Suchergebnisse

During 1904–1940, a total of 26 periodicals were published in Lithuania and in foreign countries in which the Lithuanian language was used alongside others. The demand for multilingual periodicals had emerged during the first part of the 20th c. as new cultural, economic, and political conditions took shape in Eastern and Central Europe. For the governments and businesses of Lithuania, Germany, Latvia, and Poland, the development of economic relations was of the biggest importance, and this process was to be stimulated using the multilingual publications that were being released in these countries. Also, particular importance was granted to the political cooperation of the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania). Cultural relations, on the other hand, were less expressed in the multilingual periodicals and not characterized by commercial success. For propaganda purposes, a considerable number of multilingual publications were released by Germany during the First World War. Apart from Lithuanian, these multilingual publications were marked by the use of German, English, Polish, French, Latvian, and Russian languages; among the rarer instances were Belarusian, Yiddish, and Estonian texts. The emergence of multilingual periodicals and the presence of the Lithuanian language in these publications reflected the international recognition of the Lithuanian nation and its state. It represented an understanding of multiculturalism and peculiar needs within the society and resembled the dialogue occurring across the political, economic, and cultural dimensions.

During 1904–1940, a total of 26 periodicals were published in Lithuania and in foreign countries in which the Lithuanian language was used alongside others. The demand for multilingual periodicals had emerged during the first part of the 20th c. as new cultural, economic, and political conditions took shape in Eastern and Central Europe. For the governments and businesses of Lithuania, Germany, Latvia, and Poland, the development of economic relations was of the biggest importance, and this process was to be stimulated using the multilingual publications that were being released in these countries. Also, particular importance was granted to the political cooperation of the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania). Cultural relations, on the other hand, were less expressed in the multilingual periodicals and not characterized by commercial success. For propaganda purposes, a considerable number of multilingual publications were released by Germany during the First World War. Apart from Lithuanian, these multilingual publications were marked by the use of German, English, Polish, French, Latvian, and Russian languages; among the rarer instances were Belarusian, Yiddish, and Estonian texts. The emergence of multilingual periodicals and the presence of the Lithuanian language in these publications reflected the international recognition of the Lithuanian nation and its state. It represented an understanding of multiculturalism and peculiar needs within the society and resembled the dialogue occurring across the political, economic, and cultural dimensions.

During 1904–1940, a total of 26 periodicals were published in Lithuania and in foreign countries in which the Lithuanian language was used alongside others. The demand for multilingual periodicals had emerged during the first part of the 20th c. as new cultural, economic, and political conditions took shape in Eastern and Central Europe. For the governments and businesses of Lithuania, Germany, Latvia, and Poland, the development of economic relations was of the biggest importance, and this process was to be stimulated using the multilingual publications that were being released in these countries. Also, particular importance was granted to the political cooperation of the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania). Cultural relations, on the other hand, were less expressed in the multilingual periodicals and not characterized by commercial success. For propaganda purposes, a considerable number of multilingual publications were released by Germany during the First World War. Apart from Lithuanian, these multilingual publications were marked by the use of German, English, Polish, French, Latvian, and Russian languages; among the rarer instances were Belarusian, Yiddish, and Estonian texts. The emergence of multilingual periodicals and the presence of the Lithuanian language in these publications reflected the international recognition of the Lithuanian nation and its state. It represented an understanding of multiculturalism and peculiar needs within the society and resembled the dialogue occurring across the political, economic, and cultural dimensions.

The object of this study is the state and civil society dialogue on entrepreneurship development in Belarus (2010–2019). The subject of the research – development of private entrepreneurship in the center of interests of the state, business and NGOs dialogue. The main objectives of the research are to analyze the dialogue field, to define the main sources of the conflicts of interests and the main practices in the dialogue field, and to define successful platforms of the dialogue in authoritarian Belarus. Using such methods as theoretical analysis of the state and civil society dialogue concepts, documents analysis, semi-structured interviews with experts, discourse analysis of mass media articles and researches on the dialog issues and the analysis of political structure, it was concluded, that fusion of the authoritarian state with business causes conflicts in the dialog field and restrain the development of private entrepreneurship and market economy. This study contributes to the public policy analysis of the state and civil society dialogue.

