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Esteban Echeverria (1805-1851) was one of the first to emphasize Argentina's soc reality. Asking himself whether it was possible to reconcile liberty & democracy, he concluded that the 2 notions were interdependent without inquiring into some of their essential contradictions. For him, the fatherland & progress were linked inevitably, the struggle of Argentina against other nations was then a struggle for progress. The theme of the tradition of May is emphasized. He partakes of the revolutionary tradition & of anti-Spanish feelings. For him there is little pol'al independence without soc revolution. Echeverrfa insisted on this theme & extended his thinking to other concepts: the division of classes, the proletarian class, the society as a condition of progress, & the revolution as a means of soc change. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

This paper, through the study of blood pressure and heart rate in relation to postural changes, has a dual purpose: First, make a comparative study of the responses of residents sea level and the height, to thereby reach a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of circulatory adaptation of subjects living at high altitudes knowledge. Second, recent works by American authors emphasize the interest of the study of these responses in the selection of pilots, as postural changes so frequent in this profession can be taken as one of the indices (among many others) their ability to neurocirculatory adaptation more difficult to perform when the subject comes to heights. This is of particular interest when it comes to military pilots, for technical reasons, often have to perform sudden changes in position. In these cases if the neuro-circulatory response is not adequate, that is, if the vascular tone responds not properly adapting to changes occurring, the gravity acting on the blood may produce conditions plethora in the lower regions of the body, and worse yet cerebral anemia, which can be fatal in some cases. This is what is known in aviation medicine under the name of "black out" and is suffered by the pilots during the so-called dive bombing. Straightening the plane after a tailspin, the force of gravity exerted on the man and the plane is 6 or 7 times. When this force is made in man's head to the feet, blood travels to the legs and abdomen. Blood is evicted from the upper and lower zones, causing ischemia of the brain, which produces characteristic symptoms: heavy legs, amaurosis, and fainting. ; El presente trabajo, mediante el estudio de la presión arterial y el pulso, en relación a los cambios posturales, persigue una doble finalidad: En primer lugar, hacer el estudio comparativo de las respuestas de los residentes del nivel del mar y de la altura, para de este modo llegar a un conocimiento más profundo de los mecanismos de adaptación circulatoria de los sujetos que viven en las grandes altitudes. En segundo lugar, últimos trabajos de autores americanos resaltan el interés del estudio de estas respuestas en la selección de pilotos aviadores, pues los cambios posturales tan frecuentes en esta profesión, pueden tomarse como uno de los Índices (entre otros muchos) de su capacidad de adaptación neurocirculatoria más difícil de realizarse cuando el sujeto vuelva a alturas elevadas. Esto tiene especial interés si se trata de pilotos militares, que por razones técnicas, muchas veces tienen que ejecutar cambios bruscos de posición. En estos casos si la respuesta neuro-circulatoria no es adecuada, es decir, si el tono vascular no responde adaptándose apropiadamente al cambio sufrido, la acción de la gravedad actuando sobre la sangre podrá producir condiciones de plétora en las zonas inferiores del cuerpo, y lo que es peor aún anemia cerebral, la que puede ser fatal en ciertos casos. Esto es lo que se conoce en medicina de aviación con el nombre de "black out", y es sufrido por los pilotos durante el llamado bombardeo en picada. Al enderezar el avión después de una caída en picada, la fuerza de la gravedad que se ejerce sobre el hombre y el avión es de 6 o 7 veces mayor. Cuando esta fuerza se efectúa en el hombre de la cabeza hacia los pies, la sangre se desplaza hacia las piernas y el abdomen. La sangre es desalojada de las zonas superiores y baja, provocando la isquemia del cerebro, lo que produce la sintomatología característica: pesadez en las piernas, amaurosis y desvanecimiento.

1. Inving A. Leonard. Historia de la imprenta en los antiguos dominios españoles de América y Oceanía, por J. T. Medina. 2. Eugenio Pereira. Noticias sobre los médicos en Chile en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII, por Enrique Laval M.3. Eladio García T. Las fuentes y los temas de Polifemo de Góngora, por Antonio Vilanova.4. Leonardo Fuentealba. La teoría de las corrientes educativas, por Pedro Rosello.5. Sergio Villalobos R. Political change in Latin America: the emergence of the middle sectors, por J. Johnson. 6. Vicente Salas Viu. Cuerpo a tierra, por Ricardo Fernández de la Reguera.7. Danilo Salcedo Vodnizza. Problemes d' Amerique Latine, por William W. Pierson y Federico G. Gill8. Danilo Salcedo Vodnizza. Problemes d' Amerique Latine, por William W. George Friedmann.9. José Vázquez Hidalgo. Las nubes y los años, por Fernando González Urízar. 10. Ximena Montero. Les epoques del Théatre francais, por Mario Naudon de la Sotta.

