Suchergebnisse

Bangladesh, a developing country located in South Asia, is one of the most environmentally vulnerable countries in the world. Global warming and climate change affect the country's ecological balance, imposing threats to the existence of humans and animals, especially in flood-prone areas. Natural calamities, including floods, upsurges, cyclones, droughts, and so on, frequently hit some parts of the country. Bangladesh has already encountered massive floods in 1974 and 1988; the giant cyclones in 1970 and 1991; Sidr in 2007, and Ayla in 2009. Floods occur almost every year; as a result, many places of the country are submerged, and people suffer colossal losses—often, their houses and crops are washed away. Many families turn homeless and destitute, living in extreme poverty, and die of hunger. Global warming and climate change are also responsible for heavy rain inundating several cities and for drought destroying crops. The government of Bangladesh attempts to draw international attention to the impacts of global warming and climate change in different forums. In COP26, which took place in Glasgow in November 2021, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh seriously addressed the issue and sought the attention of world leaders to take steps to redress the impacts of climate change and global warming. This study attempts to delve into the environmental issues, COP26, and the effects of climate change and global warming in Bangladesh.

International audience ; Previous studies have reported a decrease in air pollution levels following the enforcement of lockdown measures during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, these investigations were mostly based on simple pre-post comparisons using past years as a reference and did not assess the role of different policy interventions. This study contributes to knowledge by quantifying the association between specific lockdown measures and the decrease in NO 2 , O 3 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10 levels across 47 European cities. It also estimated the number of avoided deaths during the period. This paper used new modelled data from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) to define business-as-usual and lockdown scenarios of daily air pollution trends. This study applies a spatio-temporal Bayesian non-linear mixed effect model to quantify the changes in pollutant concentrations associated with the stringency indices of individual policy measures. The results indicated non-linear associations with a stronger decrease in NO 2 compared to PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentrations at very strict policy levels. Differences across interventions were also identified, specifically the strong effects of actions linked to school/workplace closure, limitations on gatherings, and stay-at-home requirements. Finally, the observed decrease in pollution potentially resulted in hundreds of avoided deaths across Europe.

Education inspectors carry out mediation actions in educational centers on a regular basis, this being a highly valued task by all sectors of the educational community. This work makes an approximation to the Alternative Dispute Resolution, later focusing on the regulatory support that each autonomous legislator gives for the exercise of this attribution. A comparative analysis of the regulations of the seventeen Autonomous Communities and the Autonomous Cities of Ceuta and Melilla has been carried out, reaching the conclusion that the regulatory protection is disparate, with a group of Communities that regulate and explain these actions and another group that directly ignore them. ; Los inspectores e inspectoras de educación realizan actuaciones de mediación en los centros educativos de forma habitual, siendo esta una labor muy valorada por todos los sectores de la comunidad educativa. Este trabajo supone una aproximación a los métodos alternativos de resolución de conflictos, centrándose posteriormente en el amparo normativo que cada legislador autonómico otorga para el ejercicio de esta atribución. Se ha realizado un análisis comparativo de la normativa de las diecisiete Comunidades Autónomas y de las Ciudades Autónomas de Ceuta y Melilla, llegando a la conclusión de que el amparo normativo es dispar, existiendo un grupo de Comunidades que regulan y explicitan estas actuaciones y otro grupo que directamente las obvian.

In an effort to achieve Indonesia's welfare, one of the Government's policies that will be implemented is the implementation and implementation of the transmigration program. In general, the transmigration program offered by the government to all people without knowing their economic and family background so that the transmigration program is not well targeted. Based on the background of the problem in this research, how to design, build, develop and implement Fuzzy C-Means Clustering on the Mapping System in East Java province for the classification of Cities/Regencies that have the potential for Transmigration. The data was obtained from data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of East Java Province. The results obtained using the optimal Fuzzy C-Means method with 3 clusters. ; Dalam upaya mencapai kesejahteraan Indonesia, salah satu kebijakan Pemerintah yang akan dilaksanakan adalah penyelenggaraan dan pelaksanaan program transmigrasi. Pada Umumnya program transmigrasi yang ditawarkan oleh Pemerintah kepada semua masyarakat tanpa mengetahui latar belakang ekonomi dan keluarganya sehingga program transmigrasi tidak tepat sasaran. Berdasarkan latar belakang masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana cara merancang, membangun, mengembangkan dan mengimplementasikan Fuzzy C-Means Clustering pada Sistem Pemetaan di provinsi Jawa TImur untuk klasifikasi Kota/Kabupaten yang berpotensi Transmigrasi. Data diperoleh dari data Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Provinsi Jawa Timur. Hasil yang didapat dengan menggunakan metode Fuzzy C-Means optimal dengan 3 claster.