The object of this study is the state and civil society dialogue on entrepreneurship development in Belarus (2010–2019). The subject of the research – development of private entrepreneurship in the center of interests of the state, business and NGOs dialogue. The main objectives of the research are to analyze the dialogue field, to define the main sources of the conflicts of interests and the main practices in the dialogue field, and to define successful platforms of the dialogue in authoritarian Belarus. Using such methods as theoretical analysis of the state and civil society dialogue concepts, documents analysis, semi-structured interviews with experts, discourse analysis of mass media articles and researches on the dialog issues and the analysis of political structure, it was concluded, that fusion of the authoritarian state with business causes conflicts in the dialog field and restrain the development of private entrepreneurship and market economy. This study contributes to the public policy analysis of the state and civil society dialogue.

One of the tasks of jurisprudence is the systematisation of law. The system of the Lithuanian labour jurisprudence institutes a system of interrelated legal norms which institute the common part, separate parts of collective and individual labour relations as well as legal relations regulated by labour law, legal opinions and theories related to labour law, history of the labour law branch etc. Labour jurisprudence originated in Lithuania rather recently. When Lithuania restored the independence in 1918, the first works of scientists (Vytautas the Great University Department of Law Prof. S. Beliackinas, economists J. Bučas, J. Grabauskas etc.) appeared where the attention was paid to study of labour law issues beside the science of civil law and economics. The development of the legal thought for regulation of labour relations was suspended in Lithuania by occupation and the world war levied by the Hitlerian Germany. In the post-war period regulation of labour relations lost its independence in Lithuania- they were regulated by Moscow, so we may state that the Lithuanian labour jurisprudence was identical to the full soviet system that time as there were not much possibilities to rise some new ideas. The top legal scientists of that time are I. Nekrošius, V. Nekrašas, J. Moreinas, A. Dambrauskas, A. Sarpalius, G. Dambrauskienė, K. Keina, S. Černiauskas, V. Tiažkijus and J. Maculevičius. The result of the legal scientists' activities is the Labour Code of the Lithuanian SSR worked out in 1972, comments to the code as of 1978 and 1988, publications on the labour law issues, scientific works published in the scientific works "Teisė" ("Law") of the Faculty of Law of Vilnius State University and in the bulletin "Socialistinė teisė" ("Socialist Law") of the Judicial Board of the Minister Council of the Lithuanian SSR, consultancies provided in the periodic press. When Lithuania restored its independence in 1990, its legal system had to be reformed necessarily – there was a necessity for reformation of both political and economical relations and solidification of market relations becoming more and more important. Under labour law reformation not only the part of politicians who adopted labour law regulating legal acts is important but also that of the labour law scientists: I. Nekrošius, V. Nekrašas, A. Dambrauskas, G. Dambrauskienė, G. Bužinskas, V. Tiažkijus, R. Macijauskienė, I, Mačernytė- Panomariovienė, J. Maculevičius. Their scientific activity result is the labour law of the Republic of Lithuania developed in 2002, scientific practical comment of the Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania as of 2003–2004, worked out and published labour law textbooks and monographs, organized scientific conferences, scientific works published in "Jurisprudencija" ("Jurisprudence") of Mykolas Romeris University (Lithuanian University of Law till 2004), Vilnius University scientific works "Teisė" ("Law"), Vytautas the Great University journal "Teisės apžvalga" ("Law Review"), Lithuanian Lawyers Society journal "Justitia" (a newspaper till 1996), scientific practical journals "Teisės problemos" ("The Problems of Law"), "Verslo ir komercinė teisė" ("Business & Commerce Law" ("Verslas ir teisė" till 1996 ("Business & Law" till 1996), "Juristas" ("Lawyer") etc.