There is a tendency to consider more and more the private economic situation as a public problem and of public concern, which results in the necessity for the State to change substantially its aims and concerns. This movement, called economic rationalization, concertation or concentration, by which the State, surpassing the classical limits of intervention, directs the private activities in accordance with a conscient plan, presents itself in two typical forms: that of a country which, for economic or political reasons has already an ample and total organization, and that of others which have to create firstly the conditions which make this impulse to be felt. The author analyses the situation of several countries belonging either to the first or to the second group. In Argentina, this has been discussed from the judicial point of view, by the Fourth National Congress of Lawyers which included as point 7º of their deliberations the "Judicial regulation of industrial activities". ; Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas

We are facing the difficult task of the political and juridical reorganization in order to adjust it to the new economic criteria, the most important changes being connected with the competition. We are endeavouring to adjust it, soften it or eliminate it. To this effect two ways are open: planning or control with their different varieties in accordance with the causing impulses: social, political or essentially economic, with their various shades in the different countries, but all of them having the same general characteristics, but of rectifying or over throwing the liberal principles. The author refers particularly to the "agricultural readjustment Act" in the United States and the French law project of 1936 and emphasizes the advantages of the "concerted economy" (neocorporativism). For Argentina the most suitable way would be to create an organization which would authorize the functioning of voluntary agreements, establish the limits of their application and create control institutions in order to prevent abuses admitting at the same time the possibility of transforming the voluntary agreements in obligatory ones, if the State considers that its action should be amplified. ; Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas

Industrial & commercial development, the increasing intervention of the State, the great econ crisis have provoked the creation of groups in defense of soc, econ & intellectual interests, which seek to influence PO & officials to get changes in legislation & institutions. These groups have very diff characters according to the soc strata they represent. They are more effective the richer they are; this inequality in the means of the protection of interests constitutes the primary disadvantage of the system of pressure groups. Another disadvantage consists in the fact that the totality of the special interests is not to be identified with the general interest. Financiers, economists, officials, & men of sci who stand for the general interest are made suspect in the eyes of the public by the propaganda of those who denounce them as dangerous technocrats. It is not a question of suppressing these pressure groups. But the public should be enligbtened about their activities, & their propaganda should be combatted by the dissemination of technical information. It is also possible that their resources should be made public, or at least their expenses. Tr & Modified from IPSA.

The letters exchanged in May of 1958 between the President of Brazil & the President of the US have clearly indicated the key problem present in Hispano-Amer relations. In Latin America, the US has not attempted to do away with the opposition of underdevelopment & anti-communism. In fact, the attitude the US has adopted toward the South American states since WWII has led these states to the edge of a second revolution. Cuba has given the signal. The only way that this menace can be avoided is by putting into action a vast plan of development that would include the entire Latin American Continent. Under Brazilian urging, & with help from Washington, the Union of American States is charged with carrying out 'Operation Panamerican' for the development of South American states. For this purpose a Committee of 21 was formed in Sep, 1958. Other steps were taken in 2 treaties: the Treaty of the Latin American Ass'n for Free Trade & the Treaty of Central American Free Trade. It will be necessary for the Latin American gov's to learn to carry out the econ & soc changes which are now so obviously necessary. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

Each great economic transformation produces in the national economic equally great changes in its juridical and political elements. The evolution of the economic transformation can be influenced by means to intervention systems. The direction and extent of the intervention should not be determined by foreign models but must be consistent with the national reality. As for he eventual international effects of interventions, it should be remembered that both the theory and practice of free trade were the product of given historical circumstances. The international desequilibrium of 1929-32 has caused a break in the free trade mechanism and makes its re introduction extremely difficult. The interventionism which is being described seeks to free mankind from oppression. There are theoretical and practical contributions to this effect, as well as a reconsideration of the economic assumptions which justify its introduction. The faculties to guide the economy should reach the soul of capitalism, i.e. the technology. The public authorities will have to direct the selection of technical innovations and dictate the corresponding regulations, placing thus the machine at the service of man. ; Artículo póstumo publicado en la revista Universidad de San Carlos , Guatemala, 1956, t. XXXVII, p. 75-106. ; Facultad de Ciencias Económicas

