Suchergebnisse

This research aims to compare the value of certainty and protection of protection of land law in Indonesia and Singapore which aims to provide certainty and legal protection. This type of legal research is normative legal research. The method of approach used is legislation, conceptual and comparative approach. Based on the research that is registration of land in Indonesia is regulated in Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 Year 1960 Article 19 BAL (Basic Agrarian Law/ Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria), and in Singapore regulated in Land Titles Act (LTA) Chapter 157 Year 2015. There are similarities and differences in registration of land, among others, Indonesia and Singapore adopt the right registration system (Torrens). Indonesia adopts negative publication of positive tendency system that produces certificate as a strong evidence and existence of rechtsverwerking institution (Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 24 Year 1997 Article 32) while in Singapore adopt positive publication system that generates certificate as absolute proof (LTA 157 Year 2015 Article 36) and the presence of caveat as a form of legal protection. It is expected that by changing the registration of land law in Indonesia can provide absolute legal certainty and legal protection in registration of land as in Singapore.

Abstract Land has a very important role, that is to say in the Indonesian life or in the implementation of national development which was held as a continuing effort to realize a just and prosperous society based on Pancasila and the Constitution of 1945. Therefore, the setting of control, ownership and use of land needs to be more directed for further ensuring the orderly in the field of land law, land administration, land use, or maintenance of the land and the environment, so the lack of legal certainty in the land sector.Broking implementation of changes on land for residential becoming Property at the Land Office Samarinda by Minister of State for Agrarian Affairs / Head of National Land Agency Number 5 of 1998, concerning changes Broking or right to use of land for housing.Samarinda Land Office should conduct dissemination and outreach to the community in the district as well as in the interior of the change Broking into Rights Owned because besides giving legal certainty to holding the titles concerned also for the interests of the Land Office, which is an implementation Government policies in giving certainty of continuity the right to land for individual houses for Residents Indonesian country.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to reduce the risk of incident patellofemoral pain. Design Systematic review and meta-Analysis, with strength of evidence evaluated separately for each intervention type. Data sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Randomised controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of interventions to reduce patellofemoral pain risk compared with a control/non-exposed group. Results Thirteen trials of mostly military recruits and young athletes analysed six different interventions. There was low certainty evidence from two trials (227 participants) that patellofemoral braces worn during physical activity (compared with no brace) effectively reduced the risk of patellofemoral pain (risk ratio (RR) 0.40, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.73; I 2 =24.0%). There was low certainty evidence from one trial (320 participants) that running technique retraining to (run softer) reduced patellofemoral pain risk (RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.60). There was low certainty evidence from four trials (3364 participants) that multicomponent (strengthening/neuromuscular) exercise programmes did not significantly reduce the risk of patellofemoral pain (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.36; I 2 =64.9%), although broad CIs may reflect exercise dose variations among studies. There was very low certainty evidence from four trials (2314 participants) that foot orthoses (compared with flat inserts/no orthosis) did not significantly reduce the risk of patellofemoral pain (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.35 to 1.13; I 2 =0.0%). Static stretching and a running programme that progressed intensity (compared with volume) did not significantly influence patellofemoral pain risk (single studies). Conclusion There is low-level evidence that patellofemoral braces and running technique retraining can reduce the risk of patellofemoral pain by 60%-79%.

Psicosis de primer episodio; Entrenamiento metacognitivo; Entendimiento ; First-episode psychosis; Metacognitive training; Cognitive insight ; Psicosi de primer episodi; Entrenament metacognitiu; Enteniment ; Metacognitive training (MCT) has demonstrated its efficacy in psychosis. However, the effect of each MCT session has not been studied. The aim of the study was to assess changes in cognitive insight after MCT: (a) between baseline, post-treatment, and follow-up; (b) after each session of the MCT controlled for intellectual quotient (IQ) and educational level. Method: A total of 65 patients with first-episode psychosis were included in the MCT group from nine centers of Spain. Patients were assessed at baseline, post-treatment, and 6 months follow-up, as well as after each session of MCT with the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS). The BCIS contains two subscales: self-reflectiveness and self-certainty, and the Composite Index. Statistical analysis was performed using linear mixed models with repeated measures at different time points. Self-certainty decreased significantly (p = 0.03) over time and the effect of IQ was negative and significant (p = 0.02). From session 4 to session 8, all sessions improved cognitive insight by significantly reducing self-certainty and the Composite Index. MCT intervention appears to have beneficial effects on cognitive insight by reducing self-certainty, especially after four sessions. Moreover, a minimum IQ is required to ensure benefits from MCT group intervention ; The project has been funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spanish Government), research grant number PI11/01347 and PI14/00044; by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Progress and Health Foundation of the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Health, grant PI-0634/2011; Obra Social La Caixa (RecerCaixa call 2013); and Obra Social Sant Joan de Déu (BML).

