Suchergebnisse

25.5% of all African descendants in Colombia reside in the city of Cali representing 26% of the total population of the city. In this way, Cali is one of the cities with the highest Afro-Colombian population in the country. The city has been the principal center of attraction for migrant populations from the South Pacific Coast of Colombia in which the Afro-Colombian population is prevalent. These regions are the poorest in the country. Informal vending in Cali is carried out primarily by rural and/or internally displaced migrants. In this paper, I am interested in finding out if Afro-Colombians endure a higher marginality and discrimination rate as street vendors than the self-identified mestizos and white or if, on the contrary, both groups face similar levels of discrimination. Thus, I intend to find out if black bodies are marked by discourses of undesirability and crime in public spaces in Cali. Additionally, informal street vending is understood by urban scholars as well as the government of Cali as a class struggle. This understanding effectively deracializes the informal vending landscape, while also reifying the invisibility of black racialized bodies in equality discourses. Many authors claim that the current problem in Colombia of recognizing the diverse racial composition of informal vendors and understanding these struggles only through class impedes a well thought out discernment of the social and economic realities faced by racialized bodies in public spaces. ; El 25.5% de todos los afrodescendientes en Colombia residen en la ciudad de Cali, lo que representa el 26% de la población total de la ciudad. De esta manera, Cali es una de las ciudades con mayor población afrocolombiana del país. La ciudad ha sido el principal centro de atracción para las poblaciones migrantes de la costa del Pacífico Sur de Colombia en la que prevalece la población afrocolombiana. La venta informal en Cali es llevada a cabo principalmente por migrantes rurales y/o desplazados internos. En este artículo, me interesa saber si los afrocolombianos sufren una mayor marginalidad y discriminación como vendedores ambulantes que los auto identificados como mestizos y blancos o si, por el contrario, ambos grupos enfrentan niveles similares de discriminación. Por lo tanto, propongo averiguar si los cuerpos negros están marcados por discursos de indeseabilidad y crimen en los espacios públicos de esta ciudad. Adicionalmente, este fenómeno es entendido por los académicos urbanos, así como por el gobierno de Cali como una lucha de clases. Esta comprensión ratifica la invisibilidad de los cuerpos racializados negros en los discursos de igualdad. Muchos autores afirman que el problema actual en Colombia de reconocer la composición racial diversa de los vendedores informales y entender estas luchas sólo a través de las clases impide un discernimiento bien pensado de las realidades sociales y económicas que enfrentan los cuerpos racializados en los espacios públicos. ; El 25.5% de todos los afrodescendientes en Colombia residen en la ciudad de Cali, lo que representa el 26% de la población total de la ciudad. De esta manera, Cali es una de las ciudades con mayor población afrocolombiana del país. La ciudad ha sido el principal centro de atracción para las poblaciones migrantes de la costa del Pacífico Sur de Colombia en la que prevalece la población afrocolombiana. La venta informal en Cali es llevada a cabo principalmente por migrantes rurales y/o desplazados internos. En este artículo, me interesa saber si los afrocolombianos sufren una mayor marginalidad y discriminación como vendedores ambulantes que los auto identificados como mestizos y blancos o si, por el contrario, ambos grupos enfrentan niveles similares de discriminación. Por lo tanto, propongo averiguar si los cuerpos negros están marcados por discursos de indeseabilidad y crimen en los espacios públicos de esta ciudad. Adicionalmente, este fenómeno es entendido por los académicos urbanos, así como por el gobierno de Cali como una lucha de clases. Esta comprensión ratifica la invisibilidad de los cuerpos racializados negros en los discursos de igualdad. Muchos autores afirman que el problema actual en Colombia de reconocer la composición racial diversa de los vendedores informales y entender estas luchas sólo a través de las clases impide un discernimiento bien pensado de las realidades sociales y económicas que enfrentan los cuerpos racializados en los espacios públicos.