Nowadays Nazareth is a small religious town, with many churches and convents, but lacking altogether any quality that might rememorate its great traditions of the past. All that remains is its location: the adaptation of the buildings to the ground topography, and also perhaps the fact that the majority of its Arab dwellers give it a certain flavour, typical of the region. Not only at Jerusalem and Nazareth, but also at all sites of great historical or religious significance, it is a government requirement that local stone shall be employed for building, and so enhance the regional architectural tradition, for the benefit of the tourist. In consonance with the above two circumstances, the architects Sharon and Idelson have designed this housing project taking great care over the orientation, relationship to the sunrays, scenery and changes in the ground level. There are three different distribution patterns in this estate: each corresponds to a straightforward layout, and allows for cross ventilation of the various rooms. This is an important feature in the warm climate of this region. ; Nazareth es hoy una pequeña ciudad religiosa llena de iglesias y conventos, pero sin ningún sabor tradicional y muy poca ambientación en su propia historia. Lo único que queda es su situación, el acoplamiento de las edificaciones a la topografía del terreno y u n a mayoría árabe en el número de sus habitantes, que le dan cierto tipismo. Hoy día, t anto en Jerusalén como en Nazareth y en todos los lugares con tradición histórica y religiosa, el Gobierno obliga a utilizar la piedra, en la construcción con vistas a la ambientación para el turismo. Basándose en estos dos prefijos, Sharon e Idelson han proyectado esta urbanización cuidando la orientación, el soleamiento y adaptación de las casas a las curvas de nivel, con tres tipos de viviendas de plantas sencillas, de fácil distribución y con ventilación cruzada, lo cual es muy importante dado el clima cálido de la región.

The supremacy of the public service principleover the "merit" ando "career" principies needs to be stressed. The'la:fter' two are rneans ofattracting and retaining the bestqualified candídates; but in certain' situations undue emphasis given to them may' .actually undermine' administr.ative efficiency, guaranteeing tenure to inept employees, and shielding party or group efforts to insure special advantages for their members. As an over-reaction to the spoils system, an unqualified separation between politics and personne1 management has frequently been postulated in theory and practice. The rnerit system, however, cannot be carried into efect if it lacks sincere support from the political authorities. On the other hand, the party that comes to power needs a loyal and capable administration of its programo The danger exists, too, of consolidating a bureaucracy inmune, and therefore irresponsible, to the electoral decisions. If the behavior of the civil servants is patterned after the more basic norms and values of the politícal constitution and of the culture, the continuity of the administrative services through succesive changes of parties in power will be insured. What is essential, firstly, is to achieve consensus on fundamental issues. Then, to proceed with more specific instrumentation. Each society must adhere elosely to its own socio-psycho-cultural outline. Since 1907 Cuba has a Civil Service Law, patterned after the United States. Its aim: to guarantee the merit system. Its achievement: notorious cynicism, corruption and inefficiency. Colombia's 1938 Administratíve Career Law is almost inoperative, although it ineludes many , progressive and worthwhile elements. In Ecuador a law to establish the administrative career on the basic of rnerit failed, because no effort was made toeducate either citizens or leaders. Since 1950 El Salvador keeps up, in paper, a merit system which cannot be put into practioe because the basic law has not been passed. In 1907 Puerto Rico enacted a Civil Service Law, which specified procedures, norms and penalties. In 1931 a training program, a classi-fication scheme.and a salary plan were drawn, but not until 1947 were the basic principles achieved. After all these years, the Office of Personne1 stands today upon firm political support and has attained high levels of honesty, efficiency and dernocratic responsibility. These different Latin American case histories point to certain conclusions. The systematization of legal precepts, institutional structures and techniques, should be firrnly based on political support and on the capacity of those who are to administer the Civil Service. The role of the principal political leaders will be decisive in this respecto The examples cited iUustrate the errors incurred .when, without making the necessaryadaptations, a culture borrows indiscriminately from the techniques developed by others ; Resumen en inglés.

