Suchergebnisse

Why and when do businessmen run for public office rather than rely upon other means of influence? What are the implications of their participation for public policy? We show formally that "businessman candidacy" and public policy are jointly determined by the institutional environment. When institutions that hold elected officials accountable to voters are strong, businessmen receive little preferential treatment and are disinclined to run for office. When such institutions are weak, businessmen can subvert policy irrespective of whether they hold office, but they may run for office to avoid the cost of lobbying elected officials. Evidence from Russian gubernatorial elections supports the model's predictions. Businessman candidates emerge in regions with low media freedom and government transparency, institutions that raise the cost of reneging on campaign promises. Among regions with weaker institutions, professional politicians crowd out businessmen when the rents from office are especially large.

As US foreign direct investment mounts, the N of Amer's representing US business abroad likewise rises. US businessmen living abroad include those working for foreign enterprises, those self-employed, & those representing trading firms, but the largest N work for US-headquartered internat'l industr Corp's & service org's. The US business group abroad includes managers, professional advertising men, & also drillers & construction workers. US businessmen are prominent among foreign travelers. The reasons why they go abroad are as varied as the types of US businessmen overseas. Yet there are also common elements: affluence, alienation from the nation in which they work, & alienation from the home office in the US & from the Us. The US businessman abroad, whatever his position, provides an image of the US. US business abroad has been subject to criticism which has often been unjust. US businessmen play an important role in the econ development of foreign nations: in carrying on tax-paying businesses that furnish employment, in demonstrating hard work, in organizing a job, in offering skills, efficiency, & ingenuity, in providing technology, in uncovering, processing, & marketing natural resources, in furnishing soc overhead, in displaying management methods, in introducing new products, in giving training programs, & in encouraging ancillary industries. HA.

As American foreign direct investment mounts, the number of Americans representing American business abroad likewise rises. American businessmen living abroad include those working for foreign enterprises, those self- employed, and those representing trading firms, but the larg est number work for American-headquartered international industrial corporations and service organizations. The Ameri can business group abroad includes managers, professional advertising men, and also drillers and construction workers. American businessmen are prominent among foreign travel ers. The reasons why American businessmen go abroad are as varied as the types of American businessmen overseas. Yet, in the midst of the variety, there are common elements: affluence, alienation from the nation in which they work, and alienation from the home office in the United States and from the United States. The American businessman abroad, what ever his position, provides an image of America. American business abroad has been subject to criticism. Often the criti cism has been unjust. American businessmen play an impor tant role in the economic development of foreign nations: in carrying on tax-paying businesses that furnish employment, in demonstrating hard work, in organizing a job, in offering skills, efficiency, and ingenuity, in providing technology, in uncover ing, processing, and marketing natural resources, in furnishing social overhead, in displaying management methods, in intro ducing new products, in giving training programs, and in en couraging ancillary industries.

S. 3-21: Osborn, Richards C.: The plea for small business