de Paracas. A pesar de la importancia y fragilidad del ecosistema, y su proximidad en la zona de amortiguamiento de la Reserva, se ha permitido el asentamiento y desarrollo de diversas actividades extractivas, productivas con el consiguiente incremento en el tráfico marítimo. Diversos programas de vigilancia y seguimiento de entidades públicas o multisectoriales se han realizado en la zona, pero sin un enfoque más integral sobre las interacciones que se dan en un medio tan sui géneris como el medio marino Pisco-Paracas . Se realiza un análisis de la data histórica de los parámetros físico químicos de calidad acuática del período 2000-2010, obtenido principalmente de los programas de seguimiento o evaluación que realiza IMARPE y la empresa PLUS PETROL, contrastándolo con los valores ECA – Categoría 4 (DS 02-2008 – MINAM) a fin de determinar si ellos constituyen indicadores apropiados para determinar el estado real del ecosistema marino costero de Pisco – Paracas. La actual legislación de los recursos hídricos, no es muy clara ni precisa sobre la aplicabilidad para el control de los ECA" s en el ámbito marino; esta falta de precisión no contribuye a una vigilancia más eficiente. Con relación a ello, se alcanza una propuesta del sistema de indicadores que incluye parámetro biológico, como la determinación de las floraciones algales nocivas (FAN), episodios recurrentes en Pisco – Paracas; así mismo se introduce el tema de indicadores que midan el cambio en el ecosistema marino, con un enfoque más integral en la zona de Pisco – Paracas tan sujeta a cambios de origen climático ; ABSTRACT: A brief diagnosis of the environmental, social and economic aspects of the coastal marine area of Pisco – Paracas is presented, whose bay is part of the buffer zone of the Paracas National Reserve. Despite the importance and fragility of the ecosystem, and their proximity to the buffer zone of the Reserve, the settlement and development of various extractive and productive activities has been allowed, with the consequent increase in maritime traffic. Several monitoring programs of public or multisectoral entities have been carried out in the area, but without a comprehensive approach about the interactions occurring in an environment as sui generis as the Pisco - Paracas marine area. An analysis of historical data of physicochemical parameters of water quality for the period 2000-2010, obtained mainly from the monitoring programs and surveys carried out by IMARPE and PLUS PETROL was performed, data was compared to the ECA values - Category 4 (DS 02-2008 - MINAM) to determine if those parameters were appropriate indicators of the actual state of the coastal marine ecosystem of Pisco – Paracas. Current legislation of water resources is not very clear nor precise on the applicability of the ECA ' s in the marine environment, this lack of precision does not contribute to a more efficient monitoring . Regarding this, an indicators system is proposed which includes a biological parameter, such as Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), recurrent events in Pisco - Paracas area. Also, the issue of indicators with a more comprehensive approach which measure marine ecosystem changes in the area of Pisco – Paracas is introduced.
This study is based on the assumption that beginning with the passage of the Forest Code in 1965, which was revised by the law of 2012, the Permanent Preservation Area (PPA) of Paraíba do Sul River, PSR, is currently recuperated and preserved. In this context, the objective of this study was to: 1) conduct a temporal survey with respect to the rate of change of gains and losses of forest cover during the years 1966, 1977 and 2017; and, 2) do a spatial analysis in relation to this rate of change. This study was conducted along the stretch of the PSR between the municipalities of Jacareí and Queluz. Maps were used from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE (1964-1966), the Geographic and Cartographic Institute of the state of São Paulo – IGC-SP (1978) (IGC), and high resolution images from the Pléiades satellite (2017). For the spatial and temporal analyses of the study area, geoprocessing techniques were used to quantify the area occupied by forest in two: 100 m buffer strips of the PPA, and in buffer strips of 1,000m, starting from each bank of the river. With respect to forest cover, measurements of its total and average size, proportion, gain or loss, and distance between nearby fragments were made. The results indicate that, from the decade of the 1960s to 2017, forest cover grew from 5.3% to 21%, and