Suchergebnisse

Lithuania just like other countries of Europe is a multinational country. It's been a long time this country is occupied by people of diverse culture, religion and customs. It especially can be noticed in the beginning of the 20th century after the First World War in Europe when the greatest empires of that time have collapsed. At that time when Lithuania was independent in 1923 there were over 2 million residents in the country according to the universal data compilation (excluding the city of Vilnius and Klaipėda) and 3,2 % of all population were polish people. Polish press that was issued between the World Wars can be firmly called the expression of polish national minority's attitude and opinion. The investigation of the polish press provides an opportunity to take a look at the country's inner political, economic and social evolution as well as the relationship between Lithuania and Poland the way polish nation saw all of it. We should emphasize in advance that this attitude has always been negative. The problem of Vilnius' territory at that time was one of the most significant questions of Lithuanian foreign policy. Polish press has always expressed a huge attention concerning Lithuanian and Polish mutual relationship and always was supporting the Polish side. Their opinion was not positive regarding the fact that Lithuania has denied the projects of P. Hymans. Lithuania has lost much more than it has won because of that – polish people thought. The territory of Vilnius, also known as the "Middle Lithuania" has been connected for a long time to Poland by the decision of Nation Union. Polish residents in Lithuania blamed Lithuanian nationalism because of the loss of the territory of Vilnius. They said there should be no surprise that the territory of Vilnius during the elections to the Parliament of Vilnius in 1922 January the 8th was connected to Poland as Lithuanian politicians after coming back from Kaunas to Vilnius in 1920 were using the speech of Muravjov and Novosilcev talking to the residents of Vilnius. Polish press was talking a lot about the destruction of neutral zone between two neighbor countries and was rising up the question concerning making the river Nemunas international. Since Lithuania had obligations to the Nation Union to make the river Nemunas international and still, was hesitating to solve this question, it led the polish residents in Lithuania to estimate it negatively. They claimed it would be a positive action to make the river Nemunas international as Lithuania was facing economic crisis. Regarding the evolution of inner politics of the country we can briefly mention that polish press was criticizing Lithuanian authority. First of all they emphasized that the rights of national minorities have always been restricted even though they are guaranteed by the constitution of the country. There was a huge stroke that rich polish landowners faced when farming law came to power. Polish landowners accepted it as the weapon being used against them. There was a huge apprehension concerning restriction of polish language at schools and the church. To conclude we can say that polish people were estimating negatively both Lithuanian inner policy and foreign policy.

Master's thesis aims to reveal the relationship between intellectual property rights and competition law, when the right to information constituting business secret is executed. Therefore, this work analyzes the features of business secret conception and regulation of its protection, relations with intellectual property, influence on competition by executing rights to intellectual property as far as they are related to business secret transfer to third parties, also, interaction of exercising the objects of intellectual property and application of competitive restrains in the context of business secrets regulation. The first part analyzes the conception of business secret determined in the legislation of the Republic of Lithuania, the European Union, the United States and international law, as well as in the legal doctrine. Moreover, the model list of objects of trade secret is given and the features of terms, which are used to define business secrets, are analyzed. The second part reveals the features of commercial (industrial) secret regulation, clarifies the law regulating commercial secrets, relations between commercial secrets and intellectual property rights, also the interaction between intellectual property and competition law in the regulation of business secrets. Trade secrets as intellectual property is also subject to the civil turnover and the choice of the owner of intangible assets how to exercise the right to information constituting business secret may have an influence on competition. Therefore, the third part deals with the licencing agreement as a business secret transfer method and analyzes the concept, types of licencing, features of the object, which can be licenced, the content of licencing arrangements, the reasons and purposes to licence secret information, evaluation of the influence on competition in the European Union and United States law. The last part is devoted to the analysis of the Microsoft case, as far as it concerned with a refusal to provide certain information when a company is abusing its dominant position.

