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The political blogosphere is replete with uncivil discussions and is apt to examine the influence of incivility on news frames. The present study brings in literature from incivility and framing effects and uses two experiments to examine the influence of incivility on news frames for democratic outcomes such as willingness to participate, online participation, openmindedness, and attitude certainty. Primary findings indicate the detrimental effects of incivility causing less openmindedness and more attitude certainty. At the same time, incivility causes more willingness to participate and online participation. More importantly, the findings demonstrate how incivility interacts with news frames. Implications for news framing effects in the social media landscape are discussed.

This study compares net impacts of developmental potentials, externalities, and uncertainties associated with the urban growth boundary (UGB) with those of certainty and tax savings in the exclusive farm use (EFU) districts on land values in Portland, OR, using a hedonic Thünian econometric model. Using a geographic information systems—based data set of Christmas tree and horticultural farms, value effects of the urban growth boundary were found to vary by farm size, land use, and proximity to urban activities. The results suggested that proximity to negative externalities associated with urban activities had strong impacts on farming within the UGB. These impacts overweighed advantages associated with tax savings and increasing certainty within EFU districts.

Critical self-framing factors and salient self-referent attributes were examined for their usefulness in predicting global self-esteem. On twelve attributes 186 Hong Kong Chinese students rated their self-view, the importance of each attribute, and their certainty of possessing each
attribute. Self-rating was related to self-esteem in a simple unitary manner. Importance of attribute contributed little to the analysis while certainty was related to self-esteem only for students with strongly positive self-views. A pattern of difference in emphasis for high and low self-esteem
students on social attributes was clearly distinguishable. The results are discussed in terms of their cultural implications and strategy for maintaining self-esteem.

No one knows, with certainty, what colleges and universities will "look like" after the chaos and confusion of COVID‐19 are no longer a part of our daily lives.

AbstractInterruptions prevail in the retail environment, especially during consumer decision‐making. However, scant research has examined whether and how interruptions that suspend decisions affect consumer choices. We posit that interruptions heighten the consumers' preference certainty, which leads to a choice extremity effect—consumers choose their preferred products even more and their unpreferred products even less. Six experiments provide convergent evidence for the choice extremity effect and the underlying process. Study 1a shows that interruptions lead to choice extremity with a vice product (i.e., chips). Study 1b confirms the effect in the context of incentive‐compatible choices. Study 2 replicates the choice extremity effect with a virtue product (i.e., yogurts). Study 3 further tests the robustness of the effect with a decision‐related interruption. Study 4 shows that preference certainty mediates the effect of interruptions on choice extremity and rules out the level of arousal and task involvement as alternative accounts. Using a moderation approach, Study 5 shows that the choice extremity effect disappears when consumers have high self‐concept clarity. The present study contributes to research on interruptions, preference certainty, and consumer choices and provides implications for marketers.

The urgency of the control mechanism over the Attorney General's authority in overriding cases in the public interest (seponeering) is a manifestation of obtaining protection of human rights for every citizen who is harmed by the issuance of seponeering by the Attorney General. Apart from these reasons, the importance of controlling the authority of the Attorney General is also to create the principles of justice and legal certainty. Legal practices that often occur in the judicial process show stagnation in realizing these three things, both the protection of human rights (HAM), justice and legal certainty. Whereas the spirit of forming the Criminal Procedure Code which was promulgated based on Law Number 8 of 1981 laid the basic foundation for the protection of human rights (HAM) as the main goal, which includes upholding justice and legal certainty. There is stagnation in the effort to control the seponeering issued by the Attorney General, because there are juridical limitations in the pretrial object institution as stated in the Elucidation of Article 77 of Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code which states that: with "discontinuation of prosecution" does not include setting aside cases for the public interest which are the authority of the Attorney General.

The administration of government in all lines has a high level of complexity. In the discourse of the state of law, all such implementation must be based on definite legal rules, or known as due process of law. The prerequisites that must be met in the rule of law, are certainty and harmonization. Certainty means not multiple interpretations, and harmonious, does not collide with other arrangements. Apparently these aspects were not fulfilled in the Law governing village roads. There were two institutions that were obliged to implement them, not to mention the standard distribution, which were village roads, and Malang district roads. For this reason, this study discusses: First, How is the juridical analysis and the impact of regulating the authority of organizing village roads in Malang regency in terms of the Regional Government Law, the Village Law and the Road Law? Second, how are the efforts to reform the village road development arrangements in the future that meet the elements of legal certainty and in accordance with the direction of regional development in Malang Regency? This research uses normative legal research, with the approach of statutory and conceptual regulations.Key words: Reformulation, Development, Village Road, Malang Regency

