Built on an in-depth analysis of the existing scientific literature, the article underscores the necessity to study whether or not candidate' evaluation by voters affects voting behavior - i.e. the candidate effect hypothesis- and particularly in the case of the French parliamentary elections, a least likely case study. Evidence drawn from a survey dedicated to this purpose during the parliamentary elections of June 2012 supports the hypothesis of a candidate effect in France, which has to be added to the explanatory factors usually used in the scientific literature. Beyond partisanship and ideology, candidates matter when citizens vote in parliamentary elections. Adapted from the source document.
In recent years, gender stereotypes have been the subject of controversial discussions in French society. The debates have polarized into two camps: one driven by the importance they attach to gender differences; the other by the need to erase them and promote gender equality at work. Several (american) models explain the effects of stereotypes on judgment. These effects can either be stereotypical (i.e., when the person behaves in concordance with his stereotypes or counter-stereotypical (i.e., when he behaves differently to his stereotypes). To this day, very few studies have been carried out in France to test these models. Hence, the purpose of this doctoral dissertation was twofold. First, we examined gender and status stereotypes which could lead to sex inequality at work. Second, we tested the impact stereotypic conformity and stereotypic non-conformity had on the recruitment of applicants and on the evaluation of actual workers. We carried out 11 studies among students from different backgrounds and workers. Four studies were focused on characterizing the French gender and hierarchical stereotypes, one study allowed us to determine if French people feel pressure to comply with gender stereotypes and 6 studies were aimed to test the impact of stereotypic and counter stereotypic information on the evaluation of applicants and workers. We recruited 3528 (2136 women) with a mean age of 25 years. Results showed the major impact descriptive gender stereotypes have on the evaluation of people. When applying for a job, behaving stereotypically would benefit the applicants if their gender and status fit with the job. In the other case, it would disadvantage them. However, this impact fades when information about the applicants is available, in particular when the applicants are gender counter stereotypic. The judgment will then be based on the conformity between the applicants' personality and the job. Depending of the personal motivations of the evaluator, he can decide to either penalize or aid the counter stereotypical candidate. Finally, it is likely that stereotypes associated to jobs are those that have the more impact on the recruitment officer's judgment. Our discussion will focus on the importance French political authorities devote to gender stereotypes whereas changing representations of occupations would be a more promising solution to reduce gender inequality. ; Depuis quelques années, les stéréotypes sexués font l'objet de débats controversés dans la société française. Ces débats opposent ceux qui sont attachés à leurs différences à ceux qui désirent les gommer afin de permettre une plus grande égalité professionnelle entre les femmes et les hommes. Plusieurs modèles théoriques (américains) expliquent que les effets des stéréotypes s'expriment aussi bien quand un individu se comporte de façon conforme à ses stéréotypes sexués (comportement stéréotypique) que quand il se comporte de façon non-conforme (comportement contre-stéréotypique). Etant donné que très peu d'études ont été menées pour tester ces modèles sur le sol français, le but de la thèse a été double. Il s'agissait à la fois d'examiner le contenu des stéréotypes de sexe et de statut pouvant amener à de l'inégalité de traitement entre les hommes et les femmes dans le milieu du travail; et à la fois de mesurer l'impact de la conformité et de la non-conformité à ces stéréotypes sur le recrutement d'un candidat et sur l'évaluation d'un travailleur en poste. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé 11 études, menées essentiellement auprès d'étudiants issus de diverses disciplines, mais également de salariés en poste (3528 participants au total, dont 2136 femmes, âgés de 25 ans en moyenne). Les résultats montrent l'impact majeur des stéréotypes descriptifs sexués sur l'évaluation des individus mais uniquement lorsque ceux-ci postulent à un poste non conforme à leur sexe. Cet effet délétère disparaît lorsque des informations contre-stéréotypiques sur les candidats sont rendues disponibles. La bonne ou mauvaise évaluation de ce candidat se ferait, dès lors, à partir de l'adéquation entre sa personnalité et le poste visé. Sous l'effet de certaines motivations personnelles, l'évaluateur peut cependant choisir de pénaliser ce candidat contre-stéréotyique, ou de le favoriser davantage. Au final, ce sont surtout les stéréotypes liés aux professions qui impactent le plus le jugement des évaluateurs. Notre discussion portera sur l'importance accordée aux stéréotypes sexués par les politiques françaises alors même qu'un changement de représentations des métiers serait certainement plus à même de diminuer les inégalités de traitement entre les hommes et les femmes.