Reversible actions and reactions between organism and environment in regard to life upon the American high plateaus lead to en adaptative process whose goal is acclimatization. As a consequence of the alluded interactions the organism may become adjusted either to live in the altitude individual acclimatization or to Iive and to reproduce, race acclimatization. To the author this phase of adjustment (adaptation) implies a form of Mountain Sickness to which he was the first to call attention in 1928. When Mountain Sickness is cured, acclimatization supervenes. Some men never get acclimatized. They develop Chronic Mountain Sickness and die. A form of survival is migration to the low lands. The environment assailment-climatic aggresion,-may be defined as the noxious action of the Andean climate ("temple", from the Greek, meaning "dwelling-place") upon the dwellers from low lands and that of the sea coast upon the mountain men. The physiografic forces act upon the individual and the race in such a definite way that the behavior of high plateau societies has been confronted by its perennial influence. Thus it is not surprising that it can be traced in the historic documents and books about Tahuantisuyo and the Colonial Spanish Epoch. It has been proved that these facts were contemplated in the Inca's social legislation and that Pachacutec and other kings tood advantage of their knowledge in their war tactics (Garcilaso de la Vega). Climatic aggresion can be traced also in human and animal reproduction. The "San Nicolas de Tolentino miracle" concerning the first offspring born from Spanish ascendance fifty years after the Spaniards arrived at Potosi (12000 feet altitude), finds that the biological explanation is through a slow process of progressive race acclimatization of the human specie. The act of foundation of Lima (Lima, the capital of Perú, was foundation in 1535 and is 500 feet above sea level). points out that the capital was transferredfrom Jauja (10,500 feet altitude) to sea level because the pigs, horses and fowl did not reproduce. The observations of Father Cobo (XVII century) concerning the descendants (by crossing Spanish and Indian blood) might be considered as Mendelian anticipations. As a result of the balanced interdependence of man and milieu, acclimatization of Andean natives and foreign people may he considered as a rule by the fixation of men and animals on the Andes from a prehistoric time.Training for athletes implies the compensation of an oxygen debt produced by progressive exercise above normal requirements. Therefore the permanent altitude oxygen deficit, conversaly, must condition a compulsory stimulus to create athletics. Thus, to get accustomed to exercise is the altitude law of the body. Now, all the investigators agree on the extraordinary strength of the Andean men, and Colonial writers stress the fact that physical culture was incorporated in their daily life: in locating their cities and houses on trop of the countains; in their social organization, foot messengers (Chasquis) and Inca stretcher carriers; in the different cult expressions (apachetas ), in the selection of the nobility class (Huaracu's festivity and the "orejones", big ear rings ordeal) and finally in the wedding ceremonials (Acataimita and Paltay festivals). In these cases the training was carried out as for Olympic games, according to the strictest rules: camp concentration, adequate food, psychological tests, physical culture, abstinence and hygienic life in order to be fitted for the games. To the winners belonged the rights and honors. A bio-climatic determinism was actually impressed in the building of their societies so deeply saturated with the telluric environment. That is the answer to the sense of human migrations to lands of the same climate and the return nomadism which constitute the mitimaes organization, some kind of internal colonization built up on a cIimatic foundation. As a consequence, the continuous changes of population brought a perennial crossing of men from different lands but always keeping this transfer at a similar altitude and the same land. Thus the Inca's sociology was bio-cIimatic. The biological influence of the altitude was noticed in the individual, the race and the societies of America in peace, war and in colonization. The Spanish crown knew this fact and tried to promote it with adequate legislation that unfortunately remained only written. The Republic ignores this problem. During the emancipation wars whenever the Argentine troops fought in low lands as it happened in the proximity of Jujuy (1236 meters above sea level}, Salta (1185 meters) and Tucuman (477 meters) they were the winners, while they were defeated by the Andean high altitude troops in the Alto Perú, above 3,000 meters of altitude (Sipe-sipe, Ahoyuma and Guaqui.). San Martin refused to cross the high plateaus, as if he had an intuition about the climatic agression which had defeated the men of the low, lands previously. All the writers agree on the outstanding feature of the contradictory behavior of men: in their place of origin they were prominent warriors or showed good fighting spirit, but they lost their skill when they were at a high altitude. From the industrial standpoint, the knowledge of inferlity brought about