Suchergebnisse

The Professor Mykolas Romeris discussed about political systems advantages e disadvantages. He compared a multi-party system in which three or more political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition. And a two- party system which is a form of party system where two major political parties dominate the voting in nearly all elections. As a result, all, or nearly all, elected offices end up being held by candidates endorsed by the two major parties. The ruling party's majority may still be based on a smaller segment of the population than coalition governments due to lower turnout, and votes cast that do not lead to the desired representative. According to the professor M. Romeris the two-party system does produce stable governments, but this comes at the expense of the preferred outcome of stable democracy. M. Romeris was disposed that political corruption is the misuse by government officials of their governmental powers for illegitimate, usually secret, private gain. He was pointed that politicians forgot the main ethical, political, moral principals. Favoring relatives or personal friends became too many powerful. Professor was sure that the nations will have to try the way to identity and eliminate such kind politics and parties.

The doctoral dissertation examines party patronage in Lithuania. When analyzing the assumptions of the party patronage, the documents of the public sector organizations are analyzed, political parties and the party system that are active in Lithuania are discussed. Empirical research is based on semi-structured interviews with experts from different public policy areas. Empirical research has revealed that the party patronage practices in Lithuania have three main characteristics: the primary motivation of the application of party patronage is the control of the public sector institutions, the range of party patronage is larger than depth, which means that political parties seek to allocate persons to many institutions, but essentially - only in the most important positions, in addition, the Lithuanian public sector is characterized by significant differences in the level of party patronage between different fields.

The doctoral dissertation examines party patronage in Lithuania. When analyzing the assumptions of the party patronage, the documents of the public sector organizations are analyzed, political parties and the party system that are active in Lithuania are discussed. Empirical research is based on semi-structured interviews with experts from different public policy areas. Empirical research has revealed that the party patronage practices in Lithuania have three main characteristics: the primary motivation of the application of party patronage is the control of the public sector institutions, the range of party patronage is larger than depth, which means that political parties seek to allocate persons to many institutions, but essentially - only in the most important positions, in addition, the Lithuanian public sector is characterized by significant differences in the level of party patronage between different fields.

The doctoral dissertation examines party patronage in Lithuania. When analyzing the assumptions of the party patronage, the documents of the public sector organizations are analyzed, political parties and the party system that are active in Lithuania are discussed. Empirical research is based on semi-structured interviews with experts from different public policy areas. Empirical research has revealed that the party patronage practices in Lithuania have three main characteristics: the primary motivation of the application of party patronage is the control of the public sector institutions, the range of party patronage is larger than depth, which means that political parties seek to allocate persons to many institutions, but essentially - only in the most important positions, in addition, the Lithuanian public sector is characterized by significant differences in the level of party patronage between different fields.

The doctoral dissertation examines party patronage in Lithuania. When analyzing the assumptions of the party patronage, the documents of the public sector organizations are analyzed, political parties and the party system that are active in Lithuania are discussed. Empirical research is based on semi-structured interviews with experts from different public policy areas. Empirical research has revealed that the party patronage practices in Lithuania have three main characteristics: the primary motivation of the application of party patronage is the control of the public sector institutions, the range of party patronage is larger than depth, which means that political parties seek to allocate persons to many institutions, but essentially - only in the most important positions, in addition, the Lithuanian public sector is characterized by significant differences in the level of party patronage between different fields.

The doctoral dissertation examines party patronage in Lithuania. When analyzing the assumptions of the party patronage, the documents of the public sector organizations are analyzed, political parties and the party system that are active in Lithuania are discussed. Empirical research is based on semi-structured interviews with experts from different public policy areas. Empirical research has revealed that the party patronage practices in Lithuania have three main characteristics: the primary motivation of the application of party patronage is the control of the public sector institutions, the range of party patronage is larger than depth, which means that political parties seek to allocate persons to many institutions, but essentially - only in the most important positions, in addition, the Lithuanian public sector is characterized by significant differences in the level of party patronage between different fields.

The doctoral dissertation examines party patronage in Lithuania. When analyzing the assumptions of the party patronage, the documents of the public sector organizations are analyzed, political parties and the party system that are active in Lithuania are discussed. Empirical research is based on semi-structured interviews with experts from different public policy areas. Empirical research has revealed that the party patronage practices in Lithuania have three main characteristics: the primary motivation of the application of party patronage is the control of the public sector institutions, the range of party patronage is larger than depth, which means that political parties seek to allocate persons to many institutions, but essentially - only in the most important positions, in addition, the Lithuanian public sector is characterized by significant differences in the level of party patronage between different fields.

The doctoral dissertation examines party patronage in Lithuania. When analyzing the assumptions of the party patronage, the documents of the public sector organizations are analyzed, political parties and the party system that are active in Lithuania are discussed. Empirical research is based on semi-structured interviews with experts from different public policy areas. Empirical research has revealed that the party patronage practices in Lithuania have three main characteristics: the primary motivation of the application of party patronage is the control of the public sector institutions, the range of party patronage is larger than depth, which means that political parties seek to allocate persons to many institutions, but essentially - only in the most important positions, in addition, the Lithuanian public sector is characterized by significant differences in the level of party patronage between different fields.