One of the tasks of jurisprudence is the systematisation of law. The system of the Lithuanian labour jurisprudence institutes a system of interrelated legal norms which institute the common part, separate parts of collective and individual labour relations as well as legal relations regulated by labour law, legal opinions and theories related to labour law, history of the labour law branch etc. Labour jurisprudence originated in Lithuania rather recently. When Lithuania restored the independence in 1918, the first works of scientists (Vytautas the Great University Department of Law Prof. S. Beliackinas, economists J. Bučas, J. Grabauskas etc.) appeared where the attention was paid to study of labour law issues beside the science of civil law and economics. The development of the legal thought for regulation of labour relations was suspended in Lithuania by occupation and the world war levied by the Hitlerian Germany. In the post-war period regulation of labour relations lost its independence in Lithuania- they were regulated by Moscow, so we may state that the Lithuanian labour jurisprudence was identical to the full soviet system that time as there were not much possibilities to rise some new ideas. The top legal scientists of that time are I. Nekrošius, V. Nekrašas, J. Moreinas, A. Dambrauskas, A. Sarpalius, G. Dambrauskienė, K. Keina, S. Černiauskas, V. Tiažkijus and J. Maculevičius. The result of the legal scientists' activities is the Labour Code of the Lithuanian SSR worked out in 1972, comments to the code as of 1978 and 1988, publications on the labour law issues, scientific works published in the scientific works "Teisė" ("Law") of the Faculty of Law of Vilnius State University and in the bulletin "Socialistinė teisė" ("Socialist Law") of the Judicial Board of the Minister Council of the Lithuanian SSR, consultancies provided in the periodic press. When Lithuania restored its independence in 1990, its legal system had to be reformed necessarily – there was a necessity for reformation of both political and economical relations and solidification of market relations becoming more and more important. Under labour law reformation not only the part of politicians who adopted labour law regulating legal acts is important but also that of the labour law scientists: I. Nekrošius, V. Nekrašas, A. Dambrauskas, G. Dambrauskienė, G. Bužinskas, V. Tiažkijus, R. Macijauskienė, I, Mačernytė- Panomariovienė, J. Maculevičius. Their scientific activity result is the labour law of the Republic of Lithuania developed in 2002, scientific practical comment of the Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania as of 2003–2004, worked out and published labour law textbooks and monographs, organized scientific conferences, scientific works published in "Jurisprudencija" ("Jurisprudence") of Mykolas Romeris University (Lithuanian University of Law till 2004), Vilnius University scientific works "Teisė" ("Law"), Vytautas the Great University journal "Teisės apžvalga" ("Law Review"), Lithuanian Lawyers Society journal "Justitia" (a newspaper till 1996), scientific practical journals "Teisės problemos" ("The Problems of Law"), "Verslo ir komercinė teisė" ("Business & Commerce Law" ("Verslas ir teisė" till 1996 ("Business & Law" till 1996), "Juristas" ("Lawyer") etc.

Legal Measures for the Prevention of Social Dumping in the European Union The four fundamental freedoms prevailing in the EU, i.e. the free movement of goods, services, persons and capital, enabled citizens of Member States not only undisturbedly to travel, study but also to work, set up businesses and provide services in other Member States for earning purposes. Secondment of employees to other Member States to provide services is particularly popular over the last twenty years, generating significant profits for employers, while at the same time the number of forms of exploitation of employees sent on a business trip increased. The exploitation of employees sent on a business trip led to a negative phenomenon called social dumping. There is currently no precise definition of social dumping in the EU. One of the reasons for the lack of consensus on social dumping is the differences between the "old" and "new" Member States on this phenomenon. The first part is intended to provide a overview of the legal instruments, i.e. the main EU directives which are aimed at curbing social dumping. The reader is introduced with attempts which were made to curb social dumping ten years ago and how social dumping is being tackled in the current EU. There are introduced the main innovations of Directive 2018/957, which must be transposed into national law by 30 July 2020, that should further curb the spread of social dumping and help to ensure even better social security for employees sent on a business trip. The second part deals with one of the main forms of social dumping using employees sent on a business trip. The reader is presented with the reasons why and by what means employers use employees sent on a business trip in cases of ordinary posting, temporary employment agencies, bogus self-employment and road transport sector.