Forecasting broiler meat production is very important to avoid a deficit or lack of broiler meat availability so that the nutrition of the people of Cilegon city can be fulfilled. The Cilegon Livestock Service has a record of fluctuating chicken production every year. Data were obtained from the distribution of broiler production in the city of Cilegon. However, this does not guarantee that the amount of chicken production in Cilegon City follows the demand. For this reason, it is necessary to conduct research using the dynamic system method. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that affect the availability of chickens, create a broiler availability system through a dynamic system, and calculate the level of chicken availability in the city of Cilegon. The results of the dynamic system simulation show that the research shows that in 2022-2026 the demand for broilers is experiencing an increasing trend, but the production of broilers is in deficit. In the years 2022-2026, the demand for chicken meat is increasing and the availability is insufficient with a very significant difference. Therefore, through this research, the Cilegon City Government must increase the production of broilers in Cilegon City by increasing the number of breeders and opening up import opportunities from other cities so that the needs of broilers in Cilegon City can be fulfilled.

The Chinese government is promoting a waste classification policy to solve the increasingly serious issue of cities being besieged by waste. Only few studies investigate whether residents' understanding of garbage classification policy has an impact on their garbage classification behaviour and the nature of such impact. The purposes of this study are twofold: first, to explore conceptually the mechanism behind any moderating effects of perceived policy effectiveness (PPE) on waste classification and, second, to examine empirically if and how PPE influences the relationships between attitude (ATT), subjective norm (SN), perceived behaviour control (PBC), awareness of consequence (AC) and waste classification intention (WCI). The conceptual model of the study is developed by combining insights from the theory of planned behaviour, norm activation theory and value–belief–norm theory. A total of 351 questionnaires were administered in person to households in Bengbu, China. The results based on structural equation modelling with partial least squares show that PPE negatively moderates the relationship between AC and WCI. AC is more strongly related with the intention to classify waste when PPE is weaker. Likewise, when PPE is higher, people's awareness of consequences becomes less important for WCI. The findings have significant implications in policymakers' developing guidelines and offer a framework for implementing more effective waste classification policy.

Return to work is one of the most significant barriers to breastfeeding (BF). Family-friendly policies are critical to ensure that BF and maternal work are not mutually exclusive. This study aims to determine contextual factors and underlying mechanisms influencing the implementation of workplace policies in Mexico. Following a qualitative approach, the study was conducted in the following four cities in Mexico: Mérida, Chihuahua, Guadalajara, and Monterrey. Interviews were conducted in 14 workplaces, and included 49 (potential) beneficiaries, 41 male employees, and 21 managers and human resources personnel. The information collected was analyzed through a deductive thematic analysis and mapped against the Context-Mechanism-Outcome framework of Breastfeeding Interventions at the Workplace. Contextual factors influencing a BF-friendly environment in the workplace were as follows: work-schedule flexibility, provision of lactation services (i.e., BF counseling) other than a lactation room, women's previous experience with BF and family-friendly environments in the workplace. The underlying mechanisms enabling/impeding a BF-friendly environment at the workplace were as follows: awareness of Mexican maternity protection legislation, usage of BF interventions in the workplace, culture, supervisor/co-worker support and BF-friendly physical space. To achieve a BF-friendly environment in the workplace, actions at the level of public policy and workplaces must accompany adherence to Mexican legislation.