Norms are behavioral guidelines in the Indonesian legal state. Norms continue to exist in the legislation and juridical consequences of constitutional court decisions, and in particular, that of the Constitutional Court. Legal norms have principles that are applied to a wider hierarchy of legal norms and the production of legislation. In essence, the Constitutional Court's rulings have consequences on the actions of the government and therefore the action of governance. Including decision norms in the Constitutional Court's ruling has juridical consequences for the hierarchy of regulations and state legal actions in carrying out the function of government. This article aims to find out how to apply decision norms if there an identical or related decision exists within a different judicial institution. In government institutions bound by the Constitutional Court's decisions, application of decision norms resulted in chaos for the application and enforcement of the law. The implementing agency is faced with the same legal product, namely a verdict in another judicial institution. This causes no legal certainty. Rather than a solution or outcome, implementing agencies are faced with an identical legal response yet no legal certainty. The absence of legal certainty has consequences for government institutions that are bound by the Constitutional Court's decision. By utilizing a hierarchy of legal norms, the issue of rigidity and uncertainty caused by decision norms can be resolved. Likewise, in the legislature, the Constitutional Court's decision is the source of making legal norms. As the Constitutional Court's decision is the source of legal norm production in the legislature, espousing a hierarchy of legal norms will enable laws and regulations that are formed to reflect justice, certainty and benefit. Keywords: Court Decision, Legal Norms, Government.

Purpose
– This research was designed to expand the understanding of how brand familiarity may affect the motivation to process word-of-mouth (WOM) information in brand evaluation. The pre-WOM brand attitude certainty is expected to explain the moderation effect. The paper aims to discuss these issues.


Design/methodology/approach
– Two experiments were conducted. The study participants were undergraduate students from a major university in Singapore. The main statistical analysis was done using a two-way analysis of covariance.


Findings
– The results of Experiments 1 and 2 support the prediction that consumers are more likely to use the perceived expertise of the WOM sender to evaluate an unfamiliar brand vs a familiar brand. Experiment 2 also provides some preliminary evidence that this interaction effect may be due to the difference in certainty of the study respondents in regards to the pre-WOM evaluation of unfamiliar and familiar brand.


Research limitations/implications
– This manipulation method of presenting WOM in a printed format may understate the impact of WOM. A more vivid manipulation of WOM that allows for a feedback loop may be considered for future research.


Practical implications
– The results highlight the importance of considering the strength dimensions of brand attitudes (e.g. attitude certainty) in the marketplace. For marketers of unfamiliar brands, source factors (e.g. expertise of WOM sender) are important to consider for effective use of WOM to market their products. For familiar brands, source factors are less relevant.


Originality/value
– This paper highlights the importance of considering attitude certainty and the subsequent malleability of attitude toward new information about the brand in the marketplace. Hence, marketers and researchers who are interested in changing brand attitude should take meta-attitude factors into consideration.

Parents in trouble -- Constructing trouble, losing certainty -- Elusive remedies and disrupted routines -- Stigma and disrupted relationships -- Unmet expectations and emotional turmoil -- Disrupted selves, making sense and making do -- Family trouble

Losing the words of the Cold War -- The rediscovery of the market -- The search for power -- Race and social memory -- Gender and certainty -- The little platoons of society -- Wrinkles in time