from 2% to 13% in the strips of 100 and 1,000 meters, respectively. With respect to areas registered from 1960, there was a reduction of 691 hectares, principally of large areas of remaining forest. However, a portion of this forest area was still present in 2017, but most of this forest was in the area 1,000 m from the riverbanks. These results will aid in the planning for establishment of priority areas for conservation of the riparian forest of the PSR. Through analysis of distances between forest fragments, empty spaces devoid of forest cover were identified, and in some cases these spaces were indicated as priority areas for recuperation. The results are discussed in the context of public policies and the periods of economic development that were drivers of landscape changes in the Paraíba do Sul Valley in the São Paulo region. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that the riparian forest of the PSR has slowly recuperated but is still far from being in compliance with current Brazilian legislation. This study will be an important aid in compliance activities conducted by public authorities in permanent preservation areas in the São Paulo PSR. An ample and refined survey of consolidated and fallow areas is suggested so that mitigation and compensation activities can be proposed for the PSR riparian forest that will promote the conservation of the quality of its water and biodiversity resources. ; This study is based on the assumption that beginning with the passage of the Forest Code in 1965, which was revised by the law of 2012, the Permanent Preservation Area (PPA) of Paraíba do Sul River, PSR, is currently recuperated and preserved. In this context, the objective of this study was to: 1) conduct a temporal survey with respect to the rate of change of gains and losses of forest cover during the years 1966, 1977 and 2017; and, 2) do a spatial analysis in relation to this rate of change. This study was conducted along the stretch of the PSR between the municipalities of Jacareí and Queluz. Maps were used from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE (1964-1966), the Geographic and Cartographic Institute of the state of São Paulo – IGC-SP (1978) (IGC), and high resolution images from the Pléiades satellite (2017). For the spatial and temporal analyses of the study area, geoprocessing techniques were used to quantify the area occupied by forest in two: 100 m buffer strips of the PPA, and in buffer strips of 1,000m, starting from each bank of the river. With respect to forest cover, measurements of its total and average size, proportion, gain or loss, and distance between nearby fragments were made. The results indicate that, from the decade of the 1960s to 2017, forest cover grew from 5.3% to 21%, and from 2% to 13% in the strips of 100 and 1,000 meters, respectively. With respect to areas registered from 1960, there was a reduction of 691 hectares, principally of large areas of remaining forest. However, a portion of this forest area was still present in 2017, but most of this forest was in the area 1,000 m from the riverbanks. These results will aid in the planning for establishment of priority areas for conservation of the riparian forest of the PSR. Through analysis of distances between forest fragments, empty spaces devoid of forest cover were identified, and in some cases these spaces were indicated as priority areas for recuperation. The results are discussed in the context of public policies and the periods of economic development that were drivers of landscape changes in the Paraíba do Sul Valley in the São Paulo region. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that the riparian forest of the PSR has slowly recuperated but is still far from being in compliance with current Brazilian legislation. This study will be an important aid in compliance activities conducted by public authorities in permanent preservation areas in the São Paulo PSR. An ample and refined survey of consolidated and fallow areas is suggested so that mitigation and compensation activities can be proposed for the PSR riparian forest that will promote the conservation of the quality of its water and biodiversity resources. ; Este trabalho parte do pressuposto que a partir da promulgação do Código Florestal em 1965, reafirmada na revisão da Lei em 2012, a Área de Preservação Permanente (APP) do Rio Paraíba do Sul, PRS, encontra-se recuperada e preservada. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo (1) realizar um levantamento temporal, compreendendo os anos de 1966, 1977 e 2017 e (2) um levantamento espacial, a partir das taxas de mudanças compreendendo ganhos e perdas na cobertura florestal. O trabalho foi realizado no trecho do RPS paulista entre os municípios de Jacareí a Queluz. Foram utilizadas as cartas do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE (1964-1966), do Instituto Geográfico e Cartográfico do Estado de São Paulo – IGC-SP (1978) (IGC) e imagens de alta resolução do satélite Pléiades (2017). Para análise espacial e temporal da área de estudo, foram utilizadas técnicas de geoprocessamento quanto a área de ocupação da floresta em duas faixas: 100 m (Área de Preservação Permanente - APP) e 1000 m a partir de ambas as margens. Foram obtidas métricas quanto ao tamanho total e médio da cobertura florestal, proporção de ocupação das áreas de florestas, ganho/perda de áreas coberta por floresta e distância entre os fragmentos mais próximos. Os resultados revelaram que da década 60 até 2017 a cobertura florestal passou de 5,3% para 21% e de 2% para 13% nas faixas de 100 e 1000 metros, respectivamente. Quanto as áreas registradas em 1960, grande parte sofreu redução, uma perda de 691 hectares principalmente dos grandes remanescentes florestais. Entretanto, parte desses remanescentes florestais, permaneceram até 2017, porém, grande parte dessas áreas encontram-se na faixa de 1000 m de distância da margem. Esses resultados permitiram avaliar e sugerir áreas prioritárias para a conservação da mata ciliar ao RPS. A partir da análise das distâncias entre os fragmentos florestais, foram identificados espaços vazios, desprovidos de cobertura florestal e em alguns casos foram indicados como áreas prioritárias para recuperação. Os resultados evidenciaram que, lentamente, parte da mata ciliar ao RPS se recuperou, mas ainda está longe de satisfazer a legislação vigente no país. Esse trabalho pode ser útil para auxiliar a fiscalização das áreas de preservação permanente ao RPS paulista. Ao final considera-se necessário um amplo e minucioso levantamento das áreas de pousio e consolidadas para que sejam propostas ações de mitigação e compensação da mata ciliar ao Rio Paraíba do Sul e subsidiar a conservação da qualidade do recurso hídrico e da biodiversidade.
A existência de áreas protegidas nas fronteiras é uma solução recorrente no sistema internacional para solucionar conflitos entre Estados vizinhos. Muitas vezes, os limites internacionais sofrem intervenções políticas, o que resulta em danos à fauna e flora endêmicas. Na América do Sul, o Tampão de Darién é um dos muito exemplos de estratégia geopolítica criada como solução de disputas em zonas de fronteira. Com a independência do Panamá, em 1903, a fronteira entre esse país e a Colômbia se converteu em uma zona-tampão de bosques que bloqueia o trajeto da rodovia Pan-Americana. A falta de conexão entre os dois países perdurou durante todo o século XX e ainda hoje uma solução não é vislumbrada, ainda que a partir do século XXI, projetos de integração sul-americana tenham recebido um grande impulso com iniciativas como a IIRSA-COSIPLAN. Essa iniciativa foi responsável por interações mais intensas entre os países da América do Sul. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo apresenta uma análise do processo recente de integração da América do Sul em uma área de fronteira estratégica (o Tampão de Darién) e enfoca uma rodovia vital para os interesses econômicos e sociais do continente (a rodovia Pan-Americana). ; Protected areas in border zones it is a recurring way to solve conflicts between neighbouring States in the international system. Oftentimes, the international boundaries suffer politics interventions that impact the local fauna and flora. In South America, the Darién Gap is one among many geopolitics strategy examples created to solve border conflicts. From the independence of Panama in 1903, the border between Panama and Colombia became a buffer zone covered by a forest, which interrupt the Pan-American Highway. The lack of connection between the two countries persisted throughout the 20th century and even today a solution is not glimpsed. Even though from the 21st century onwards, South American integration projects have received a great boost with initiatives such as IIRSA-COSIPLAN. This initiative was responsible for intense interactions between South America's countries. In this sense, the following article presents an analysis of the recent process of integration between South America countries in an area of strategic border (the Darién Gap) and focuses on a vital highway for the economics and socials interests of the continent (Pan-American Highway).