In recent years, gender stereotypes have been the subject of controversial discussions in French society. The debates have polarized into two camps: one driven by the importance they attach to gender differences; the other by the need to erase them and promote gender equality at work. Several (american) models explain the effects of stereotypes on judgment. These effects can either be stereotypical (i.e., when the person behaves in concordance with his stereotypes or counter-stereotypical (i.e., when he behaves differently to his stereotypes). To this day, very few studies have been carried out in France to test these models. Hence, the purpose of this doctoral dissertation was twofold. First, we examined gender and status stereotypes which could lead to sex inequality at work. Second, we tested the impact stereotypic conformity and stereotypic non-conformity had on the recruitment of applicants and on the evaluation of actual workers. We carried out 11 studies among students from different backgrounds and workers. Four studies were focused on characterizing the French gender and hierarchical stereotypes, one study allowed us to determine if French people feel pressure to comply with gender stereotypes and 6 studies were aimed to test the impact of stereotypic and counter stereotypic information on the evaluation of applicants and workers. We recruited 3528 (2136 women) with a mean age of 25 years. Results showed the major impact descriptive gender stereotypes have on the evaluation of people. When applying for a job, behaving stereotypically would benefit the applicants if their gender and status fit with the job. In the other case, it would disadvantage them. However, this impact fades when information about the applicants is available, in particular when the applicants are gender counter stereotypic. The judgment will then be based on the conformity between the applicants' personality and the job. Depending of the personal motivations of the evaluator, he can decide to either penalize or aid the counter stereotypical candidate. Finally, it is likely that stereotypes associated to jobs are those that have the more impact on the recruitment officer's judgment. Our discussion will focus on the importance French political authorities devote to gender stereotypes whereas changing representations of occupations would be a more promising solution to reduce gender inequality. ; Depuis quelques années, les stéréotypes sexués font l'objet de débats controversés dans la société française. Ces débats opposent ceux qui sont attachés à leurs différences à ceux qui désirent les gommer afin de permettre une plus grande égalité professionnelle entre les femmes et les hommes. Plusieurs modèles théoriques (américains) expliquent que les effets des stéréotypes s'expriment aussi bien quand un individu se comporte de façon conforme à ses stéréotypes sexués (comportement stéréotypique) que quand il se comporte de façon non-conforme (comportement contre-stéréotypique). Etant donné que très peu d'études ont été menées pour tester ces modèles sur le sol français, le but de la thèse a été double. Il s'agissait à la fois d'examiner le contenu des stéréotypes de sexe et de statut pouvant amener à de l'inégalité de traitement entre les hommes et les femmes dans le milieu du travail; et à la fois de mesurer l'impact de la conformité et de la non-conformité à ces stéréotypes sur le recrutement d'un candidat et sur l'évaluation d'un travailleur en poste. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé 11 études, menées essentiellement auprès d'étudiants issus de diverses disciplines, mais également de salariés en poste (3528 participants au total, dont 2136 femmes, âgés de 25 ans en moyenne). Les résultats montrent l'impact majeur des stéréotypes descriptifs sexués sur l'évaluation des individus mais uniquement lorsque ceux-ci postulent à un poste non conforme à leur sexe. Cet effet délétère disparaît lorsque des informations contre-stéréotypiques sur les candidats sont rendues disponibles. La bonne ou mauvaise évaluation de ce candidat se ferait, dès lors, à partir de l'adéquation entre sa personnalité et le poste visé. Sous l'effet de certaines motivations personnelles, l'évaluateur peut cependant choisir de pénaliser ce candidat contre-stéréotyique, ou de le favoriser davantage. Au final, ce sont surtout les stéréotypes liés aux professions qui impactent le plus le jugement des évaluateurs. Notre discussion portera sur l'importance accordée aux stéréotypes sexués par les politiques françaises alors même qu'un changement de représentations des métiers serait certainement plus à même de diminuer les inégalités de traitement entre les hommes et les femmes.
