The paper deals with the contemporary Chinese capitalism. The author discusses key features of Chinese political economy in the context of profound transformation it currently undergoes. The author claims that the change is a dynamic process of adaptation of the Chinese state to external environment combined with a struggle of state institutions to retain political power and social legitimacy. As a result the transformation process may be described as multilinear, 50 instead of speaking about 'Chinese model of capitalism', it is more appropriate to use a plural form, and speak about 'Chinese models of capitalism'.
Through a comparison of Chinese and Chinese American (auto)biographical accounts, this article facilitates a transpacific literary exchange that tracks cultural persistence and diffusion, offers a transnational perspective on the alleged absence of indigenous Chinese autobiography and the controversial use of fake "Orientalist" material in Chinese American life-writing, and highlights the need for bicultural literacy in grappling with this literature. Contesting Frank Chin's categorical condemnation of autobiography (as a Western Christian contraption laden with self-hatred), I trace its manifestations in transpacific texts and the convergences in those texts: melding of autobiography and biography, salience of maternal legacies, and interdependent self-formation. Unlike the Chinese authors who lavish compliments on their forebears, however, the Chinese American authors do not scruple to disclose unseemly family secrets or to defy the boundaries between history and fiction—practices that some Asian American critics find vexing. I demonstrate that the critical qualms about Chinese American life-writing have to do with the politics of representation and that bicultural literacy can obviate cultural misreading.
Through a comparison of Chinese and Chinese American (auto)biographical accounts, this article facilitates a transpacific literary exchange that tracks cultural persistence and diffusion, offers a transnational perspective on the alleged absence of indigenous Chinese autobiography and the controversial use of fake "Orientalist" material in Chinese American life-writing, and highlights the need for bicultural literacy in grappling with this literature. Contesting Frank Chin's categorical condemnation of autobiography (as a Western Christian contraption laden with self-hatred), I trace its manifestations in transpacific texts and the convergences in those texts: melding of autobiography and biography, salience of maternal legacies, and interdependent self-formation. Unlike the Chinese authors who lavish compliments on their forebears, however, the Chinese American authors do not scruple to disclose unseemly family secrets or to defy the boundaries between history and fiction—practices that some Asian American critics find vexing. I demonstrate that the critical qualms about Chinese American life-writing have to do with the politics of representation and that bicultural literacy can obviate cultural misreading.
Russian Federation is the closest Northern neighbour of China. Relations with Russia are thus in the center of Chinese geopolitical and economic interests are nowadays. In 1990-2010 socio-economic and political cooperation between the two countries got more dynamic and presented the following features: cross-border labor increased; the amount of investments and trade increased; new forms of migration appeared, and intercultural exchanges between the populations intensified. The transformation of socio-economic and political relations changed also the style of living and infrastructure of the border regions of Russia and China. The objective of the present paper is to probe the links between the Chinese investments and migration of the Chinese to Russia in the period 1990-2012. The paper proceeds thus in the following four steps: brief description of investments and trade exchange between Russia and China; analysis of migration flows between China and Russia in the new economic context; categorization of Chinese migration to Russia and of economic activities of Chinese diaspora and their links to investment; analysis of specificities of socio-economic adaptation of Chinese migrants in Russia. ; The MPC is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union
The post-Suharto era is an exciting period for Chinese Indonesians and other minority ethnic groups in Indonesia. After over three decades of cultural and political repression, Chinese Indonesians are now being given the opportunity to express their identity. The re-emergence of Chinese religion, language, and press in Indonesia since the end of the New Order, has had a significant impact on the development of ethnic Chinese identity. The strongly anti-Chinese sentiment expressed in the May 1998 riots in Jakarta and elsewhere in Indonesia, including the looting of Chinese-owned shops and businesses and the racially-motivated rapes, drastically altered the position of the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia. Psychologists from the University of Indonesia who studied the post-trauma experience of Indonesian Chinese have pointed to the identity crisis they experienced in the aftermath of the riots.
leyds-60-7419.pdf created from original pamphlet in the WJ Leyds Collection held in the Africana Section of the Stellenbosch University Library and Information Service. ; Dr Macnamara insists Lord Milner's unconcealed partisanship in favour of indentured Chinese Labour in the Transvaal is a grave scandal. Natal and the Cape are keenly against the introduction of Chinese labourers into South Africa.
China has a rich history of aquaculture dating back more than 2000 years. After China instituted economic reforms in the late 1970s, farmers and local governments rapidly increased aquaculture production. Today China is by far the largest producer and exporter of aquaculture products in the world. Aquaculture has been tremendously helpful in providing Chinese farmers with a way to diversify their production in a profitable manner; however, a number of issues face the industry today threaten to undermine its continued success. This paper investigates these issues with specific emphasis on those issues most affecting small farmers. It utilizes interviews and field research in addition to data analysis to draw conclusions about the state of aquaculture in China. Throughout, this paper focuses on how aquaculture can be better utilized to increase the economic wellbeing of rural Chinese. The results of this research suggest that an array of issues ranging from transportation to pharmaceutical regulation hinder further development in the industry.