A existência de áreas protegidas nas fronteiras é uma solução recorrente no sistema internacional para solucionar conflitos entre Estados vizinhos. Muitas vezes, os limites internacionais sofrem intervenções políticas, o que resulta em danos à fauna e flora endêmicas. Na América do Sul, o Tampão de Darién é um dos muito exemplos de estratégia geopolítica criada como solução de disputas em zonas de fronteira. Com a independência do Panamá, em 1903, a fronteira entre esse país e a Colômbia se converteu em uma zona-tampão de bosques que bloqueia o trajeto da rodovia Pan-Americana. A falta de conexão entre os dois países perdurou durante todo o século XX e ainda hoje uma solução não é vislumbrada, ainda que a partir do século XXI, projetos de integração sul-americana tenham recebido um grande impulso com iniciativas como a IIRSA-COSIPLAN. Essa iniciativa foi responsável por interações mais intensas entre os países da América do Sul. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo apresenta uma análise do processo recente de integração da América do Sul em uma área de fronteira estratégica (o Tampão de Darién) e enfoca uma rodovia vital para os interesses econômicos e sociais do continente (a rodovia Pan-Americana). ; Protected areas in border zones it is a recurring way to solve conflicts between neighbouring States in the international system. Oftentimes, the international boundaries suffer politics interventions that impact the local fauna and flora. In South America, the Darién Gap is one among many geopolitics strategy examples created to solve border conflicts. From the independence of Panama in 1903, the border between Panama and Colombia became a buffer zone covered by a forest, which interrupt the Pan-American Highway. The lack of connection between the two countries persisted throughout the 20th century and even today a solution is not glimpsed. Even though from the 21st century onwards, South American integration projects have received a great boost with initiatives such as IIRSA-COSIPLAN. This initiative was responsible for intense interactions between South America's countries. In this sense, the following article presents an analysis of the recent process of integration between South America countries in an area of strategic border (the Darién Gap) and focuses on a vital highway for the economics and socials interests of the continent (Pan-American Highway).
La necesidad de modificar la ley de patrimonio histórico y artístico argentina fue un anhelo de larga data que se cristalizó en 2015. Un aspecto interesante de esta reforma es la incorporación de categorías patrimoniales y criterios que derivan de Cartas y Documentos Internacionales (originados en ICOMOS y UNESCO) que constituyen normas de soft law. Pese a que este tipo de normas no son vinculantes para los Estados, su introducción en la modificación de la ley permite analizar las características que asume la incidencia del soft law en el derecho interno argentino. En este marco, el objetivo de este trabajo consiste en analizar la introducción de un conjunto de normas de soft law en la mencionada ley y discutir su impacto desde el punto de vista conceptual, así como en la propia modalidad de gestión estatal. La incorporación de nuevas categorías patrimoniales y áreas de amortiguamiento, sumada a nuevas vías de acción administrativa (que incluyen la aplicación de mecanismos vigentes a nivel internacional y las activaciones patrimoniales), constituyen ejemplos elocuentes de un cambio paradigmático en la conceptualización del patrimonio, así como la concreción de una vía de actuación más flexible y de mayor autonomía para la autoridad de aplicación. ; The need to modify the Argentine historical and artistic heritage law was a longstanding desire that crystallized in 2015. An interesting aspect of this reform is the incorporation of heritage categories and criteria that derive from International Charters and Documents (originated in ICOMOS and UNESCO) which constitute soft law standards. Although these types of rules are not binding on the States, their introduction in the modification of the law allows analyzing the characteristics assumed by the incidence of soft law in Argentine domestic law. Within this framework, the objective of this paper is to analyze the introduction of a set of soft law norms in the aforementioned law and discuss its impact from the conceptual point of view, as well as in the state management modality itself. The incorporation of new heritage categories and buffer areas, added to new routes of administrative action (which include the application of mechanisms in force at international level and the patrimonial activations) constitute eloquent examples of a paradigmatic change in the conceptualization of heritage, as well as the concretion of a more flexible and more autonomous route of action for the enforcement authority. ; A necessidade de modificar a lei argentina do patrimônio histórico e artístico foi um desejo antigo que se cristalizou em 2015. Um aspecto interessante dessa reforma é a incorporação de categorias e critérios patrimoniais derivados de Cartas e Documentos Internacionais (originados no ICOMOS e UNESCO), que constituem regras de soft law. Embora esses tipos de regras não sejam vinculantes para os Estados, sua introdução na modificação da lei permite analisar as características assumidas pela incidência da soft law no direito interno argentino. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a introdução de um conjunto de normas de soft law na referida lei e discutir seu impacto do ponto de vista conceitual, bem como na própria modalidade de gestão estadual. A incorporação de novas categorias patrimoniais e áreas de amortecimento, somada aos novos rumos da ação administrativa (que incluem a aplicação de mecanismos vigentes em nível internacional e as ativações patrimoniais), constitui exemplos eloquentes de uma mudança paradigmática na conceituação do patrimônio, assim como a concretização de uma via de ação mais flexível e autônoma para a autoridade de execução. ; Fil: Levrand, Norma Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos; Argentina ; Fil: Endere, Maria Luz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano; Argentina