Problem setting. Local self-government authorities have been given a wide range of functions and tasks under the decentralization in Ukraine. They are empowered to raise financial resources from various sources of income, to own and manage communal property, securities portfolios, and to raise loans for capital investment projects. But local self-government authorities can find themselves in a financial crisis for various reasons. There are limited resources of the territory (budgetary and extra-budgetary), inability to fulfil local budget revenue target indicators due to changes in regulations. Therefore, the international practice of financial security in public administration provides and clearly regulated default procedure of the local self-government authorities or municipal default (bankruptcy). In Ukraine the algorithm of behavior of local self-government authorities in the appearance of bankruptcy has remained neglected at the legislative level.Recent research and publications analysis. The issue of local self-government authorities' default is poorly researched both in economic theory and in public administration. Ukrainian scientists such as I. Babukh, A. Galchinsky, V. Kravchenko, N. Lubkay, I. Lunina, G. Monastyrsky, P. Nikiforov, S. Stetsenko emphasize the necessity to fulfill this niche in theoretical and practical terms. Mechanisms of implementation of procedures of local (municipal) bankruptcy are devoted to separate scientific works of S. Dyachenko, I. Sofinskaya, S. Yurii and others. However, a comprehensive solution to this problem and adaptation mechanisms for Ukraine has not been worked out yet.Highlighting previously unsolved parts of the general problem. Therefore, local self-government authorities' default procedures require thorough research and development of implementation the mechanisms in Ukraine.Paper main body. Unlike corporate bankruptcy, which can lead to the liquidation of a business entity, defaulting on a local self-government authority is a safeguard procedure. The purpose of the default procedure is to pay off the obligations to creditors and restore the financial self-sufficiency of the local self-government authority.The foreign experience of default mechanisms for local self-government authorities are examined in this work. The causes, consequences and ways of resolving the defaults of these cities are highlighted in this article.Local self-government authorities' defaults are classified into three main types. They are: a technical default arises from the non-performance of credit agreements that are not directly related to the payment of interest and principal; non-financial default implies the necessity to attract unplanned reserves for debt service or reserve loans; financial default, the most severe type, refers to the non-payment of interest or principal.Three basic elements of the mechanism of local self-government authorities' defaults are distinguished. There are: an identification of the entity initiating or deciding the default procedure; adjusting the local budget to ensure protected expenditures and ability to service a debt; negotiation procedures between the obligator and creditors to restructure the debt and potentially reducing it.The significance of development and regulatory consolidation of the algorithm behavior of local self-government authorities in case of bankruptcy signs is proved. The key functions of this legislation are identified.The peculiarities of the "extraordinary" budget, which is valid for the period of studying the legality of all decisions of the local self-government authorities, which probably led to the financial crisis, are considered.The list of management actions during the procedure of local self-government authorities' default aimed at overcoming the crisis is presented.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Local self-government authorities are becoming more susceptible to financial problems, which are more commonly experienced by private-sector organizations taken into account the significant empowerment of local self-government authorities under decentralization. The uniqueness of municipal default procedures is that the local self-government authorities are not private companies that can be sold and distributed if they cease to be successful. Therefore, the development of a clear mechanism for implementation the local self-government authorities' default procedure in Ukraine and the establishment of relevant criteria, conditions, and responsibilities in a separate legal act make actual further scientific studies of the local self-government authorities' features of the default procedure in Ukrainian realities. ; Розглянуто закордонний досвід механізмів дефолту органів місцевого самоврядування і проаналізовано стан наукової та практичної розробленості проблематики в Україні. Доведено актуальність розробки та нормативно-правового закріплення алгоритму поведінки органів місцевого самоврядування при появі ознак банкрутства. Визначено основі типи дефолтів органів місцевого самоврядування, базові елементи механізму їх врегулювання, функції профільного законодавства та наведено перелік управлінських дій, спрямованих на подолання фінансової кризової ситуації.