Does a politician's appearance, visual representation, during a televised debate influence voters' evaluations of her performance? Does the listening context of the debate impact a voter's capacity to identify a clear winner? Are political sophistication & partisanship strong barriers to the potential effects of politicians' images on voters' evaluations of their performance? Adding a Canadian perspective to the ongoing theoretical debate on the actual impact of leaders' visual representation in televised debates on voter preferences, launched in 1960 by preliminary assesments of the first Kennedy-Nixon debate, this article presents data collected during an experiment conducted with a sample of Quebec voters during the broadcast of the French language leaders' debate of the 2000 Canadian federal election. The study shows that the leaders' visual representation during the debate & the listening context of the event bring voters to evaluate politicians participating in the broadcast differently & play on voters' capacity to easily identify a clear winner of the televised confrontation. Furthermore, our analysis indicates that partisanship is a strong barrier to the effect of visual representation in voters' evaluations of the leaders but that political sophistication, contrary to theoretical expectations, is not. Like verbal arguments brought forward by the politicians in a televised debate, their visual representation also carries information cues that help define voters' evaluations of the leaders participating in the broadcast. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.
This article examines the narratives given by Tibetan refugees in the course of their application for political asylum in Belgium. Based on fifteen months of ethnographic fieldwork, it provides a broad historical, political and social contextualization of their different migration trajectories. The situation of the Tibetan asylum seekers is inflected by the fact that they do not have a sovereign country. The content of their narratives is examined, as well as the modalities of their construction: Belgian interviewers and Tibetan refugees have had to adjust culturally, the rhetoric of political testimony being unknown in traditional Tibet, and the regime of truth -- or of what constitutes the reality of experience -- being constructed differently on both parts. Yet, the crucial concern of the Tibetans themselves is the ideological implications of these narratives: they most often give away the origin of their authors, who are either born in Tibet (thus qualifying for asylum) or born in exile in India or Nepal (thus rejected because hailing from a country considered free of human rights violations). While pressing on this sensitive fracture between groups of Tibetans, the official audition at the Commissariat has gone from being a legal examination of the deeds of an individual and his risks of persecution, to being an evaluation of the geographic origin of the candidates, hence of their cultural authenticity -- the very notion of which each group claims to be the most adequate representative. Adapted from the source document.
This paper aims to highlight the impact of the ban on political donations from private organisations on pressure groups' strategies in France. First, we present the framework of the political contribution market before 1995. Analysing the budget of the 1993 legislative election candidates & the accounts of political parties in 1994, we show that the "exchange model" of donation is more relevant than the "support model." In other words, givers seek to influence more public decision than election results. Using this result, we analyse the impact of the ban on the framework of the contribution's market. More especially, we show the decrease in the set of opportunities to influence the public decision process. The impact on how the French democracy is working is also considered. Tables, Appendixes. Adapted from the source document.
International audience ; Le texte évalue les conséquences du changement de la réglementation française de 2001en ce qui concerne le cumul des mandats, qui a limité la possibilité de tenir simultanément plusieurs mandats électifs. La comparaison avant et après la mise en œuvre de la nouvelle loi permet de conclure que (i) les candidats aux élections législatives se sont adaptés aux nouvelles règles en réduisant les mandats locaux détenus; (ii) les candidats ont également montré une tendance à changer la nature des mandats exercés. Ces résultats mettent en lumière les modalités d'application de la loi qui lui donneront toute son efficacité.