Legal Measures for the Prevention of Social Dumping in the European Union The four fundamental freedoms prevailing in the EU, i.e. the free movement of goods, services, persons and capital, enabled citizens of Member States not only undisturbedly to travel, study but also to work, set up businesses and provide services in other Member States for earning purposes. Secondment of employees to other Member States to provide services is particularly popular over the last twenty years, generating significant profits for employers, while at the same time the number of forms of exploitation of employees sent on a business trip increased. The exploitation of employees sent on a business trip led to a negative phenomenon called social dumping. There is currently no precise definition of social dumping in the EU. One of the reasons for the lack of consensus on social dumping is the differences between the "old" and "new" Member States on this phenomenon. The first part is intended to provide a overview of the legal instruments, i.e. the main EU directives which are aimed at curbing social dumping. The reader is introduced with attempts which were made to curb social dumping ten years ago and how social dumping is being tackled in the current EU. There are introduced the main innovations of Directive 2018/957, which must be transposed into national law by 30 July 2020, that should further curb the spread of social dumping and help to ensure even better social security for employees sent on a business trip. The second part deals with one of the main forms of social dumping using employees sent on a business trip. The reader is presented with the reasons why and by what means employers use employees sent on a business trip in cases of ordinary posting, temporary employment agencies, bogus self-employment and road transport sector.

Legal Measures for the Prevention of Social Dumping in the European Union The four fundamental freedoms prevailing in the EU, i.e. the free movement of goods, services, persons and capital, enabled citizens of Member States not only undisturbedly to travel, study but also to work, set up businesses and provide services in other Member States for earning purposes. Secondment of employees to other Member States to provide services is particularly popular over the last twenty years, generating significant profits for employers, while at the same time the number of forms of exploitation of employees sent on a business trip increased. The exploitation of employees sent on a business trip led to a negative phenomenon called social dumping. There is currently no precise definition of social dumping in the EU. One of the reasons for the lack of consensus on social dumping is the differences between the "old" and "new" Member States on this phenomenon. The first part is intended to provide a overview of the legal instruments, i.e. the main EU directives which are aimed at curbing social dumping. The reader is introduced with attempts which were made to curb social dumping ten years ago and how social dumping is being tackled in the current EU. There are introduced the main innovations of Directive 2018/957, which must be transposed into national law by 30 July 2020, that should further curb the spread of social dumping and help to ensure even better social security for employees sent on a business trip. The second part deals with one of the main forms of social dumping using employees sent on a business trip. The reader is presented with the reasons why and by what means employers use employees sent on a business trip in cases of ordinary posting, temporary employment agencies, bogus self-employment and road transport sector.

Legal Measures for the Prevention of Social Dumping in the European Union The four fundamental freedoms prevailing in the EU, i.e. the free movement of goods, services, persons and capital, enabled citizens of Member States not only undisturbedly to travel, study but also to work, set up businesses and provide services in other Member States for earning purposes. Secondment of employees to other Member States to provide services is particularly popular over the last twenty years, generating significant profits for employers, while at the same time the number of forms of exploitation of employees sent on a business trip increased. The exploitation of employees sent on a business trip led to a negative phenomenon called social dumping. There is currently no precise definition of social dumping in the EU. One of the reasons for the lack of consensus on social dumping is the differences between the "old" and "new" Member States on this phenomenon. The first part is intended to provide a overview of the legal instruments, i.e. the main EU directives which are aimed at curbing social dumping. The reader is introduced with attempts which were made to curb social dumping ten years ago and how social dumping is being tackled in the current EU. There are introduced the main innovations of Directive 2018/957, which must be transposed into national law by 30 July 2020, that should further curb the spread of social dumping and help to ensure even better social security for employees sent on a business trip. The second part deals with one of the main forms of social dumping using employees sent on a business trip. The reader is presented with the reasons why and by what means employers use employees sent on a business trip in cases of ordinary posting, temporary employment agencies, bogus self-employment and road transport sector.