My own voice: where do the stories come from? To what extent do the voice of the State, the media and social organizations influence the life decisions of women community activists? With these questions I began this research work, in which I, a 35-year-old woman, who was born and raised in the city of Medellín, set out to recognize and document different forms of neighborhood participation and organization, led on a daily basis by women, with whom we confront different types of violence: economic, carried out by large companies that exploit quarries at the cost of the lives of the women and men who live on the outskirts of the city of Medellín; policies, exercised by the State, self-defense groups, paramilitaries and traffickers; the sexual ones, who attack us with different types of harassment, from the obligation to accept dolls and stuffed animals from self-imposed admirers to the violations practiced by the parents themselves; environmental ones, fostered by models of expansion and modernization of cities, which accumulate services and well-being at the expense of sanitary landfills and dumps; the media, which deal with the lives of populations that have been forced to migrate and those of women who have lost their loved ones in urban warfare, under media stereotypes that silence us and make us disappear; finally, the symbolic ones, in which customs, expectations and beliefs insist, for generations, on controlling the totality of our lives as women. Based on the self-review of my experience, I decided to turn the academic exercise of research and writing into one of affirmation of my presence, for myself and for others, with the conviction, political and sensitive, of inventing other memories and mobilize my own memory, and the memory in the name of which I have participated so many times by organizing public commemorations. In this effort to create another story for myself, I discovered what I announced in the first lines: our voice and our own words are conquered when we allow ourselves to listen to ourselves and everybody else. Keywords: auto-ethnography, violence testimonies, social movements-women, journalism, own voice, Medellín. ; La voz propia: ¿de dónde vienen los relatos? ¿Hasta dónde la voz del Estado, los medios de comunicación y las organizaciones sociales inciden en las decisiones de vida de las mujeres activistas comunitarias? Con estas preguntas inicié esta investigación, en la que yo, una mujer de 35 años, que nació y creció en la ciudad de Medellín, me propuse reconocer y documentar distintas formas de participación y organización barriales, lideradas cotidianamente por mujeres, con las que enfrentamos distintas violencias: las económicas, ejercidas por las grandes empresas que explotan las canteras a costa de la vida de las mujeres y hombres que habitamos en las periferias de la ciudad de Medellín; las políticas, ejercidas por el Estado, los grupos de autodefensa, los paramilitares y los traficantes; las sexuales, que nos atacan con acosos distintos, desde la obligación de aceptar muñecos y peluches de admiradores autoimpuestos hasta las violaciones practicadas por los propios padres; las ambientales, propiciadas por modelos de expansión y modernización de las ciudades, que acumulan servicios y bienestar a expensas de rellenos sanitarios y escombreras; las mediáticas, que tratan la vida de las poblaciones que nos hemos visto forzadas a migrar y las de las mujeres que han perdido a sus seres queridos en la guerra urbana, bajo estereotipos mediáticos que nos silencian y desaparecen; finalmente, las simbólicas, en las que las costumbres, expectativas y creencias insisten, por generaciones, en controlar la totalidad de nuestra vida de mujeres. A partir de la auto revisión de mi experiencia, me decidí por convertir el ejercicio académico de investigación y escritura en uno de afirmación de mi presencia, para mí misma y para otras, con la convicción política y sensible de contar otros recuerdos y movilizar mi propia memoria; la memoria en nombre de la que en tantas veces he participado organizando conmemoraciones públicas. En este esfuerzo de narrar otra historia descubrí lo que anuncié en las primeras líneas: la voz y la palabra propia se conquista cuando nos permitimos escucharnos y escuchar. Palabras claves: auto-etnografía, testimonios de violencias, movimientos sociales-mujeres, periodismo, voz propia, Medellín. ; Línea de Investigación: Historia, cultura y poder ; Maestría