China has a rich history of aquaculture dating back more than 2000 years. After China instituted economic reforms in the late 1970s, farmers and local governments rapidly increased aquaculture production. Today China is by far the largest producer and exporter of aquaculture products in the world. Aquaculture has been tremendously helpful in providing Chinese farmers with a way to diversify their production in a profitable manner; however, a number of issues face the industry today threaten to undermine its continued success. This paper investigates these issues with specific emphasis on those issues most affecting small farmers. It utilizes interviews and field research in addition to data analysis to draw conclusions about the state of aquaculture in China. Throughout, this paper focuses on how aquaculture can be better utilized to increase the economic wellbeing of rural Chinese. The results of this research suggest that an array of issues ranging from transportation to pharmaceutical regulation hinder further development in the industry.
Discourse analysis of different languages of newspapers in Kazakhstan reveals that Kazakhstanis' views toward China and the Chinese are divided. The official discourse in both state-sponsored Russian and Kazakh newspapers is in accordance with the country's policy toward further engagement with their rising Chinese neighbor. However, negative stereotypes of China and the Chinese, as well as sinophobia, are pervasive in private Kazakh language newspapers. Private Russian newspapers have a more nuanced view toward China, with a hidden inclination toward being critical of that country and its people. Although the majority of these societal voices do not have a direct impact on changing the national policies of Kazakhstan, they are important in the sense that Kazakhstan's ruling elite must continue to gauge social views and to placate differences in order to secure the stability and legitimacy of the regime. ; Peer reviewed
The Chinese New Year is by far the most important holiday in China. Millions of Factory Workers leave their homes and live in dormitories by the factories they work in and they never see their families except for the Chinese New Year and the Fall Harvest celebration. Factories close, many restaurants and small businesses close and all those who have families go back to their "home towns" and stay for a few weeks. The trains are so jammed full that folks are standing in the aisles. If for any reason trains are delayed, chaos immediately erupts. If the delay is too long folks are even trampled to death because of the desperation to get home. The front doors of homes are decorated with 12-inch-wide red strips above the door and down the sides of the door. Chinese characters are written on each strip in large black or gold Chinese characters. The messages are all wishing everyone happiness, prosperity, health and longevity. Decorations of large fish and dragons are everywhere. Each new year has a special name. The year of the rabbit or year of the dog or year of the tiger, etc. and large pictures of the animal of the year are everywhere. The garden centers and flower shops are selling peach tree branches with new blossoms, chrysanthemums of all colors, poinsettias and orange trees with small ornamental oranges. The orange trees and peach blossom branches come from very small to gigantic in size. These four things are attractively arranged in all the hotels, restaurants and stores as well as private homes, much the same as our Christmas tree. The official Chinese New Year Celebration goes on for 7 days. The dates change every year, based on the Solar Calendar. New Year's Eve is a big family/friend night with feasts in restaurants and homes where folks are watching a FOUR-HOUR GOVERNMENT PRODUCED EXTRAVAGANZA TALENT SHOW by the country's top Chinese Celebrities. They feast on sunflower seeds, peanuts, walnuts, fruits and candy. They play table games well into the night. At Midnight the TV show is ended and then they go outside, and entire cities and villages are ablaze with FIREWORKS that last for hours. The celebration continues for days until the Chinese New Year is over.
Based largely on essays discussed at a conference sponsored by the American Council of Learned Societies' Committee on Studies of Chinese Civilization and the East Asian Research Center of Harvard University. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.
In dieser ethnographisch-soziologischen Fallstudie wird die Geschichte der chinesischen Immigration in Bukarest nach 1990 in ihrer Besonderheit und ihren allgemeinen Strukturen nachvollzogen. Dies geschieht durch eine Doppelperspektive auf den Fall: Die Rekonstruktion der diskursiven (Re-)Präsentation des Falles als methodisch-analytische Vorstufe wurde einer anschließenden historischen Rekon-struktion der erlebten Geschichte der Migranten vorangestellt. Die anschließende Kontrastierung der Ergebnisse aus beiden Analyseschritten diente der Heraus-arbeitung vorher noch nicht sichtbarer Interdependenzen und Bezüge zwischen diesen beiden Ebenen. Mit anderen Worten: Die diskursive Ebene und die historische bzw. erlebte Ebene bilden gemeinsam und in Verschränkung miteinander die konstitutive/n Struktur/en des Falles: Erstens geht es um die Besonderheit der Post-1989-Migration von China nach Rumänien im Kontext von Transformationen. So ist für die Struktur und den Verlauf des Falles bestimmend, dass sich mehrere Wandlungsprozesse sowohl im Herkunfts- als auch im Einwanderungskontext zugleich ereigneten. Dazu gehören die