When selecting a legal form for business organization limited liability is currently the predominant feature for the investors, therefore different forms of legal structures with limited liability have received the most scholarly attention. In some countries, however, small business sector prefers doing business via a partnership, which is traditionally considered to be based on the freedom of contracts. Some closely held companies also transform partnership-type principles to internal relations of their owners. Considering significance of small and medium-sized business sector in the economy and the European Commission's commitment to small enterprises, as well as its influence to the closely held companies, this article develops understanding and the main features of partnership, as an external business as sociation. The modern law retains the core principles of traditional partnership, e.g. application of Intuitus Personae principle, partners' fiduciary duties, "self representation" doctrine, contractual flexibility inter se, partners' unlimited liability. Nevertheless, different emphasis is made on the essential conditions and the features of the partnership agreement, its classification in the general system of contracts by the various countries' legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence. Partnership's entity or aggregate status also contributes in modification of traditionally developed principles. Understanding of the partnership arrangement is crucial, as even unintentionally created partnership inter se may lead to unlimited liability towards the business' creditors, all partners in solidum.

When selecting a legal form for business organization limited liability is currently the predominant feature for the investors, therefore different forms of legal structures with limited liability have received the most scholarly attention. In some countries, however, small business sector prefers doing business via a partnership, which is traditionally considered to be based on the freedom of contracts. Some closely held companies also transform partnership-type principles to internal relations of their owners. Considering significance of small and medium-sized business sector in the economy and the European Commission's commitment to small enterprises, as well as its influence to the closely held companies, this article develops understanding and the main features of partnership, as an external business as sociation. The modern law retains the core principles of traditional partnership, e.g. application of Intuitus Personae principle, partners' fiduciary duties, "self representation" doctrine, contractual flexibility inter se, partners' unlimited liability. Nevertheless, different emphasis is made on the essential conditions and the features of the partnership agreement, its classification in the general system of contracts by the various countries' legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence. Partnership's entity or aggregate status also contributes in modification of traditionally developed principles. Understanding of the partnership arrangement is crucial, as even unintentionally created partnership inter se may lead to unlimited liability towards the business' creditors, all partners in solidum.

When selecting a legal form for business organization limited liability is currently the predominant feature for the investors, therefore different forms of legal structures with limited liability have received the most scholarly attention. In some countries, however, small business sector prefers doing business via a partnership, which is traditionally considered to be based on the freedom of contracts. Some closely held companies also transform partnership-type principles to internal relations of their owners. Considering significance of small and medium-sized business sector in the economy and the European Commission's commitment to small enterprises, as well as its influence to the closely held companies, this article develops understanding and the main features of partnership, as an external business as sociation. The modern law retains the core principles of traditional partnership, e.g. application of Intuitus Personae principle, partners' fiduciary duties, "self representation" doctrine, contractual flexibility inter se, partners' unlimited liability. Nevertheless, different emphasis is made on the essential conditions and the features of the partnership agreement, its classification in the general system of contracts by the various countries' legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence. Partnership's entity or aggregate status also contributes in modification of traditionally developed principles. Understanding of the partnership arrangement is crucial, as even unintentionally created partnership inter se may lead to unlimited liability towards the business' creditors, all partners in solidum.

When selecting a legal form for business organization limited liability is currently the predominant feature for the investors, therefore different forms of legal structures with limited liability have received the most scholarly attention. In some countries, however, small business sector prefers doing business via a partnership, which is traditionally considered to be based on the freedom of contracts. Some closely held companies also transform partnership-type principles to internal relations of their owners. Considering significance of small and medium-sized business sector in the economy and the European Commission's commitment to small enterprises, as well as its influence to the closely held companies, this article develops understanding and the main features of partnership, as an external business as sociation. The modern law retains the core principles of traditional partnership, e.g. application of Intuitus Personae principle, partners' fiduciary duties, "self representation" doctrine, contractual flexibility inter se, partners' unlimited liability. Nevertheless, different emphasis is made on the essential conditions and the features of the partnership agreement, its classification in the general system of contracts by the various countries' legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence. Partnership's entity or aggregate status also contributes in modification of traditionally developed principles. Understanding of the partnership arrangement is crucial, as even unintentionally created partnership inter se may lead to unlimited liability towards the business' creditors, all partners in solidum.