by high altitude, has allowed selection of animals suited for reproduction. This selection has greatly improved the farming industry at high plateaus. As we have emphasized, climatic aggression on the reproductive organs has been shown since the arrival of the Spaniards to the Andes. The wisdom of the Inca's sociological laws as it appears from a historic standpoint confirms the knowledge they had about the influence of the high plateaus climate upon the individual, the race and the andean american soeieties. ; Acciones y reacciones reversibles entre organismo y ambiente crean un proceso permanente adaptativo que conduce a la aclimatación. En realidad la adaptación es una forma de Mal de Altura cuya curación es la aclimatación. Se trata pues de una noxa climática que actúa sobre el individuo y la raza a punto tal que ha quedado enjuiciado en los relatos, documentos y libros de los comentarios o Historiadores del Tahuantisuyo y la Colonia, La "agresión climática" aparece definida por la acción nociva del "temple" andino para los costeños y del 'temple" costeño para los serranos. Tal factor fué contemplado en la Legislación social del Incario y Pachacutec y otros Incas la utilizaron en la táctica de la guerra (Garcilaso ). Se dejó sentir visiblemente la "agresión climática" en la reproducción humana y animal, Sobre lo primero el milagro de San Nicolás de Tolentino referente al primer hijo de padres españoles logrado en Potosí, tiene todas las características de un tan sensacional acontecimiento que entró en la tradición de la Villa hasta que la Escuela Médica Peruana encontró su explicación biológica, demostrando que, en la altura, a la fertilidad se llegó mediante un proceso lento de aclimatación progresiva de las razas españolas en los elevados altiplanos de Sud-américa. Análogo hecho se recoge del Acta de la Fundación de Lima y al mismo se refiere insistentemente el Padre Cobo. También aparecen informaciones precisas sobre la preocupación genética de las sociedades autóctonas del Tahuantisuyo al prohibirse el matrimonio entre hermanos contra lo admitido generalmente, pues sólo fué a partir del gobierno de Tupac Yupanqui, que se autorizó tal cosa y únicamente para sujetos de sangre real. Es interesante anotar que sobre el mestizaje indo-hispánico estableciera el Padre Cobo conclusiones genéticas que pueden estimarse como anticipaciones mendelianas. Queremos dejar claramente establecido que la adaptación, y la aclimatación de raza en la altura constituye un hecho perfectamente establecido como lo demuestra la descendencia hispánica en los Andes,. La regla en la aclimatación es la fertilidad. Si al atletismo se obtiene creando un déficit de oxígeno por encima del requerimiento normal; el déficit de oxígeno permanente de la altitud debe conducir necesariamente al atletismo. Luego el acostumbramiento a la fatiga debe ser la ley orgánica de altura. Pues bien todos los Cronistas están conformes en hablamos de la extraordinaria resistencia física del andino y como el cultivo del esfuerzo se incorporó profundamentalmente en su vida diaria -ciudades y viviendas en las cumbres; en su organización social, chasquis y cargadores del Inca; en las distintas formas del culto-apachetas; en la selección de la nobleza, fiesta del Huaracu, orden de los "orejones" y en fin en las ceremonias nupciales, fiestas del Atacaimita y Paltay - En todas ellas el entrenamiento en lo que respecta a concentración, alimentación y ejercicios atléticos y vida rigurosamente higiénica era análogo a lo que ocurrió en los juegos olímpicos de Grecia y en la preparación actual de las Olimpiadas. La raza autóctona estuvo tan hondamente impregnada del ambiente telúrico que en la constitución de las sociedades tenía que actuar, imperativamente, un determinismo bio-climático. Así se explica el sentido de las migraciones a localidades del mismo temple y el nomadismo de retorno de la organización de los Mitimaes, lo que trajo como consecuencia un cruzamiento incesante que daba homogeneidad a la raza, cuidando siempre de la estabilidad del clima de altura. La Sociología incaica pues fué bio-climática; la influencia biológica del altiplano se dejó sentir en el hombre, la raza y las sociedades de América en la paz, en la guerra y en la colonización. La Corona de España conoció el hecho y trató de fomentarlo con una abundantísima legislación que sólo quedó escrita. La República ignora este problema. En las guerras de emancipación toda vez que las tropas porteñas combatieron en localidades de escasa elevación, como ocurrió en las proximidades de Jujuy (1236 m. sobre el nivel del mar), Salta (1185 m.) y Tucumán (477 m.) salieron vencedoras, mientras que fueron derrotadas por los ejércitos andinos en el Alto Perú, por encima de 3000 m. de altitud, Sipe-sipe, Ahoyuma y Huaqui. San Martín se negó a atravesar el altiplano como si tuviera la intuición biológica de la agresión climática que históricamente venció a los hombres del Llano. El Instituto Nacional de Biología Andina hace un llamamiento para que los pueblos indo-hispánicos reciban de los poderes del Estado la protección que su biología reclama y que el problema de la vida y de las sociedades andinas que con tanta devoción lo está resolviendo la Universidad de San Marcos reciba todo el apoyo que la Nación debe darle.