PRINCIPLES AND RULES. LEGAL CERTAINTY IN TAX LAW AND CUL-DE-SAC OF CONCRETENESSThe purpose of the article is to discuss and critically evaluate the legislative model adopted in lawmaking of the tax law. The model is premised upon the strategy of striving towards the max­imal available precision determinacy of legal norms through constructing the multitude of detailed prescriptive legal rules. In practice this legislative style is combined with, and goes hand in hand with textualism: aposition advocating adherence to the linguistic directives arguments of legal interpretation. As aresult, the communicativeness and clarity of tax law are impaired. In the article an alternative model is postulated, entailing that tax law is based not only on legal rules but also, if not primarily, on legal principles in case of conflicts prevailing over rules, and that in drafting legal provisions open-ended and general formulas expressions are used. Contrary to what is commonly believed, this legislative model and the corresponding drafting technique are not detrimental to legal certainty. It is argued that the opposite is true: they can serve the purpose of legal certainty better that the current model does, while at the same time improving the effectiveness of efforts to combat tax avoidance.

This research aims to compare the value of certainty and protection of protection of land law in Indonesia and Singapore which aims to provide certainty and legal protection. This type of legal research is normative legal research. The method of approach used is legislation, conceptual and comparative approach. Based on the research that is registration of land in Indonesia is regulated in Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 Year 1960 Article 19 BAL (Basic Agrarian Law/ Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria), and in Singapore regulated in Land Titles Act (LTA) Chapter 157 Year 2015. There are similarities and differences in registration of land, among others, Indonesia and Singapore adopt the right registration system (Torrens). Indonesia adopts negative publication of positive tendency system that produces certificate as a strong evidence and existence of rechtsverwerking institution (Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 24 Year 1997 Article 32) while in Singapore adopt positive publication system that generates certificate as absolute proof (LTA 157 Year 2015 Article 36) and the presence of caveat as a form of legal protection. It is expected that by changing the registration of land law in Indonesia can provide absolute legal certainty and legal protection in registration of land as in Singapore.

Abstract Land has a very important role, that is to say in the Indonesian life or in the implementation of national development which was held as a continuing effort to realize a just and prosperous society based on Pancasila and the Constitution of 1945. Therefore, the setting of control, ownership and use of land needs to be more directed for further ensuring the orderly in the field of land law, land administration, land use, or maintenance of the land and the environment, so the lack of legal certainty in the land sector.Broking implementation of changes on land for residential becoming Property at the Land Office Samarinda by Minister of State for Agrarian Affairs / Head of National Land Agency Number 5 of 1998, concerning changes Broking or right to use of land for housing.Samarinda Land Office should conduct dissemination and outreach to the community in the district as well as in the interior of the change Broking into Rights Owned because besides giving legal certainty to holding the titles concerned also for the interests of the Land Office, which is an implementation Government policies in giving certainty of continuity the right to land for individual houses for Residents Indonesian country.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to reduce the risk of incident patellofemoral pain. Design Systematic review and meta-Analysis, with strength of evidence evaluated separately for each intervention type. Data sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Randomised controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of interventions to reduce patellofemoral pain risk compared with a control/non-exposed group. Results Thirteen trials of mostly military recruits and young athletes analysed six different interventions. There was low certainty evidence from two trials (227 participants) that patellofemoral braces worn during physical activity (compared with no brace) effectively reduced the risk of patellofemoral pain (risk ratio (RR) 0.40, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.73; I 2 =24.0%). There was low certainty evidence from one trial (320 participants) that running technique retraining to (run softer) reduced patellofemoral pain risk (RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.60). There was low certainty evidence from four trials (3364 participants) that multicomponent (strengthening/neuromuscular) exercise programmes did not significantly reduce the risk of patellofemoral pain (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.36; I 2 =64.9%), although broad CIs may reflect exercise dose variations among studies. There was very low certainty evidence from four trials (2314 participants) that foot orthoses (compared with flat inserts/no orthosis) did not significantly reduce the risk of patellofemoral pain (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.35 to 1.13; I 2 =0.0%). Static stretching and a running programme that progressed intensity (compared with volume) did not significantly influence patellofemoral pain risk (single studies). Conclusion There is low-level evidence that patellofemoral braces and running technique retraining can reduce the risk of patellofemoral pain by 60%-79%.

