The article deals with the issues of urban settlements and urban lifestyle from the point of view of structural changes under the influence of transformational processes in the development of productive forces, tools and means of production. The author notes the historical nature of this process associated with the geographical environment, resources and migration flows under the influence of the development of capitalist relations. Some peculiarities of lifestyle in Baku as a city with an ancient history, with a number of characteristic features of a distinctive way of life, combining the traditions of several generations and different civilizations, are analyzed.
The article explores Schumpeter's interpretation of market competition against the backdrop of other concepts in order to reflect the continuity and specifics in its approach. Taking into account the specific features of his methodological approach, the article highlights the main elements of his concept: the evolutionary approach, entrepreneurial nature of competition, the inconsistency and ambiguity of the competitive process. Interpreting Shumpeterian competition as a struggle of entrepreneurial ideas, the author traces its practical potential.
Analysis of attitude towards various professions (attractiveness or prestige) is a integral part of studying the choice of profession. The dynamics of the attitude of young people to the studies indicates that it is clearly connected with the current situation and changes when new phenomena arise in it. Thus, in the data of the 1960s echoes of recent events are noticeable - the launch of the first Soviet "Sputniks", the Yuri Gagarin's flight. The connection with the demand for professions, one way or another related to science and technology, is obvious: the attractiveness of the occupations of scientists and engineers is great. During the years of economic difficulties and shortages, attention was drawn to the rise in the attractiveness of the professions of a seller, an accountant, which had previously been among the lowest rated. Then the time came when the leaders were professions of a bank employee, a lawyer, a businessman, a foreign trade worker, and scientists, teachers fell lower and lower on the scale of attractiveness. In the 2010s, a civil servant joined the leaders.
The opinions expressed in each subsequent year belong to a different cohort of young people. Analysis of the dynamics over a long period of time also allows one to draw conclusions about the characteristics belonging to different generations. At the same time, it is found that in order to interpret the data, it is necessary to consider the attitude towards classes in connection with the accumulated experience of the family as well. Family experiences are translated into educational and vocational orientations of children. This is confirmed by data on motivation and the actual choice of education and profession. The conclusion that the formation of youth orientations is associated not only with the perception of the current situation, but also with the social experience of previous generations, is based on the materials of over 50 years of data.
The article analyzes the changes in the economies of the Visegrad group over the past decade. The dynamics of the main indicators, including indicators of the industry structure and employment structure, as well as the world economic (global) competitiveness of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland, are considered. The issue of the innovation sphere of the «four», its features against the background of pan-European trends, is touched upon. The main factors and limitations of development of these countries are highlighted. The main characteristics of the Visegrad model and its impact on the participating countries are identified.
Wildfires are an important environmental factor which determines the carbon cycle intensity in mires. The article presents the assessment of the consequences of pyrogenic transformation and the current state of burntout mires in the taiga and forest-tundra zones of Western Siberia 6-8 years after the wildfire, with regard to their microhabitat heterogeneity. Field studies were conducted in 2022 on three mires (a total of 13 post-pyrogenic and pristine plots) and included a total-station survey of the surface, an assessment of the occurrence of species in the grass-dwarf shrub and moss-lichen tiers, sampling for laboratory analysis of the physical properties and botanical composition of peat. Sphagnum mosses, Polytrichum strictum, lichens and dwarf shrubs were considered as recovery indicator species. As a result of the study, it was found that the intensity of pyrogenic transformation is determined by the initial state of bog ecosystem and increases in a row: the hydro forestation site on the Bakchar raised bog - palsa - the Ust-Bakchar raised bog drained for peat extraction. At most of the studied plots, microdepressions were more susceptible to burnout, while hummocks were preserved or only partially burned out. The transformation of peat deposit properties extends beyond the layer directly exposed to burnout, and manifests itself in a decrease in water content, and an increase in ash content, bulk density and degree of humification. At the first stages of post-pyrogenic successions, similar patterns were revealed for the mires of taiga and forest-tundra zones, i.e. an intensive overgrowth with P. strictum. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the hydroforestation site in the Bakchar bog could possibly restore the species composition of vegetation cover and resume peat accumulation. Irreversible changes in vegetation cover have occurred in the Ust-Bakchar bog, where the restoration of sphagnum mosses does not occur even 20 years after the fire.