Master's thesis aims to reveal the relationship between intellectual property rights and competition law, when the right to information constituting business secret is executed. Therefore, this work analyzes the features of business secret conception and regulation of its protection, relations with intellectual property, influence on competition by executing rights to intellectual property as far as they are related to business secret transfer to third parties, also, interaction of exercising the objects of intellectual property and application of competitive restrains in the context of business secrets regulation. The first part analyzes the conception of business secret determined in the legislation of the Republic of Lithuania, the European Union, the United States and international law, as well as in the legal doctrine. Moreover, the model list of objects of trade secret is given and the features of terms, which are used to define business secrets, are analyzed. The second part reveals the features of commercial (industrial) secret regulation, clarifies the law regulating commercial secrets, relations between commercial secrets and intellectual property rights, also the interaction between intellectual property and competition law in the regulation of business secrets. Trade secrets as intellectual property is also subject to the civil turnover and the choice of the owner of intangible assets how to exercise the right to information constituting business secret may have an influence on competition. Therefore, the third part deals with the licencing agreement as a business secret transfer method and analyzes the concept, types of licencing, features of the object, which can be licenced, the content of licencing arrangements, the reasons and purposes to licence secret information, evaluation of the influence on competition in the European Union and United States law. The last part is devoted to the analysis of the Microsoft case, as far as it concerned with a refusal to provide certain information when a company is abusing its dominant position.

The topic of Master's thesis on the financial markets is relevant considering the increasing importance of foreign direct investments (FDI) on the synchronization process of business cycles. The formation of FDI policy can help strengthening the identity of business cycles of the countries of the European Union (EU). Therefore, the basic problem of research is raised – whether the FDI have equal influence on the synchronization of business cycles of the countries of the EU. The object of research is the impact of FDI on the synchronization of business cycles of the countries of the European Union. The goal of this research is to analyze the influence of significance of inter–relations between the FDI and the business cycles of the EU on the synchronization of business cycle considering the exogenic characteristics of countries and the development level of their economics. In order to implement the goal the tasks are raised: to familiarize with the peculiarities of financial integration, which have influence on the development aspect of FDI, to analyze the fluctuations of business cycles and the factors, which have influence on the synchronization of business cycles, to evaluate the impact of FDI on the synchronization of business cycles of countries, to prepare the methodology of research in order to analyze the impact of significance of inter-relations between the FDI and the business cycles of the EU on the synchronization of business cycles considering the exogenic characteristics and the development level of countries, to form the evaluative model of impact of FDI on the synchronization of the countries of the EU and to perform the empirical research, to describe and to explain the results received during the research, to give the recommendations for the succession of research. The methodology of research: the comparative analysis of literature sources, scientific articles, systemization, blocking, interpretation of statistical data and graphical (retrospective), dynamic, logic and regressive – correlative analysis of collected statistical data. In the first stage of research the hypothesis about the exogenic characteristics of the countries of the EU and the impact of development level of their economics on the synchronization of business cycles was checked. In the second stage of research the hypotheses about the impact of significance of inter-relations between the FDI and the business cycles of the European Union on the synchronization of business cycles were checked. The prepared methodology of research permitted to determine that the business cycles of the countries of the EU having equal exogenic characteristics and the development level of economics synchronize; the synchronization peculiarities of business cycles of the EU countries depend on the significance of inter-relations between the foreign direct investments and the business cycles: if the inter–relations between GDP and FDI are significant – the synchronization changes of the EU business cycles are trivial if the business cycles of the EU countries, which inter-relations between GDP and FDI are not significant, synchronize. The model formed in the paper can be applied while evaluating the impact of other actions on the synchronization of business cycles.