Food sovereignty is achieved when local production has greater prominence; where food is prioritized for communities and producers have total control and access to the inputs necessary for food production. These conditions are not fully present in countries such as Colombia and Brazil, where most of the land is destined for raising livestock and producing commodities for export, relegating the local food producer to lands of lower quality and hard access. Urban agriculture is a phenomenon present in the main cities of Latin America, which has granted an income for migrant families from rural areas, but has also served as an environmental and food education tool for urban consumers who have lost connection with the origin of the food they consume. In the case of Bogotá Colombia, there have been numerous cases of urban agriculture for several decades; while, in Aracaju Brazil, it is much more recent and has been promoted mainly by the prefecture of the city as an alternative for income and food security for vulnerable populations. Through an agreement between the National University of Colombia and the Federal University of Sergipe, this research was carried out to make a comparative study of the experiences in urban agriculture both in Bogotá (Suba locality), and in Aracaju. Through a qualitative study, it was found that the main contribution for urban farmers interviewed was in guaranteeing their food and nutritional security through self-consumption and the marketing of surpluses. When analyzing these initiatives in light of the principles of food sovereignty, some elements are appreciated such as the location of food systems and the development of knowledge and skills for food production in urban conditions. However, still is needed progress in: value producers both by State and by civilian population, the degree of control that they exercise over the means of production and commercialization and their capacity for social and political influence to strengthen them. ; La soberanía alimentaria se logra cuando se le da mayor protagonismo a la producción local; donde se prioriza la alimentación para los pueblos y los productores cuentan con control y acceso de los insumos necesarios para la producción de alimentos. Estas condiciones no están del todo presentes en países como Colombia y Brasil, donde la mayor parte de la tierra está destinada para la cría de ganado y la producción de materias primas para exportación, relegando al productor local de alimentos a tierras de menor calidad y de difícil acceso. La agricultura urbana es un fenómeno presente en las principales ciudades de Latinoamérica, el cual ha brindado un medio de ingreso a familias migrantes de la zona rural, pero también ha servido como una herramienta de educación ambiental y alimentaria para los consumidores urbanos que han perdido conexión con el origen de los alimentos que consumen. En el caso de Bogotá Colombia, se han registrado numerosos casos de agricultura urbana desde hace varias décadas; mientras que, en Aracaju Brasil, es mucho más reciente y ha sido fomentada principalmente por la prefectura de la ciudad como una alternativa de ingreso y de seguridad alimentaria para poblaciones vulnerables. En el marco del convenio entre la Universidad Nacional de Colombia y la Universidade Federal de Sergipe, se realizó una pasantía de investigación que permitió llevar a cabo un estudio comparado de las experiencias en agricultura urbana tanto en Bogotá (localidad de Suba), como en Aracaju. Por medio de un estudio cualitativo se encontró que el principal aporte para los agricultores urbanos entrevistados estuvo en garantizar su seguridad alimentaria y nutricional por medio del autoconsumo y la comercialización de los excedentes. Al analizar estas iniciativas a la luz de los principios de la soberanía alimentaria, se aprecian algunos elementos como la localización de los sistemas de alimentación y el desarrollo de conocimiento y habilidades para la producción de alimentos en condiciones urbanas; sin embargo, todavía hace falta avanzar en: la valoración de los productores tanto por el Estado como por la población civil, el grado de control que estos ejercen sobre los medios de producción y comercialización y su capacidad de incidencia social y política para su fortalecimiento. ; Línea de Investigación: Seminario de Equidad, Derecho, Soberanía y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (EDSSAN) ; Maestría