The doctoral dissertation examines party patronage in Lithuania. When analyzing the assumptions of the party patronage, the documents of the public sector organizations are analyzed, political parties and the party system that are active in Lithuania are discussed. Empirical research is based on semi-structured interviews with experts from different public policy areas. Empirical research has revealed that the party patronage practices in Lithuania have three main characteristics: the primary motivation of the application of party patronage is the control of the public sector institutions, the range of party patronage is larger than depth, which means that political parties seek to allocate persons to many institutions, but essentially - only in the most important positions, in addition, the Lithuanian public sector is characterized by significant differences in the level of party patronage between different fields.

The paper focuses on the conceptualization of party patronage. The analysis of the usage of the term party patronage reveals several challenges: scholars from different fields use different definitions of party patronage, in addition same phenomena can be described by different concepts making it difficult to compare data from different surveys or analysis. Furthermore the term itself must be revised continuously as it can become out dated due to changing aspects of party patronage in modern world. To clarify the usage of term party patronage it is important to define contiguous phenomenon such as clientelism, politicization, state capture, pork barrel and corruption. Hence this paper suggests slightly modified conceptualization used by Kopecky et al.: party patronage as power of political parties to make personnel decisions in the public sector for Lithuanian social sciences. Party patronage is defined by three dimensions: who makes the decision, what are the decisions and where those decisions are made? In case of party patronage political parties acts as collective patrons and they make decisions of the personnel matter (hiring, promoting and transferring of public servants) in public sector. This conceptualization enables to show differences between party patronage and contiguous phenomenon. In short clientelism should be understood as an electoral resource of the political party, while party patronage should be understood as an organizational and governmental resource. Concept of politicization is closely connected to party patronage, however politicization is more suitable for public administrative studies as it is directed to the separation of bureaucrats and politicians while party patronage in political science puts attention on the political power of parties to make personal decisions. State capture is defined as systematic influence of business to government in order to obtain favorable legal and regulatory decisions. [.]

The paper focuses on the conceptualization of party patronage. The analysis of the usage of the term party patronage reveals several challenges: scholars from different fields use different definitions of party patronage, in addition same phenomena can be described by different concepts making it difficult to compare data from different surveys or analysis. Furthermore the term itself must be revised continuously as it can become out dated due to changing aspects of party patronage in modern world. To clarify the usage of term party patronage it is important to define contiguous phenomenon such as clientelism, politicization, state capture, pork barrel and corruption. Hence this paper suggests slightly modified conceptualization used by Kopecky et al.: party patronage as power of political parties to make personnel decisions in the public sector for Lithuanian social sciences. Party patronage is defined by three dimensions: who makes the decision, what are the decisions and where those decisions are made? In case of party patronage political parties acts as collective patrons and they make decisions of the personnel matter (hiring, promoting and transferring of public servants) in public sector. This conceptualization enables to show differences between party patronage and contiguous phenomenon. In short clientelism should be understood as an electoral resource of the political party, while party patronage should be understood as an organizational and governmental resource. Concept of politicization is closely connected to party patronage, however politicization is more suitable for public administrative studies as it is directed to the separation of bureaucrats and politicians while party patronage in political science puts attention on the political power of parties to make personal decisions. State capture is defined as systematic influence of business to government in order to obtain favorable legal and regulatory decisions. [.]

The paper focuses on the conceptualization of party patronage. The analysis of the usage of the term party patronage reveals several challenges: scholars from different fields use different definitions of party patronage, in addition same phenomena can be described by different concepts making it difficult to compare data from different surveys or analysis. Furthermore the term itself must be revised continuously as it can become out dated due to changing aspects of party patronage in modern world. To clarify the usage of term party patronage it is important to define contiguous phenomenon such as clientelism, politicization, state capture, pork barrel and corruption. Hence this paper suggests slightly modified conceptualization used by Kopecky et al.: party patronage as power of political parties to make personnel decisions in the public sector for Lithuanian social sciences. Party patronage is defined by three dimensions: who makes the decision, what are the decisions and where those decisions are made? In case of party patronage political parties acts as collective patrons and they make decisions of the personnel matter (hiring, promoting and transferring of public servants) in public sector. This conceptualization enables to show differences between party patronage and contiguous phenomenon. In short clientelism should be understood as an electoral resource of the political party, while party patronage should be understood as an organizational and governmental resource. Concept of politicization is closely connected to party patronage, however politicization is more suitable for public administrative studies as it is directed to the separation of bureaucrats and politicians while party patronage in political science puts attention on the political power of parties to make personal decisions. State capture is defined as systematic influence of business to government in order to obtain favorable legal and regulatory decisions. [.]