The topic of Master's thesis on the financial markets is relevant considering the increasing importance of foreign direct investments (FDI) on the synchronization process of business cycles. The formation of FDI policy can help strengthening the identity of business cycles of the countries of the European Union (EU). Therefore, the basic problem of research is raised – whether the FDI have equal influence on the synchronization of business cycles of the countries of the EU. The object of research is the impact of FDI on the synchronization of business cycles of the countries of the European Union. The goal of this research is to analyze the influence of significance of inter–relations between the FDI and the business cycles of the EU on the synchronization of business cycle considering the exogenic characteristics of countries and the development level of their economics. In order to implement the goal the tasks are raised: to familiarize with the peculiarities of financial integration, which have influence on the development aspect of FDI, to analyze the fluctuations of business cycles and the factors, which have influence on the synchronization of business cycles, to evaluate the impact of FDI on the synchronization of business cycles of countries, to prepare the methodology of research in order to analyze the impact of significance of inter-relations between the FDI and the business cycles of the EU on the synchronization of business cycles considering the exogenic characteristics and the development level of countries, to form the evaluative model of impact of FDI on the synchronization of the countries of the EU and to perform the empirical research, to describe and to explain the results received during the research, to give the recommendations for the succession of research. The methodology of research: the comparative analysis of literature sources, scientific articles, systemization, blocking, interpretation of statistical data and graphical (retrospective), dynamic, logic and regressive – correlative analysis of collected statistical data. In the first stage of research the hypothesis about the exogenic characteristics of the countries of the EU and the impact of development level of their economics on the synchronization of business cycles was checked. In the second stage of research the hypotheses about the impact of significance of inter-relations between the FDI and the business cycles of the European Union on the synchronization of business cycles were checked. The prepared methodology of research permitted to determine that the business cycles of the countries of the EU having equal exogenic characteristics and the development level of economics synchronize; the synchronization peculiarities of business cycles of the EU countries depend on the significance of inter-relations between the foreign direct investments and the business cycles: if the inter–relations between GDP and FDI are significant – the synchronization changes of the EU business cycles are trivial if the business cycles of the EU countries, which inter-relations between GDP and FDI are not significant, synchronize. The model formed in the paper can be applied while evaluating the impact of other actions on the synchronization of business cycles.

Participation of the State in the market economy through companies under its control was always the source of tension between business and the State. Although in principle the State is entitled to engage in economic activities and compete with private market players, by doing so the State faces a significant incentive to use its regulatory powers in order to create business environment exclusively favourable to the undertakings under control of the State. The thesis examined the legal instrument prohibiting such assistance by the State to undertakings under control of the State: Articles 106(1) applied in conjunction with Article 102 of the TFEU, which provide for the requirement to abstain from acts which could reduce efficiency of prohibition to abuse dominant position established in the Treaty establishing the European Union. It has been established during the research that the law currently in force provides for insufficient clarity regarding what specific legal elements should be proven in order to declare infringement of Articles 106(1) and 102 of the TFEU. For this reason the research sought to establish the contents of constituent elements of such violation of law. In this regard the research first of all established the historical development and legal nature of the violation set forth in Articles 106(1) and 102 of the TFEU, identified the composition of the constituent elements of law and contents of individual elements, revised specific forms of acts by which the state may reduce efficiency of the prohibition to abuse dominant position; moreover, conclusion was made regarding the right of the Member States to grant exclusive rights. In the end of the research conclusions were made regarding the legal elements which must be proven in order to declare the violation under Articles 106(1) and 102 of the TFEU, and the recommendations of the acts to be undertaken in order to eliminate the legal uncertainty and achieve more efficient application of this prohibition.

Participation of the State in the market economy through companies under its control was always the source of tension between business and the State. Although in principle the State is entitled to engage in economic activities and compete with private market players, by doing so the State faces a significant incentive to use its regulatory powers in order to create business environment exclusively favourable to the undertakings under control of the State. The thesis examined the legal instrument prohibiting such assistance by the State to undertakings under control of the State: Articles 106(1) applied in conjunction with Article 102 of the TFEU, which provide for the requirement to abstain from acts which could reduce efficiency of prohibition to abuse dominant position established in the Treaty establishing the European Union. It has been established during the research that the law currently in force provides for insufficient clarity regarding what specific legal elements should be proven in order to declare infringement of Articles 106(1) and 102 of the TFEU. For this reason the research sought to establish the contents of constituent elements of such violation of law. In this regard the research first of all established the historical development and legal nature of the violation set forth in Articles 106(1) and 102 of the TFEU, identified the composition of the constituent elements of law and contents of individual elements, revised specific forms of acts by which the state may reduce efficiency of the prohibition to abuse dominant position; moreover, conclusion was made regarding the right of the Member States to grant exclusive rights. In the end of the research conclusions were made regarding the legal elements which must be proven in order to declare the violation under Articles 106(1) and 102 of the TFEU, and the recommendations of the acts to be undertaken in order to eliminate the legal uncertainty and achieve more efficient application of this prohibition.