On the activity of legal reasoning, legal objective embodiment in the form of: justice, legal certainty, and kemanfaaan sometimes not achieved proportionately or even forgot or did not understand that the purpose of law should be the third contained proportionally in any legal ruling. The third objective will be achieved proportionately, by finding the point of the link between the reasoning of the law with the purpose of the law, the law of nature and the methods used to achieve the third objective of the law.The research was carried out using the method of legal research is research that is interdisciplinary collaboration and integration of the disciplines of law and other disciplines, which in this case is a philosophy. This research is a study of the legal reasoning of how capable of realizing justice, legal certainty and benefit proportionately. Therefore the examined was how the point links between legal reasoning with the purpose of the law, as well as what is the meaning of the law (the ontological aspect) and what is the method to achieve it (epistemological aspect).Research proves that there is a link between the point of law raised by Gustav Radbruch, namely: justice, legal certainty, and the benefit with the aksiologis of models of legal reasoning advanced by Shidarta. With regard to the activity of the legal reasoning that is capable of realizing justice, legal certainty, and benefit proportionally; found that all the arguments of yuridik which is a legal ruling made by establishing practical law was supposed to interpret the law as positive norms within the system of legislation that pay attention to the principles of truth and justice universal or moral, the behavioral pattern of the terlembaga, and the symbolic meanings of social actors.Whereas the epistemological aspects of the law which is its method is deductive reasoning patterns doctrinal-in order to be empowered in order to achieve legal certainty and fairness as well as simultaneously using inductive reasoning patterns nondoktrinal-so are empowered to achieve benefit. The pattern of reasoning is identical with the model of thought problematic tersistematisasi. Keywords: Law, Proportional Reasoning, the purpose of the law.

Background Malaria is an important cause of illness and death across endemic regions. Considerable success against malaria has been achieved within the past decade mainly through long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs). However, elimination of the disease is proving difficult as current control methods do not protect against mosquitoes biting outdoors and when people are active. Repellents may provide a personal protection solution during these times. Objectives To assess the impact of topical repellents, insecticide-treated clothing, and spatial repellents on malaria transmission. Search methods We searched the following databases up to 26 June 2017: the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; the Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), published in the Cochrane Library; MEDLINE; Embase; US AFPMB; CAB Abstracts; and LILACS. We also searched trial registration platforms and conference proceedings; and contacted organizations and companies for ongoing and unpublished trials. Selection criteria We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster-randomized controlled trials of topical repellents proven to repel mosquitoes; permethrin-treated clothing; and spatial repellents such as mosquito coils. We included trials that investigated the use of repellents with or without LLINs, referred to as insecticide-treated nets. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently reviewed trials for inclusion, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias. A third review author resolved any discrepancies. We analysed data by conducting meta-analysis and stratified by whether the trials had included LLINs. We combined results from cRCTs with individually RCTs by adjusting for clustering and presented results using forest plots. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence. Main results Eight cRCTs and two RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Six trials investigated topical repellents, two trials investigated insecticide-treated clothing, and two trials investigated spatial repellents. Topical repellents Six RCTS, five of them cluster-randomized, investigated topical repellents involving residents of malaria-endemic regions. Four trials used topical repellents in combination with nets, but two trials undertaken in displaced populations used topical repellents alone. It is unclear if topical repellents can prevent clinical malaria (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.4 to 1.07, very low certainty evidence) or malaria infection (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.12, low-certainty evidence) caused by P. falciparum. It is also unclear if there is any protection against clinical cases of P. vivax (RR 1.32, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.76, low-certainty evidence) or incidence of infections (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.41, low-certainty evidence). Subgroup analysis of trials including insecticide-treated nets did not show a protective effect of topical repellents against malaria. Only two studies did not include insecticide-treated nets, and they measured different outcomes; one reported a protective effect against clinical cases of P. falciparum (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.71); but the other study measured no protective effect against malaria infection incidence caused by either P. falciparum or P. vivax. Insecticide-treated clothing Insecticide-treated clothing were investigated in trials conducted in refugee camps in Pakistan and amongst military based in the Colombian Amazon. Neither study provided participants with insecticide-treated nets. In the absence of nets, treated clothing may reduce the incidence of clinical malaria caused by P. falciparum by approximately 50% (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.83, low-certainty evidence) and P. vivax (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.01, low-certainty evidence). Spatial repellents Two cluster-randomized RCTs investigated mosquito coils for malaria prevention. We do not know the effect of spatial repellents on malaria prevention (RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.03 to 1.72, very low certainty evidence). There was large heterogeneity between studies and one study had high risk of bias. Authors' conclusions There is insufficient evidence to conclude topical or spatial repellents can prevent malaria. There is a need for better designed trials to generate higher certainty of evidence before well-informed recommendations can be made. Adherence to daily compliance remains a major limitation. Insecticide-treated clothing may reduce risk of malaria infection in the absence of insecticide-treated nets; further studies on insecticide-treated clothing in the general population should be done to broaden the applicability of the results.