In the context of social injustices, "informal settlements" arise in Colombian urban space as a result of the planning policies implemented according to the capitalist mode of production and the neoliberal model. On the basis of critical theory, the article analyzes the specific urban configurations produced by capital and provides a reflection on how these forms give rise to a control of space that generates injustices. In Colombia, cities are the result of social relations that create abstract spaces in which the monopoly of control allows for the maximization of profit. Urban planning, as a technical and scientific type of knowledge, is used by the hegemonic powers to control space, thus turning it into an ideology for its organization. This leads to a relation between knowledge and power that entails the production of social inequalities and polarizations, as well as an incorrect recognition or invisibilization of the different ways of producing space. Thinking in terms of justice grounded in social and political action can contribute to the redistribution of resources for "informal settlements" and to their recognition as spaces belonging "others".Main Ideas: Reflection paper on the urbanization process and territorial planning in Colombia, where capitalism has fostered the commodification of land and generated injustices reflected in the urban space through the so-called "informal settlements". ; As injustiças, no âmbito das desigualdades sociais, emergem no espaço urbano colombiano por meio de assentamentos informais, como consequência das formas de planejamento implantadas a partir do modo de produção capitalista e do modelo neoliberal. Com base na teoria crítica, é realizada uma análise das configurações urbanas específicas produto do capital e é apresentada uma reflexão sobre a maneira como essas formas produzem um domínio do espaço que leva a injustiças. Na Colômbia, a cidade responde a relações sociais que criam espaços abstratos, dentro dos quais funciona um monopólio de controle que permite a maximização da renda. O planejamento urbano, como saber técnico e científico, é utilizado por poderes hegemônicos para dominar o espaço, por isso se converte em ideologia para sua organização; é gerada, assim, uma relação entre saber e poder que implica a produção de desigualdades sociais e polarizações, bem como um reconhecimento equivocado ou uma invisibilização das maneiras de produzir o espaço. Pensar em termos de justiça, fundada em uma ação social e política, não somente pode contribuir para redistribuir recursos para os assentamentos informais, mas também para reconhecê-los como espaços "outros".Ideias destacadas: artigo de reflexão sobre a maneira como ocorre, na Colômbia, o processo de urbanização e o planejamento do território, a partir do predomínio do capitalismo, o que teria incentivado a mercantilização do solo, gerando injustiças que se refletem no espaço urbano por meio dos chamados "assentamentos informais". ; Las injusticias, en el marco de desigualdades sociales, emergen en el espacio urbano colombiano a través de "asentamientos informales", como consecuencia de las formas de planificación implementadas a partir del modo de producción capitalista y del modelo neoliberal. A través de la teoría crítica se realiza un análisis de las configuraciones urbanas específicas producto del capital y se presenta una reflexión sobre la manera como estas formas producen un dominio del espacio que deviene en injusticias. En Colombia la ciudad responde a unas relaciones sociales que crean espacios abstractos, dentro de los cuales funciona un monopolio de control que permite la maximización de la renta. La planificación urbana, en cuanto saber técnico y científico, es utilizada por poderes hegemónicos para el dominio del espacio, por lo que se convierte en ideología para su organización; se genera así una relación entre saber y poder que conlleva a la producción de desigualdades sociales y polarizaciones, así como, un reconocimiento erróneo o invisibilización de las maneras diferentes de producir el espacio. Pensar en términos de justicia, fundada en una acción social y política, no solo puede aportar a una redistribución de recursos para los "asentamientos informales", sino, además, a su reconocimiento como espacios "otros".Ideas destacadas: artículo de reflexión sobre la manera como se ha dado en Colombia el proceso de urbanización y la planificación del territorio, a partir del predominio del capitalismo, el cual habría incentivado la mercantilización del suelo, generando injusticias que se reflejan en el espacio urbano a través de los llamados "asentamientos informales".