The recent coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has wreaked havoc on the global economy, causing major shifts in energy use and output patterns. For some countries, this has had a significant effect on energy demand and carbon emissions, at least in the short term. Since the United Arab Emirates is currently exerting many efforts towards sustainability, it is important to assess and understand the impacts of the pandemic and the lockdown measurements on the local energy sectors. Data for this analysis were gathered by the Sharjah Electricity Water & Gas Authority (SEWA) for Sharjah City which is the capital of the Emirate of Sharjah. The changes in electricity after the implementation of quarantine and lockdown-like measures were assessed, and the results indicate that the electric power demand in Sharjah City was reduced in the commercial, industrial, and agricultural sectors, whereas the residential and government sectors witnessed a higher power demand. The overall electricity consumption in the year 2020 was reduced by 1.04% in comparison with previous years including 2016 to 2019. The results of this study indicate that the changes in electricity consumption were minimal in Sharjah City as compared to other cities around the world. However, this paper highlights the importance of governmental response during and after a pandemic, and the possible impacts that lockdowns could potentially have in the energy industry worldwide.

Abstract
The recent mass migration of Venezuelans to Colombia has become a focal point for economists interested in the labor market effects of migration in developing countries. Existing papers studying this migration wave have consistently found negative effects on the hourly wages of native Colombians, which are most concentrated among less-educated natives working in the informal sector. However, the magnitude and significance of this wage effect varies substantially across papers. I explore the potential specification choices that drive this variation. Differences in how migration is measured are particularly important: exclusion of a subset of migrants from the migration measure, according to characteristics such as time of arrival, amounts to an omitted-variable bias that will tend to inflate the estimated wage effect. In my own analysis based on the total migration rate across 79 metropolitan areas and by using an instrument based on historical migrant locations, I estimate a native hourly wage effect of −1.05% from a 1 percentage point increase in the migrant share or an effect of −0.59% after controlling for regional time trends, alongside little-to-no effect on native employment. Native movements across occupation skill groups and geography are small and do not play a meaningful role in mitigating local wage effects. Wage effects are also larger in cities that have a higher baseline informality rate and lower ease of starting a business.

The increasing and disproportionate impacts associated with disaster risk and climate change risk in cities and the urgency for action have sparked academic and policy debates about transformation in the context of urban disaster risk management and climate change adaptation. Yet, the vague, ambiguous and diverse understandings of the concept of transformation, combined with a lack of empirical grounding, deter the possibilities of its application in policy and practice, including a constructive engagement with municipal governments in leveraging fundamental change. Building upon the amalgamation of insights from sociological institutionalism, policy process research and complexity theories in organisation studies, the paper proposes an institutionalisation framework as a heuristic device to make sense of transformation. The framework unpacks types, mechanisms and agents of change across three phases – emergence, embeddedness and sustained change – and is applied to analyse the experience of the municipal government of Santa Fe, Argentina, with disaster risk management over a decade. The findings confirm the two productive tensions that traction transformation, namely, change/stability and leadership/networked spaces, and that the loci of fundamental change are distributed across time, space and agentic actors. The framework and case study jointly illustrate intervention points for municipal governments to catalyse transformative change when advancing urban disaster risk management.

This article aims to enhance understanding of the role of place in urban leadership by examining the way leadership changed significantly following the introduction of mayoral governance into a UK city. In 2012 ten cities in England held referendums to decide whether to introduce a directly elected mayor model of leadership. Bristol was the only city to vote in favour of this radical change and the Bristol Civic Leadership Project, set up before the first mayor was elected in November 2012, was designed to discover what differences the directly elected mayor model might make to the leadership and governance of a city. This article addresses two important questions: 1) Does the institutional design of local governance in a place influence leadership effectiveness? And 2) How, if at all, do the leadership styles of the individual elected as mayor affect the quality of place-based governance? The article identifies three main reasons why place is important in public policy – expression of identity, strengthening democracy and enhancing governmental effectiveness - and considers how the leadership innovations in Bristol engage with these three dimensions of place. As well as presenting evidence documenting how bold civic leadership has transformed the governance of a particular British city, the article contributes to leadership studies by exploring the relationships between place, power, and leadership.