The work is dedicated to corporate identity theft phenomenon analyzed through four countries having different way of dealing the issue. First Chapter of the thesis gave literature overview, explained how corporate identity theft correlates with data breach and identity theft and reflected US experience. Second Chapter explained scams by using which Corporate identity is done in Ukraine, Lithuania and UK. The objectives of the author were to formulate a corporate identity theft notion and separate it from the related terms together with giving overview of the ways how this crime is done and how it is regulated on the legislative level.

The work is dedicated to corporate identity theft phenomenon analyzed through four countries having different way of dealing the issue. First Chapter of the thesis gave literature overview, explained how corporate identity theft correlates with data breach and identity theft and reflected US experience. Second Chapter explained scams by using which Corporate identity is done in Ukraine, Lithuania and UK. The objectives of the author were to formulate a corporate identity theft notion and separate it from the related terms together with giving overview of the ways how this crime is done and how it is regulated on the legislative level.

The article deals with the peculiarities of labour motivation of small businessmen who are engaged in individual activities under a business certifi­cate. The following main reasons determined our choice to perform a research on labour motivation of small businessmen working under business certifi­cates and trading in the market places: though many scientific publications on the issue of labour motivation can be found (for instance, Osterloh, Frey, Frost, 2001; Gard, Larsson, 2003; Carsrud, Brännback, Elfving, Brandt, 2009; Sta­ren, 2009; Curral, Marques- Quinteiro, 2009; Ehrlich, 2006; Fagan, Neill, Wooldridge, 2008; Ratkevičienė, 1999; Bakanauskienė, Ubartas, 2009 and others), having performed a more precise analysis of these works it is obvious that the problem of labour motivation is examined only at an organization level. However, specifi­ties particularity of labour activity of people working under business certifi­cates and people working in organizations differ. A person working under a business certifi­cate independently solves all questions related to the activity he/she is engaged in, i.e. there are no features of usual labour relations like: agreement on salary, place of work and functions, hours of work, annual leave, etc. In addition, a smaller or bigger risk, uncertainty, pressure, risky decisions always accompany the person working under a business certifi­cate because in business stability may be destroyed very quickly, therefore it is impossible to foresee everything in advance. A list of the kinds of individual activities undertaken engaged under a business certifi­cate approved by the Government of the Republic of Lithuania includes 98 kinds of activities (the Government of the Republic of Lithuania, 2002). According to K. Kučinskaitė (2009), "On the grounds of the data of State Tax Inspectorate, the most part– approximately third of all obtained business certifi­cates provides the right to trade in the markets".[.]

The article deals with the peculiarities of labour motivation of small businessmen who are engaged in individual activities under a business certifi­cate. The following main reasons determined our choice to perform a research on labour motivation of small businessmen working under business certifi­cates and trading in the market places: though many scientific publications on the issue of labour motivation can be found (for instance, Osterloh, Frey, Frost, 2001; Gard, Larsson, 2003; Carsrud, Brännback, Elfving, Brandt, 2009; Sta­ren, 2009; Curral, Marques- Quinteiro, 2009; Ehrlich, 2006; Fagan, Neill, Wooldridge, 2008; Ratkevičienė, 1999; Bakanauskienė, Ubartas, 2009 and others), having performed a more precise analysis of these works it is obvious that the problem of labour motivation is examined only at an organization level. However, specifi­ties particularity of labour activity of people working under business certifi­cates and people working in organizations differ. A person working under a business certifi­cate independently solves all questions related to the activity he/she is engaged in, i.e. there are no features of usual labour relations like: agreement on salary, place of work and functions, hours of work, annual leave, etc. In addition, a smaller or bigger risk, uncertainty, pressure, risky decisions always accompany the person working under a business certifi­cate because in business stability may be destroyed very quickly, therefore it is impossible to foresee everything in advance. A list of the kinds of individual activities undertaken engaged under a business certifi­cate approved by the Government of the Republic of Lithuania includes 98 kinds of activities (the Government of the Republic of Lithuania, 2002). According to K. Kučinskaitė (2009), "On the grounds of the data of State Tax Inspectorate, the most part– approximately third of all obtained business certifi­cates provides the right to trade in the markets".[.]