Durant el segle passat, la llum artificial nocturna va augmentar en intensitat i extensió a tot el món. Encara que aquest fenomen ha permès el desenvolupament econòmic, també ha suposat que, avui dia, prop del 83% de la població mundial i el 99% de l'europea visqui sota cels contaminats lluminosament. Aquesta emissió de llum, principalment en forma d'enllumenat públic, comporta enormes despeses energètiques i afectacions a la salut humana. L'objectiu d'aquest treball és utilitzar imatges de satèl·lit per a comprendre millor l'evolució espacial i temporal de la contaminació lumínica Catalunya donada en els últims anys. A diferència del que seria d'esperar, l'emissió més gran de llum (radiància) es va produir en els mesos d'hivern i la més petita a l'estiu, patró que es va observar pràcticament a totes les comarques. Les ciutats, els ports i les vies de transport van ser les cobertes de sòl que més radiància van emetre: 36% del total amb només 4,2% de la superfície. Tot i que els ports van mostrar una tendència cap a la disminució, les vies de transport contaminaven a un ritme de gairebé 3nW/cm²/sr més cada any. Es pot concloure que les imatges mensuals del sensor VIIRS són molt adequades per a realitzar un seguiment de la contaminació lluminosa a escala regional, comarcal i fins i tot, municipal, mentre que, les imatges diàries haurien de deixar-se per a aplicacions molt específiques, ja que el seu ús és més complex. ; Durante el siglo pasado la luz artificial nocturna ha aumentado en intensidad y extensión en todo el mundo. Aunque este fenómeno ha permitido el desarrollo económico, también ha resultado en que cerca del 83% de la población mundial y el 99% de la europea viva bajo cielos contaminados lumínicamente. Esta emisión de luz en forma principalmente de alumbrado público resulta en enormes gastos energéticos y afectaciones a la salud humana. El objetivo de este trabajo es utilizar imágenes satelitales para comprender mejor la evolución espacial y temporal de la contaminación lumínica en Cataluña en años recientes. A diferencia de lo esperado, la mayor emisión de luz (radiancia) se produjo en los meses de invierno y la menor en verano, patrón que se vio prácticamente en todas las comarcas. Las ciudades, los puertos, y las vías de transporte fueron las cubiertas de suelo que más radiancia emitieron: 36% del total con sólo 4,2% de la superficie, a pesar de que los puertos muestran una tendencia a disminuir, las vías de transporte contaminan a un ritmo de casi 3 nW/cm2/sr más cada año. Se puede concluir que las imágenes mensuales del sensor VIIRS son muy adecuadas para realizar un seguimiento de la contaminación lumínica a nivel regional, comarcal e incluso municipal, mientras que las imágenes diarias deberían dejarse para aplicaciones muy específicos ya que su uso es más complejo. ; Throughout the last century, artificial night lights have become more intense and widespread all across the world. Even though this has clearly enabled economic development and growth, it has also resulted in nearly 83% of the world's and 99% of Europe's population living under light-polluted skies. This pollution, which comes mainly from public street lighting, translates into big energy costs for governments and problems to human health. The main objective of this work, is to use satellite images to better understand the spatial and temporal evolution of light pollution in Catalonia in recent years. Contrary to what was expected, more radiance was emitted during the winter months than during the summer. This pattern was observed in practically every region. Cities, sports facilities and road and rail networks were the land-cover categories that emitted more radiance: 36% of the total while occupying just 4.2% of the land surface. Although ports are decreasing their light emissions, road and rail networks are increasing it by almost 3 nW/cm2/sr every year. It can be concluded that monthly night-light images provided by the VIIRS sensor can be very useful for monitoring light pollution at a regional, comarcal and even at a municipal level, on the other hand, daily images should be used only in very specific applications given their more challenging use.

Resumen: Los dispositivos móviles han irrumpido con fuerza en el sistema familiar delSiglo XXI,concretamente los Smartphones y las Tablet por su versatilidad, estánimpactando en todas las dinámicas familiares, por lo que constituye un desafíoeducar a todos los miembros de la familia para integrarlos responsablemente. La presente investigación tiene la finalidad de describir el conocimiento que poseen las familias españolas en relación a los Smartphone y las Tablet, así como abordar la influencia de dichos dispositivos en la comunicación intrafamiliar. Para ello, se desarrolla una investigación cuantitativa no experimental de corte transversal, en la que han participado 1082 sujetos pertenecientes a las 17 comunidades autónomas y las 2 ciudades autonómicas que conforman el territorio nacional, a través de la cumplimentación de un cuestionario diseñado ad hoc, denominado ?Smartphone y Tablet en familia?, enviado a través de dos vías y, en dos momentos diferentes. La estructura de dicha herramienta, está compuesta por 7 dimensiones con un total de 91 ítems, analizándose en este artículo dos de las escalas del cuestionario. Los principales resultados muestran que las familias españolas tienen un conocimiento alto