Los procesos de expansión y desarrollo que experimentan las grandes urbes latinoamericanas, frecuentemente se adelantan a los de planificación y ordenación territorial implicando rupturas o discontinuidades entre las necesidades de la población y los servicios públicos disponibles, creando nuevos contextos democrático-culturales donde el espacio público adquiere nuevos significados y expectativas para garantizar la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos a través de instalaciones urbanas como es el caso de los parques. En este contexto, el presente estudio analiza cinco parques urbanos del cantón Manta, aplicando un instrumento dirigido a conocer aspectos de "uso y preferencia" y "percepción de calidad". Los resultados abordan el nivel de satisfacción de los usuarios en aspectos de calidad del parque. ; The expansion and development processes experienced by large Latin American cities frequently precede those of planning and land use, implying ruptures or discontinuities between the needs of the population and the available public services, creating new democratic-cultural contexts where public space acquires new meanings and expectations to guarantee the quality of life of citizens through urban facilities such as parks. In this context, this study analyzes five urban parks in the city of Manta, applying an instrument aimed at knowing aspects of "use and preference" and "perception of quality". The results address the level of user satisfaction in quality aspects of the park.

This study was conducted to measure the impact of economic growth, human development index, agglomeration, unemployment rate, and local government spending on regional development disparities in South Sulawesi Province in 2014-2020. The novelty of this research is that it uses Panel Data Regression Analysis with the Random Effect Model (REM) approach and uses the Williamson Index to measure the level of disparity. Based on the results of panel data regression analysis using the REM approach, it shows that the variables of economic growth and local government spending have a negative and significant effect on disparities between regions, the human development index variable and the unemployment rate have no effect on disparities between regions, and agglomeration variables have a positive and positive effect. significant to the disparity between regions. Taken together, the variables of economic growth, human development index, agglomeration, unemployment rate and local government spending have an effect on disparities between districts/cities in South Sulawesi Province in 2014-2020. The implications of this research are, among others, to encourage development in South Sulawesi Province, it is necessary to improve the quality of human resources and the role of the government in developing the potential of each sector equally in order to reduce regional development disparities that occur.

International audience ; Previous studies have reported a decrease in air pollution levels following the enforcement of lockdown measures during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, these investigations were mostly based on simple pre-post comparisons using past years as a reference and did not assess the role of different policy interventions. This study contributes to knowledge by quantifying the association between specific lockdown measures and the decrease in NO 2 , O 3 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10 levels across 47 European cities. It also estimated the number of avoided deaths during the period. This paper used new modelled data from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) to define business-as-usual and lockdown scenarios of daily air pollution trends. This study applies a spatio-temporal Bayesian non-linear mixed effect model to quantify the changes in pollutant concentrations associated with the stringency indices of individual policy measures. The results indicated non-linear associations with a stronger decrease in NO 2 compared to PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentrations at very strict policy levels. Differences across interventions were also identified, specifically the strong effects of actions linked to school/workplace closure, limitations on gatherings, and stay-at-home requirements. Finally, the observed decrease in pollution potentially resulted in hundreds of avoided deaths across Europe.

International audience ; Previous studies have reported a decrease in air pollution levels following the enforcement of lockdown measures during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, these investigations were mostly based on simple pre-post comparisons using past years as a reference and did not assess the role of different policy interventions. This study contributes to knowledge by quantifying the association between specific lockdown measures and the decrease in NO 2 , O 3 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10 levels across 47 European cities. It also estimated the number of avoided deaths during the period. This paper used new modelled data from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) to define business-as-usual and lockdown scenarios of daily air pollution trends. This study applies a spatio-temporal Bayesian non-linear mixed effect model to quantify the changes in pollutant concentrations associated with the stringency indices of individual policy measures. The results indicated non-linear associations with a stronger decrease in NO 2 compared to PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentrations at very strict policy levels. Differences across interventions were also identified, specifically the strong effects of actions linked to school/workplace closure, limitations on gatherings, and stay-at-home requirements. Finally, the observed decrease in pollution potentially resulted in hundreds of avoided deaths across Europe.