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The paper evaluates works of ancient authors who mention and provide details of the burial of fallen soldiers in ancient Greece, and then it compares them with preserved archaeological finds. Textual analysis shows a long-term tradition of war graves on battlefields. The commanders of the troops provided funeral services in the first place, as the extradition request of bodies was equal to the recognition of defeat. In most cases both sides had enough time to take care of their fallen after the battle, but there were exceptions when the last honors were rather provisional. In addition to burial directly on the battlefield, it seems that, depending on the circumstances, the removal of the remains to the hometown or burial outside the battlefield and outside the home also applies. The tombstones could have various forms, in the case of collective burials, tumuli with stelae bearing the names of the deceased were preferred, in the case of burial of military commanders, tombstones took the form of a monumental statue. Cremation burial is thought to have prevailed over inhumation. ; L'articolo valuta le menzioni nelle opere degli autori antichi, che forniscono dettagli sulla sepoltura dei soldati caduti nell'antica Grecia e le confronta con i reperti archeologici conservati. L'analisi testuale mostra una lunga tradizione di tombe di guerra sui campi di battaglia. I comandanti delle truppe provvedevano principalmente ai servizi funebri , poiché la richiesta di consegna dei corpi era uguale al riconoscimento della sconfitta. Nella maggior parte dei casi entrambe le parti avevano abbastanza tempo per prendersi cura dei loro caduti dopo la battaglia, ma vi erano anche eccezioni nel qual caso gli ultimi onori erano piuttosto provvisori. Oltre alla sepoltura direttamente sul campo di battaglia, sembra che, a seconda delle circostanze, vi fosse anche il trasferimento dei resti nella città natale o la sepoltura fuori dal campo di battaglia e fuori casa. Le lapidi funerarie potevano avere varie forme, nel caso di sepolture collettive si preferivano tumuli con stele recanti i nomi dei defunti, nel caso di sepolture di comandanti militari le lapidi assumevano la forma di una statua monumentale. Si pensa che la sepoltura per cremazione abbia prevalso sull'inumazione.

ENGLISH: The study of the Early Middle Age cemeteries in Europe has had a very long path since the beginning of Archaeology as science related to the XIXth nationalism. These cemeteries were used then to establish national identities and to invent traditions, in Hobsbawn´s words, for a new bourgeoisie that, for the first time in History, achieved the control of power and economy. Ethnicity played an important role in establishing these national identities, linking the present peoples to the past Volks and being the center of the interpretation of historical change from a culture-historical and diffusionist approach. Although in Spain nationalism had a different development comparing to other European countries, the so called "Visigothic" burials were important in the establishment of Archaeology and the interpretation of the Early Middle Age under the paradigm of ethnicity and diffusionism. Although this vision has been clarified after World War II in European historiography, is still hegemonic in Spanish academy. In this paper it will be presented an interpretation of the so called "visigothic" burials in order to suggest new ways of analysis of the role of ethnicity in the conformation of this archaeological record. For this purpose, a critic of the traditional culture-historical interpretation is made, stressing its limits and problems and the links between national politics and archaeological development. The alternative interpretation is based in the review of the Early Middle Age cemeteries of the oriental part of the Duero basin, stressing the importance of contextual studies and introducing new archaeological views from the excavation of other Spanish regions, over all the area of Madrid. In conclusion, ethnicity is analyzed as one more factor of framing social relations and identities in a historical moment were important changes in settlement pattern and economy are occurring and the social stratification and hierarchy are in constant dispute and construction. / ESPAÑOL: El estudio de los cementerios altomedievales en Europa ha tenido un largo recorrido desde el comienzo de la Arqueología como ciencia, relacionado con los nacionalismos del siglo XIX. Estos cementerios fueron utilizados entonces para establecer identidades nacionales e "inventar tradiciones", según Hobsbawm, para una nueva burguesía que, por primera vez en la Historia, consiguió el poder político y económico de los diferentes "Estados-nación" La etnicidad jugó, pues, un importante papel en el establecimiento de estas identidades nacionales, relacionando los pueblos actuales con los pasados Völker, siendo el concepto central para la interpretación del cambio histórico desde una perspectiva históricocultural y difusionista. Aunque en España el nacionalismo tuvo un desarrollo diferente en comparación con otros países europeos, las mal llamadas "necrópolis visigodas" fueron importantes para el nacimiento de la Arqueología y la interpretación de la Alta Edad Media bajo el paradigma del entnicismo y el difusionismo. Aunque está visión sufrió algunos cambios tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, todavía es hegemónica en la academia. El presente trabajo presentará una interpretación de las "necrópolis visigodas" con el objetivo de sugerir nuevas formas de análisis del rol que la etnicidad tuvo en la conformación de este registro arqueológico. Con este propósito se hará una crítica a las concepciones histórico-culturales, resaltando sus límites y problemas y las relaciones entre la política nacional y el desarrollo arqueológico. La interpretación alternativa que se presenta está basada en una revisión de los cementerios altomedievales de la parte oriental de la cuenca del Duero, enfatizando la importancia de los estudios contextuales y la introducción de nuevas visiones arqueológicas desde otras regiones, como Madrid. En conclusión, la etnicidad es analizada como un factor más de las relaciones sociales e identidades dentro de un momento histórico de importantes cambios en el patrón de poblamiento y la economía y en el marco de una débil estratificación social en las comunidades locales en continua disputa y construcción.