Globalisierung allgemein sowie die als Transformationen bezeichneten Prozesse in China seit 1978 und in Rumänien seit 1989. Auf nationaler, lokaler Ebene sowie auf der Ebene der alltäglichen sozialen Wirklichkeit der Stadtbevölkerung und der Immigranten in Bukarest war zu beobachten, dass diese mit rapiden Veränderungen konfrontiert waren und sind. So kamen zu Beginn der 1990er Jahre einige Pioniere mit Koffern voll China-Ware in Bukarest an und verkauften ihre Ware auf den unzähligen kleinen Straßenmärkten der Stadt. Im Jahr 2007 befindet sich auf einem großen Areal am Stadtrand von Bukarest ein Baukomplex aus acht großen Shopping-Malls. Chinesische UnternehmerInnen investieren nun in Großprojekte wie etwa der Telekommunikation in Rumänien. Neu ist auch die Rekrutierung von chinesischen Textilarbeiterinnen durch rumänische Unternehmer. Diese Entwicklung hängt mit dem gegenwärtigen Mangel an rumänischen Arbeitskräften aufgrund der Auswanderungs-wellen aus Rumänien zusammen. Charakteristisch ist jedoch, dass diese ge-sellschaftlich tiefgreifenden Änderungen, die nicht nur die hier genannten öko-nomischen, sondern auch politische und soziale Konsequenzen haben, in einem starken Kontrast dazu stehen, dass ihre soziale Wirklichkeit in der Forschung, der Politik und Öffentlichkeit unbeachtet und unbekannt blieb. Als zweites Themenfeld ist das Spannungsverhältnis von lokalen und globalen Prozessen für die Geschichte der Migranten zu nennen. Dabei sind die Bedeutung der "Verortung" einerseits und die der Transnationalität andererseits strukturbildend für die Fallgeschichte. Dabei spielte die Auseinandersetzung mit dem wissenschaftlichen Transnationalismuskonzept eine besondere Rolle: Dieses behandelte ich als theo-retischen Diskurs, der zunächst kritisch betrachtet wurde. Die Frage, ob und wie die chinesische Community in Bukarest transnational lebt und was transnationale Lebens-formen sein könnten, wurde empirisch beantwortet. Drittens habe ich unter Bezugnahme auf das Konzept des sozialen Deutungsmusters aufgezeigt, dass Informalität als soziales Konstrukt auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen fallbestimmend ist. Informalisierungsprozesse sowie damit verbundene Illegalisierung und Kriminalisierung der Migranten in Europa bilden also ein weiteres Themenfeld der Fallstruktur. Schließlich stellt die gesellschaftliche Konstruktion kultureller Deutungsmuster über chinesische Migranten ein viertes zentrales Thema der Fallstruktur dar. Die chinesischen Migranten in Bukarest leben im Fadenkreuz unterschiedlicher Zuschreibungen. Im Herkunftsland werden sie als patriotische Kapitalisten, die Moder-nität ins Land bringen, gefeiert. In Europa werden sie der internationalen Welle 'illegaler Migration' zugeordnet und auf Kriminelle und/oder Opfer reduziert. In Bukarest leben sie mit und in Konkurrenz der Bewertungen bzw. Abwertungen von Minderheitengruppen, wie etwa der Roma-Minderheit. Diese Bewertungen und Zuschreibungen haben mehrere Konsequenzen. Eine davon ist, dass chinesische Immigranten in Bukarest es gelernt haben, mit diesen aktiv umzugehen. So wurde deutlich, dass sich kulturelle Deutungsmuster nicht nur habituell verankern oder als biographisches Kapital gelebt werden, sondern situationsangemessen genutzt oder sogar teilsweise inszeniert werden, mit dem Ziel, einen Weg in die Gesellschaft zu finden und in dieser als Minderheitengruppe in eine respektierte Position zu gelangen. ; Based on a case study on the new Chinese migrant network in Bucharest, this dissertation shed light onto this new migration pattern that has neither been investigated nor considered an important political matter in Europe. On the contrary, the issue of immigration has been consciously ignored by the Romanian public and was considered a 'taboo' for Romanian state agencies during the first half of the 1990s. Combining a variety of ethnographic methods, the following research-questions were addressed: Why and how are those immigrants 'kept secret'? How are Chinese migrants regarded or represented in Europe and in the society of Bucharest? And what is the story behind these discourses? In this study, I reconstruct the historical development of the new Chinese migration wave to Eastern Europe, the immigration process during the early 'wild' years of transition in the 1990s and, finally, the rise and development of Chinese markets in Romania resulting in an urban project called 'Chinatown of Bucharest.' In particular, I intend to highlight with this the complexity of the immigrants' network-building during this process, which implicates both their social embeddedness in the 'transition-society' as well as their transnational links to 'homeland'.
Over 50 experts on China and the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) gathered at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, from October 1-3, to attend the 2004 Chinese Crisis Management Conference. Cosponsored by the Heritage Foundation, American Enterprise Institute, and the U.S. Army War College, the conference participants discussed a framework for analyzing Chinese decisionmaking during crises, and examined historical examples of domestic, regional, and international crises and how the Chinese government dealt with them.
Lectures delivered March, 1902, at Columbia University, New York, to inaugurate the Foundation by General Horace W. Carpentier of the Dean Lung Chair of Chinese. ; The Chinese language.--A Chinese library.--Democratic China.--China and ancient Greece.--Taoism.--Some Chinese manners and customs. ; Mode of access: Internet.