Background Non-specific low back pain is a common, potentially disabling condition usually treated with self-care and non-prescription medication. For chronic low back pain, current guidelines state that exercise therapy may be beneficial. Yoga is a mind-body exercise sometimes used for non-specific low back pain. Objectives To assess the effects of yoga for treating chronic non-specific low back pain, compared to no specific treatment, a minimal intervention (e.g. education), or another active treatment, with a focus on pain, function, and adverse events. Search methods We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, five other databases and four trials registers to 11 March 2016 without restriction of language or publication status. We screened reference lists and contacted experts in the field to identify additional studies. Selection criteria We included randomized controlled trials of yoga treatment in people with chronic non-specific low back pain. We included studies comparing yoga to any other intervention or to no intervention. We also included studies comparing yoga as an adjunct to other therapies, versus those other therapies alone. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently screened and selected studies, extracted outcome data, and assessed risk of bias. We contacted study authors to obtain missing or unclear information. We evaluated the overall certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach. Main results We included 12 trials (1080 participants) carried out in the USA (seven trials), India (three trials), and the UK (two trials). Studies were unfunded (one trial), funded by a yoga institution (one trial), funded by non-profit or government sources (seven trials), or did not report on funding (three trials). Most trials used Iyengar, Hatha, or Viniyoga forms of yoga. The trials compared yoga to no intervention or a non-exercise intervention such as education (seven trials), an exercise intervention (three trials), or both exercise and non-exercise interventions (two trials). All trials were at high risk of performance and detection bias because participants and providers were not blinded to treatment assignment, and outcomes were self-assessed. Therefore, we downgraded all outcomes to 'moderate' certainty evidence because of risk of bias, and when there was additional serious risk of bias, unexplained heterogeneity between studies, or the analyses were imprecise, we downgraded the certainty of the evidence further. For yoga compared to non-exercise controls (9 trials; 810 participants), there was low-certainty evidence that yoga produced small to moderate improvements in back-related function at three to four months (standardized mean difference (SMD) -0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.66 to -0.14; corresponding to a change in the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire of mean difference (MD) -2.18, 95% -3.60 to -0.76), moderate-certainty evidence for small to moderate improvements at six months (SMD -0.44, 95% CI -0.66 to -0.22; corresponding to a change in the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire of MD -2.15, 95% -3.23 to -1.08), and low-certainty evidence for small improvements at 12 months (SMD -0.26, 95% CI -0.46 to -0.05; corresponding to a change in the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire of MD -1.36, 95% -2.41 to -0.26). On a 0-100 scale there was very low-to moderate-certainty evidence that yoga was slightly better for pain at three to four months (MD -4.55, 95% CI -7.04 to -2.06), six months (MD -7.81, 95% CI -13.37 to -2.25), and 12 months (MD -5.40, 95% CI -14.50 to -3.70), however we pre-defined clinically significant changes in pain as 15 points or greater and this threshold was not met. Based on information from six trials, there was moderate-certainty evidence that the risk of adverse events, primarily increased back pain, was higher in yoga than in non-exercise controls (risk difference (RD) 5%, 95% CI 2% to 8%). For yoga compared to non-yoga exercise controls (4 trials; 394 participants), there was very-low-certainty evidence for little or no difference in back-related function at three months (SMD -0.22, 95% CI -0.65 to 0.20; corresponding to a change in the RolandMorris Disability Questionnaire of MD -0.99, 95% -2.87 to 0.90) and six months (SMD -0.20, 95% CI -0.59 to 0.19; corresponding to a change in the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire of MD -0.90, 95% -2.61 to 0.81), and no information on back-related function after six months. There was very low-certainty evidence for lower pain on a 0-100 scale at seven months (MD -20.40, 95% CI -25.48 to -15.32), and no information on pain at three months or after seven months. Based on information from three trials, there was low-certainty evidence for no difference in the risk of adverse events between yoga and non-yoga exercise controls (RD 1%, 95% CI -4% to 6%). For yoga added to exercise compared to exercise alone (1 trial; 24 participants), there was very-low-certainty evidence for little or no difference at 10 weeks in back-related function (SMD -0.60, 95% CI -1.42 to 0.22; corresponding to a change in the Oswestry Disability Index of MD -17.05, 95% -22.96 to 11.14) or pain on a 0-100 scale (MD -3.20, 95% CI -13.76 to 7.36). There was no information on outcomes at other time points. There was no information on adverse events. Studies provided limited evidence on risk of clinical improvement, measures of quality of life, and depression. There was no evidence on work-related disability. Authors' conclusions There is low-to moderate-certainty evidence that yoga compared to non-exercise controls results in small to moderate improvements in back-related function at three and six months. Yoga may also be slightly more effective for pain at three and six months, however the effect size did not meet predefined levels of minimum clinical importance. It is uncertain whether there is any difference between yoga and other exercise for back-related function or pain, or whether yoga added to exercise is more effective than exercise alone. Yoga is associated with more adverse events than non-exercise controls, but may have the same risk of adverse events as other back-focused exercise. Yoga is not associated with serious adverse events. There is a need for additional high-quality research to improve confidence in estimates of effect, to evaluate long-term outcomes, and to provide additional information on comparisons between yoga and other exercise for chronic non-specific low back pain.