Psicosis de primer episodio; Entrenamiento metacognitivo; Entendimiento ; First-episode psychosis; Metacognitive training; Cognitive insight ; Psicosi de primer episodi; Entrenament metacognitiu; Enteniment ; Metacognitive training (MCT) has demonstrated its efficacy in psychosis. However, the effect of each MCT session has not been studied. The aim of the study was to assess changes in cognitive insight after MCT: (a) between baseline, post-treatment, and follow-up; (b) after each session of the MCT controlled for intellectual quotient (IQ) and educational level. Method: A total of 65 patients with first-episode psychosis were included in the MCT group from nine centers of Spain. Patients were assessed at baseline, post-treatment, and 6 months follow-up, as well as after each session of MCT with the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS). The BCIS contains two subscales: self-reflectiveness and self-certainty, and the Composite Index. Statistical analysis was performed using linear mixed models with repeated measures at different time points. Self-certainty decreased significantly (p = 0.03) over time and the effect of IQ was negative and significant (p = 0.02). From session 4 to session 8, all sessions improved cognitive insight by significantly reducing self-certainty and the Composite Index. MCT intervention appears to have beneficial effects on cognitive insight by reducing self-certainty, especially after four sessions. Moreover, a minimum IQ is required to ensure benefits from MCT group intervention ; The project has been funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spanish Government), research grant number PI11/01347 and PI14/00044; by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Progress and Health Foundation of the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Health, grant PI-0634/2011; Obra Social La Caixa (RecerCaixa call 2013); and Obra Social Sant Joan de Déu (BML).

Norms are behavioral guidelines in the Indonesian legal state. Norms continue to exist in the legislation and juridical consequences of constitutional court decisions, and in particular, that of the Constitutional Court. Legal norms have principles that are applied to a wider hierarchy of legal norms and the production of legislation. In essence, the Constitutional Court's rulings have consequences on the actions of the government and therefore the action of governance. Including decision norms in the Constitutional Court's ruling has juridical consequences for the hierarchy of regulations and state legal actions in carrying out the function of government. This article aims to find out how to apply decision norms if there an identical or related decision exists within a different judicial institution. In government institutions bound by the Constitutional Court's decisions, application of decision norms resulted in chaos for the application and enforcement of the law. The implementing agency is faced with the same legal product, namely a verdict in another judicial institution. This causes no legal certainty. Rather than a solution or outcome, implementing agencies are faced with an identical legal response yet no legal certainty. The absence of legal certainty has consequences for government institutions that are bound by the Constitutional Court's decision. By utilizing a hierarchy of legal norms, the issue of rigidity and uncertainty caused by decision norms can be resolved. Likewise, in the legislature, the Constitutional Court's decision is the source of making legal norms. As the Constitutional Court's decision is the source of legal norm production in the legislature, espousing a hierarchy of legal norms will enable laws and regulations that are formed to reflect justice, certainty and benefit. Keywords: Court Decision, Legal Norms, Government.

Purpose
– This research was designed to expand the understanding of how brand familiarity may affect the motivation to process word-of-mouth (WOM) information in brand evaluation. The pre-WOM brand attitude certainty is expected to explain the moderation effect. The paper aims to discuss these issues.


Design/methodology/approach
– Two experiments were conducted. The study participants were undergraduate students from a major university in Singapore. The main statistical analysis was done using a two-way analysis of covariance.


Findings
– The results of Experiments 1 and 2 support the prediction that consumers are more likely to use the perceived expertise of the WOM sender to evaluate an unfamiliar brand vs a familiar brand. Experiment 2 also provides some preliminary evidence that this interaction effect may be due to the difference in certainty of the study respondents in regards to the pre-WOM evaluation of unfamiliar and familiar brand.


Research limitations/implications
– This manipulation method of presenting WOM in a printed format may understate the impact of WOM. A more vivid manipulation of WOM that allows for a feedback loop may be considered for future research.


Practical implications
– The results highlight the importance of considering the strength dimensions of brand attitudes (e.g. attitude certainty) in the marketplace. For marketers of unfamiliar brands, source factors (e.g. expertise of WOM sender) are important to consider for effective use of WOM to market their products. For familiar brands, source factors are less relevant.


Originality/value
– This paper highlights the importance of considering attitude certainty and the subsequent malleability of attitude toward new information about the brand in the marketplace. Hence, marketers and researchers who are interested in changing brand attitude should take meta-attitude factors into consideration.

Parents in trouble -- Constructing trouble, losing certainty -- Elusive remedies and disrupted routines -- Stigma and disrupted relationships -- Unmet expectations and emotional turmoil -- Disrupted selves, making sense and making do -- Family trouble