International audience ; Le texte évalue les conséquences du changement de la réglementation française de 2001en ce qui concerne le cumul des mandats, qui a limité la possibilité de tenir simultanément plusieurs mandats électifs. La comparaison avant et après la mise en œuvre de la nouvelle loi permet de conclure que (i) les candidats aux élections législatives se sont adaptés aux nouvelles règles en réduisant les mandats locaux détenus; (ii) les candidats ont également montré une tendance à changer la nature des mandats exercés. Ces résultats mettent en lumière les modalités d'application de la loi qui lui donneront toute son efficacité.
International audience ; Le texte évalue les conséquences du changement de la réglementation française de 2001en ce qui concerne le cumul des mandats, qui a limité la possibilité de tenir simultanément plusieurs mandats électifs. La comparaison avant et après la mise en œuvre de la nouvelle loi permet de conclure que (i) les candidats aux élections législatives se sont adaptés aux nouvelles règles en réduisant les mandats locaux détenus; (ii) les candidats ont également montré une tendance à changer la nature des mandats exercés. Ces résultats mettent en lumière les modalités d'application de la loi qui lui donneront toute son efficacité.
The "Authorization Exercise Procedure" is a device that concerns all doctors with diplomas outside the European Union. It was introduced in 2007 by law "CMU of 27 July 1999", supplemented by "Law of Social Security Financing" of 21 December 2008, amended by the Law "2012-157 of 1 February 2012", The last law concerned, was No. 2016-1888 of 28 December 2016 on the modernization, development and protection of mountain territories, put an end to the regularization of these doctors. Since the implementation of Law 2012-157 from 1 February 2012 to the end of 2016, the Fiscal Authorization Procedure has 26,562 registrations and 14,647 presentations, of which 4866 were received in the Knowledge Verification Exercise Authorization Procedure. We examined the results of the Knowledge Verification tests with in-depth analyzes. Between 2012 and 2016, List A received the highest number of candidates for the Knowledge Test, 21123 registrations, 10007 presentations. The success rate of List A varies between 15% and 19%, knowing that List A is a list that collects all newcomers, the Knowledge Testing tests for this list is a competition. List B received 562 entries, including 413 entries between 2012 and 2016 with a pass rate of 24% to 41%. The tests for this list are in the form of an examination. List C received 4877 entries, of which 4,227 entries between 2012 and 2016 and the success rate is 56% to 80%. List C is also an examination that gathers all the doctors with diplomas outside the European Union who are already established in France. We have observed that the disappearance of the list C is partly due to the device of the Exercise Authorization Procedure which allows the regularization of the doctors with diploma outside the European Union. Law 2012-157 of February 1, 2012, which modifies the conditions and the perimeter of participation of the candidates in the tests of verification of the Knowledge is one of the causes of transfer of the candidates from List A to List C. Finally, the doctors registered on the board ...
The "Authorization Exercise Procedure" is a device that concerns all doctors with diplomas outside the European Union. It was introduced in 2007 by law "CMU of 27 July 1999", supplemented by "Law of Social Security Financing" of 21 December 2008, amended by the Law "2012-157 of 1 February 2012", The last law concerned, was No. 2016-1888 of 28 December 2016 on the modernization, development and protection of mountain territories, put an end to the regularization of these doctors. Since the implementation of Law 2012-157 from 1 February 2012 to the end of 2016, the Fiscal Authorization Procedure has 26,562 registrations and 14,647 presentations, of which 4866 were received in the Knowledge Verification Exercise Authorization Procedure. We examined the results of the Knowledge Verification tests with in-depth analyzes. Between 2012 and 2016, List A received the highest number of candidates for the Knowledge Test, 21123 registrations, 10007 presentations. The success rate of List A varies between 15% and 19%, knowing that List A is a list that collects all newcomers, the Knowledge Testing tests for this list is a competition. List B received 562 entries, including 413 entries between 2012 and 2016 with a pass rate of 24% to 41%. The tests for this list are in the form of an examination. List C received 4877 entries, of which 4,227 entries between 2012 and 2016 and the success rate is 56% to 80%. List C is also an examination that gathers all the doctors with diplomas outside the European Union who are already established in France. We have observed that the disappearance of the list C is partly due to the device of the Exercise Authorization Procedure which allows the regularization of the doctors with diploma outside the European Union. Law 2012-157 of February 1, 2012, which modifies the conditions and the perimeter of participation of the candidates in the tests of verification of the Knowledge is one of the causes of transfer of the candidates from List A to List C. Finally, the doctors registered on the board ...