Nurses as professionals whose existence is recognized by the State have rights that should be fulfilled and protected as professionals and general citizens. The rights that have been guaranteed by various laws and regulations are supposed to remain insufficient to comprehensively accommodate voluntary health worker nurses spreading over the country.Various Indonesian laws and regulations on human rights have guaranteed the rights to work and decent life as well as the rights to recognition, legal certainty, and legal protection. This study aimed to know about the rights to obtain work and decent life viewed from the human rights perspective besides knowing about the guarantee of recognition, legal certainty, and legal protection to voluntary health worker nurses at Bima City, West Nusa Tenggara Province.This study was conducted at Bima City's General Hospital and Paruga Health Center (Puskesmas). It applied a socio-legal approach and explicative-analytical specification. The data-gathering technique was carried out through interviews with informants, namely the Head of General and Personnel Affairs of Health Office of Bima City, the Head of General and Personnel Affairs of Personnel and Human Resources Office of Bima City, the Head of General and Personnel Affairs of Bima City's General Hospital and Puskesmas Paruga beside twenty voluntary health worker nurses.The results of this study showed that there was no written legal regulation regarding the procedure of recruiting voluntary health worker nurses in the form of regional regulation nor the Mayor's Decree that could be used as a legal basis for recruiting voluntary health worker nurses. This led to implications of the fulfillment of the rights to the voluntary health worker nurses, especially in the matters of work and decent life beside guaranteed legal recognition, certainty, and protection.

The struggle for the world -- The Latin American quest for independence -- The European search for certainty -- Global movements to transform humanity -- Purifying the world : the global jihad -- Between doom and redemption

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1. Political Competition over a Single Issue: The Case of Certainty -- 2. Modeling Party Uncertainty -- 3. Unidimensional Policy Spaces with Uncertainty -- 4. Applications of the Wittman Model -- 5. Endogenous Parties: The Unidimensional Case -- 6. Political Competition over Several Issues: The Case of Certainty -- 7. Multidimensional Issue Spaces and Uncertainty: The Downs Model -- 8. Party Factions and Nash Equilibrium -- 9. The Democratic Political Economy of Progressive Taxation -- 10.Why the Poor Do Not Expropriate the Rich in Democracies -- 11. Distributive Class Politics and the Political Geography of Interwar Europe -- 12. A Three-Class Model of American Politics -- 13. Endogenous Parties with Multidimensional Competition -- 14. Toward a Model of Coalition Government -- Mathematical Appendix -- References -- Index

A web-based two (preexisting position: correct vs. incorrect) by two (message type: scientific information vs. misinformation) by three (messages) mixed design experimental study was conducted to test confirmation bias as a mechanism underlying the persistence of misinformation on climate change and to examine attitude certainty as a moderator of confirmation bias. Data collected with Qualtrics panels demonstrated robust confirmation bias in message and source perceptions, empathy, and perceived message effectiveness when individuals encountered messages consistent with their preexisting position on climate change, which in turn strengthened their preexisting position. The patterns of biased message processing and post-message position polarization were more extreme among climate change deniers. Attitude certainty significantly intensified polarization of position on climate change.