United Nations is believed to be one of the most powerful international organizations. International situation in XXI century is changing very fast. Globalization has very big impact towards these changes. New international actors such as business sector is gaining bigger and bigger influence towards international policy and states are loosing their suzerainty and world begins to talk about world's new government whose place can take UN. These processes encouraged to make deeper analysis and discover the role of UN in nowadays changing role. The theme of the work is: The role of UN in XXI century: the encouragement of corporate social responsibility and as the object of the work the UN and their newest project of corporate social responsibility: Global Compact is chosen. The goal of the work is to analyze the role of United Nations in international relations in XXI century thru corporate social responsibility project – Global Compact. The work has four main parts. The goal of the first part is to get to know what the changes of the word order are, where the power is going from military power to economical power. The functions and their changes of UN are analyzed in the second part. The third part is aims for the analysis of the newest UN function – corporate social responsibility. The last part of the work aims for the deep analysis of the Global Compact – new project of the United Nations. The business sector is making bigger and bigger impact to the international relations and the role of the UN is growing in international arena. It becomes very important to find out what are the relationships between UN and business and what are they making to communicate and find common points in international arena. The communication between UN and business sector began in the beginning of XXI century, when UN introduced the project of Global Compact. Global Compact is the biggest project between UN and business, where UN is enforcing business sector to work in the frame of social responsibility to help people, society and economy to survive in the processes of globalization. UN Global Compact initiative was created to encourage communication between all the sectors and to help to create global economy which enforce the social and environmental wealth in the world. Today responsible business and intersectional partnership begin to use ten principles of Global Compact as moral scale of their work.

Small business in Lithuania compose economical growth base. It includes 99 proc. of all business. It is important not only for establishing new workplaces, but also for all Region economy development. For successful small business growth it is important innovations development. In this work definable small business and innovation conception, also there is discussed about innovation importance in small business in Lithuania. It is discussed about main states political strategies in small business and support trends. Despite that it is formed small business strategies, but still there is no one system between academic discovery and it adaptation in business. In this work it is also analyzed Region importance for Lithuanian country. Empirical research showed main small innovative business problems in Kaunas Region and revealed it solutions.

Small business in Lithuania compose economical growth base. It includes 99 proc. of all business. It is important not only for establishing new workplaces, but also for all Region economy development. For successful small business growth it is important innovations development. In this work definable small business and innovation conception, also there is discussed about innovation importance in small business in Lithuania. It is discussed about main states political strategies in small business and support trends. Despite that it is formed small business strategies, but still there is no one system between academic discovery and it adaptation in business. In this work it is also analyzed Region importance for Lithuanian country. Empirical research showed main small innovative business problems in Kaunas Region and revealed it solutions.

During 1904–1940, a total of 26 periodicals were published in Lithuania and in foreign countries in which the Lithuanian language was used alongside others. The demand for multilingual periodicals had emerged during the first part of the 20th c. as new cultural, economic, and political conditions took shape in Eastern and Central Europe. For the governments and businesses of Lithuania, Germany, Latvia, and Poland, the development of economic relations was of the biggest importance, and this process was to be stimulated using the multilingual publications that were being released in these countries. Also, particular importance was granted to the political cooperation of the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania). Cultural relations, on the other hand, were less expressed in the multilingual periodicals and not characterized by commercial success. For propaganda purposes, a considerable number of multilingual publications were released by Germany during the First World War. Apart from Lithuanian, these multilingual publications were marked by the use of German, English, Polish, French, Latvian, and Russian languages; among the rarer instances were Belarusian, Yiddish, and Estonian texts. The emergence of multilingual periodicals and the presence of the Lithuanian language in these publications reflected the international recognition of the Lithuanian nation and its state. It represented an understanding of multiculturalism and peculiar needs within the society and resembled the dialogue occurring across the political, economic, and cultural dimensions.