Suchergebnisse

Liberalization their logging services makes the concept of cabotage which was known in the field of shipping, has now become part of the field of aviation. Such a situation when associated with the concept of state sovereignty in the air space, juridically has caused a serious intersection. In countries that do not accept the concept of air cabotage, often found smuggling air cabotage laws. Thus requiring the state government concerned to judicial action in order to protect its national airline company, including the Government of Indonesia. Adanya Liberalisasi jasa penebangan menjadikan konsep cabotage yang tadinya dikenal dalam bidang pelayaran, kini menjadi bagian dalam bidang penerbangan. Situasi demikian bila dikaitkan dengan konsep kedaulatan negara di ruang udara, secara yuridis telah menimbulkan persinggungan yang cukup serius. Pada negara yang belum menerima konsep cabotage udara, sering ditemukan penyelundupan hukum cabotage udara. Sehingga mengharuskan pemerintah negara yang bersangkutan melakukan tindakan yuridis dalam rangka melindungi perusahaan penerbangan nasionalnya, termasuk Pemerintah Indonesia.

The aim of the common transport policy of the EEC and the reasons
for the slow progress to date are discussed. Harmonisation of regulation
and competition policy are important issues in the cabotage debate and
are examined. Cabotage is defined and the effect of the proposals on
member states outlined. The results of structured interviews with
hauliers, trade associations and trade unions give an overview of the
likely impact on the main organisations involved in the industry.

Shipping between domestic ports must be transported by ships with Indonesian flags and operated by national shipping companies, meaning the cabotage principle. The aim is to prevent and reduce dependence on foreign ships carrying out Indonesia's maritime territory. However, in regulating and implementing the cabotage principle, it is not sure that it can be applied absolutely, which can be interpreted as not reflecting legal certainty. This study aims to analyze the legal certainty of implementation of the cabotage principle in Indonesian territorial waters. This research is a normative study that uses legal, historical, interpretation and case approaches. The case and interpretation approaches are used to examine the cabotage principle concept in legislation and several relevant cases brought to Indonesian courts. The results shows that the regulation of the cabotage principle on sea transportation is found in the form of laws, presidential regulations, presidential instructions and ministerial regulations. However, in other various regulations, the cabotage principle does not apply absolutely (semi-protectionist) or inconsequently. On the one hand, this is because it prohibits foreign ships from operating in Indonesian territory to carry passengers and/or goods between islands or ports. On the other hand, foreign ships are allowed for other activities that do not include carrying passengers and/or goods with certain conditions and approval from the government. The application of the cabotage principle based on judges' considerations in cases submitted to the State Administrative, Supreme and the Constitutional Courts has fulfilled legal certainty according to the Shipping Law. However, the protection of national Shipping must be prioritized, and the use of foreign ships should be considerably tightened unless Indonesian-flagged vessels are not insufficiently available.

This research aims to understand and analyze the constraints of applying the cabotage principle conducted by Indonesia in the framework of ASEAN open sky. This research is a normative legal research that is descriptive analysis. The type of data used is secondary data that includes primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. Data collection techniques using library study methods, while data analysis techniques use legal interpretation. The results of this legal research show that with the concept of open sky that apply impact in its implementation in applying the cabotage principle by Indonesia that raises problems both internally and technically as Infrastructure, water traffic management, regulatory readiness and also technical operations in the field. The advice that can be given is that the government needs to quickly arrange, establish, and implement a national administrative governance in order to create a clear standardization of the airport.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Canada studied the impact of its cabotage legislation thoroughly and opted to provide protection of the domestic shipping market with new legislation in 1992. This paper traces the decision-making process through this period, and the concurrent discussions within NAFTA under negotiations for liberalization of trade in services. Now that Canada has 13 years experience with the existing cabotage legislation, and has adopted a policy to promote the development of short sea shipping, this paper evaluates Canada's shipping policy options in order to identify if changes are required given the new policy environment.

La caravane maritime ou «voyage à la cueillette» occupe une place originale dans l'armement et les pratiques de l'échange en Méditerranée à l'époque moderne. Négociants de Marseille et «compagnies» des ports provençaux secondaires dominent ce cabotage lointain, sous forme de tramping, pour le compte de chargeurs étrangers, aussi bien en Espagne qu'en Italie mais surtout dans les eaux ottomanes. D'une durée souvent supérieure à deux ans, les campagnes caravanières multiplient, au gré des affrètements, les voyages entre les Échelles du Levant, ajoutant au bénéfice du fret des transactions pour le compte des intéressés au navire. La rentabilité de ce «cabotage au long cours» reste néanmoins délicate à atteindre. À partir du milieu du XVIIIe siècle, les caravaneurs provençaux subissent la concurrence de Raguse et les effets des guerres. Pourtant, à terme, cette «économie des transports» semble avoir participé à la domination de l'économie ottomane.