The "Authorization Exercise Procedure" is a device that concerns all doctors with diplomas outside the European Union. It was introduced in 2007 by law "CMU of 27 July 1999", supplemented by "Law of Social Security Financing" of 21 December 2008, amended by the Law "2012-157 of 1 February 2012", The last law concerned, was No. 2016-1888 of 28 December 2016 on the modernization, development and protection of mountain territories, put an end to the regularization of these doctors. Since the implementation of Law 2012-157 from 1 February 2012 to the end of 2016, the Fiscal Authorization Procedure has 26,562 registrations and 14,647 presentations, of which 4866 were received in the Knowledge Verification Exercise Authorization Procedure. We examined the results of the Knowledge Verification tests with in-depth analyzes. Between 2012 and 2016, List A received the highest number of candidates for the Knowledge Test, 21123 registrations, 10007 presentations. The success rate of List A varies between 15% and 19%, knowing that List A is a list that collects all newcomers, the Knowledge Testing tests for this list is a competition. List B received 562 entries, including 413 entries between 2012 and 2016 with a pass rate of 24% to 41%. The tests for this list are in the form of an examination. List C received 4877 entries, of which 4,227 entries between 2012 and 2016 and the success rate is 56% to 80%. List C is also an examination that gathers all the doctors with diplomas outside the European Union who are already established in France. We have observed that the disappearance of the list C is partly due to the device of the Exercise Authorization Procedure which allows the regularization of the doctors with diploma outside the European Union. Law 2012-157 of February 1, 2012, which modifies the conditions and the perimeter of participation of the candidates in the tests of verification of the Knowledge is one of the causes of transfer of the candidates from List A to List C. Finally, the doctors registered on the board ...
During the first round of the presidential election of April 22nd, 2012, voters of three French municipalities were invited to test approval voting and three types of evaluation voting. This paper presents the main results of that experiment. After correction of the local and national representativeness bias, two major outputs appear clearly. Approval voting gives a ranking of candidates which is different from uninominal system one. Whatever is the scale of scores, evaluation voting increases this difference. ; A l'occasion du premier tour des élections présidentielles du 22 avril 2012, les électeurs de trois communes françaises ont été invités à tester in situ le vote par approbation ainsi que trois versions du vote par évaluation. Ce papier a pour objet de présenter les résultats de cette expérimentation. Après correction des biais de représentativité locaux et nationaux, deux enseignements principaux s'en dégagent. Le vote par approbation conduit à un classement des candidats qui diffère nettement du scrutin uninominal et, quelle que soit l'échelle des notes retenue, le vote par évaluation tend à accentuer cette divergence.
During the first round of the presidential election of April 22nd, 2012, voters of three French municipalities were invited to test approval voting and three types of evaluation voting. This paper presents the main results of that experiment. After correction of the local and national representativeness bias, two major outputs appear clearly. Approval voting gives a ranking of candidates which is different from uninominal system one. Whatever is the scale of scores, evaluation voting increases this difference. ; A l'occasion du premier tour des élections présidentielles du 22 avril 2012, les électeurs de trois communes françaises ont été invités à tester in situ le vote par approbation ainsi que trois versions du vote par évaluation. Ce papier a pour objet de présenter les résultats de cette expérimentation. Après correction des biais de représentativité locaux et nationaux, deux enseignements principaux s'en dégagent. Le vote par approbation conduit à un classement des candidats qui diffère nettement du scrutin uninominal et, quelle que soit l'échelle des notes retenue, le vote par évaluation tend à accentuer cette divergence.