Based on the latest data, paper investigates the dynamics of global climate change and its impact on economic growth in the long-term. The notion of climate risk is considered. The main directions of climate risk management policies are analyzed aimed, first, at reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions through technological innovation and structural economic shifts; secondly, at adaptation of population, territories and economic complexes to the irreparable effects of climate change. The problem of taking into account the phenomenon of climate change in the state economic policy is put in the context of the most urgent tasks of intensification of long-term socio-economic development and parrying strategic challenges to the development of Russia.
This article analyses the socio-economic and political reasons for the ineffectiveness of post-soviet regimes of Kyrgyzstan. Based on the analysis of current events, the author notes the role of third forces in the systematic instability in society. It also presents a lot of unresolved problems, in particular, ethno-nationalism, division of society into Southern and Northern clans (on a regional basis), growing problems of security of the country's citizens. At the same time, the summarising aspect indicates the driving forces of socio-political conflicts in Kyrgyzstan in 2005–2010, which led to the change of political regimes.
Following the example of Dante's apocalyptic images in the "Divine Comedy" and Vladimir Solovyov's "A Short Story of Antichrist", this article takes into consideration the ideological and artistic elements of the counterpoint – the latter being meant as a simultaneous confrontation and combination of styles from different historical epochs. For this purpose, a given stylistic version of the cross-cultural method is adopted. As a result of it, the author demonstrates that the "Divine Comedy" belongs to the Italian proto-Renaissance style, in which, along with the traditions of medieval culture, the stylistic features of Renaissance and Modern times are forming. The conclusion is that the authorial style of Dante's eschatology is the style of the prophet and judge of humanity who proclaims the continuation of its eternal life. In the same way, the authorial strategy of Solovyov's last work may be also attributed to a stylization of the prophetic genre that was typical of the Russian culture of the late 19th and early 20th century. Despite all this, Solovyov's apocalyptic images do not have a clearly formulated idea concerning the coming salvation – which should be mandatory for the Christian eschatology, – but they only formulate in a new way a prediction regarding the inevitable continuation of great wars, coups and civil strives on the path leading to the end of history. In this transitional stage full of malice, lies and deceit, only the traditional Christian ideal of unselfish love and spiritual unity, which Solovyov employs within the framework of a new artistic style, is endowed with the ability to preserve its timeless value. The overall result of the comparison of the historical style of John's Revelation with the two subsequent stylizations of apocalyptic images is a confirmation of the existence of a cultural self-development that manifests itself in the iconic works of the era of change.
The dynamics of the phytoproduction process in the period from 1700 to 2020 AD was defined by means of dendrochronological analysis of fifty-five Siberian larch cores taken in a sparse cedar-larch herbaceous forest within the city of Nadym and on a sample plot twenty-six kilometers from Nadym in a sparse cedar-larch green moss-lichen forest. Comparison of generalized dendrochronologies allows us to conclude that before the active growth of the city in 1972, the increase in the control area was more variable and more by 1/3 than within the city. With the expansion of the city over the past 50 years, the increase in productivity within the city bounda-ries exceeded 2,4 times compared to the control area. Analysis of the statistical characteristics of the samples was carried out, showing the significance of the influence of the city on the growth of larches. The method of spatial air temperature differences between Nadym and Tarko-Sale, located 250 km to the southeast, was used. Warming in winter in Nadym was 2,8°C, which is 0,7°C more than in Tarko-Sale. The warming in the summer period is almost the same and amounted to 1,3-1,4°C with a standard deviation of the long-term series of 1,8°C. An increase in air temperature in Nadym could not but affect the growth of larch. The other factors for the growth of bioproductivity are the warming effect of the city (reduction of energy costs for evaporation and an increase in energy costs for heat exchange between the underlying surface and the atmosphere) and agro-forestry reclamation of natural forests.