sobre los Smartphone y las Tablet, siendo los hombres y los miembros de la familia de menor edad, los que mayor conocimiento presentan. Igualmente, las familias valoran positivamente las posibilidades comunicativas que ofrece el Smartphone. Sin embargo, consideran que tanto la Tablet como el Smartphone repercuten negativamente en la atención de los menores del hogar. También se ha llegado a la conclusión de que es preciso promocionar, desde el ámbito político, educativo y familiar, tiempos y espacios comunicativos intrafamiliares presenciales y de calidad, a la vez que educar en el uso responsable de los dispositivos móviles con fines comunicativos, siendo los miembros de la familia de mayor edad, los garantes de un buen ejemplo a los menores. ; Abstract: Mobile devices have impacted on the family system of the 21st century, specifically Smartphone and Tablet for their versatility, are impacting on all family dynamics, so it is a challenge to educate all family members to integrate them responsibly. The purpose of this research is to describe the knowledge that Spanish families have in relation to Smartphone and Tablet, as well as to address the influence of these devices on intra-family communication. To this end, a nonexperimental quantitative research cross-sectional is being carried out, in which 1082 persons, belonging to the 17 Spanish autonomous communities and the 2 autonomous cities that make up the national territory have participated, by the answering of a questionnaire designed ad hoc. Tus toll called ?Smartphone and Tablet in the Family?, sent through two ways and, at two different times. The structure of this tool is composed of 7 dimensions with a total of 91 items, analyzing in this article two of the scales of the questionnaire. The main results show that Spanish families have a high level of knowledge about Smartphone and Tablet, with men and members of the younger family having the highest level of knowledge. Likewise, the families value positively the communicative possibilities offered by the Smartphone. However, they consider that both, the Tablet and the Smartphone, have a negative impact on the care of minors in the home. The conclusion has also been reached that it is necessary to promote, from the political, educational and family spheres, times and communicative spaces within the family that are presential and of quality, at the same time as educating in the responsible use of mobile devices for communicative purposes, ; Este trabajo se ha elaborado en el marco de Alfamed (Red Interuniversitaria Euroamericana de Investigación en Competencias Mediáticas para la Ciudadanía), con el apoyo del Proyecto I+D+I Coordinado "Competencias mediáticas de la ciudadanía en medios digitales emergentes (Smartphones y Tablets): practicas innovadoras y estrategias educomunicativas en contextos múltiples" (EDU2015-64015-C3-1-R) (MINECO/FEDER), y de la "Red de Educación Mediática" del Programa Estatal de Investigación Científica-Técnica de Excelencia, Subprograma Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento (EDU2016-81772-REDT), financiados por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) y Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España.

Despite the vast research on the recent urban development of Chinese coastal cities, little has been written on the current process of urban metamorphosis taking place in south-west China. Literature is predominantly focused on tracking down the changes in local urban planning through the explanation of zoning and gentrification patterns that are often depicted as a mere copycat of some "Western" megacities. Furthermore, the landscape is rarely considered as an active participant of the changing phase, being rather seen as the background on which human agency imposes itself: Despite offering a much more holistic vision of the problem, the relation between water and land management in urban areas is often underestimated in the field of Chinese studies. The area of research is located along the Yangzi River Basin, in the sector of the Chongqing Municipality, which is situated between the river and its local major tributary, the Jialing River. The watershed ecosystem created by the hills that surround the city, includes the aforementioned rivers as well as other tributary rivers, ditches, natural and artificial lakes, hot springs and underground water flows. This thesis investigates current practices of re-styling the image of the city of Chongqing through an analysis of urban and sub-urban district distribution of spaces of exclusion, i.e. gated communities, as a particular phenomenon entangled in new "comprehensive urban-rural planning" logics. Specifically, it is analyzed how the local administration makes use of the lakes, the main river shores, and the hot springs to carry out the urbanization process based on a pattern of gentrification and zoning. In fact, the watershed plays a fundamental role in determining the monetary value of an estate as well as its potential in suggesting an "atmosphere of happiness". Therefore, in this thesis the relational mechanisms that favor the production of urban space for the elite and the mass consumption through the overall commodification of the environment are unraveled. The main questions it addresses are: How is Chinese institutional transition affecting the relationships of man-nature and natural resources-economy? How does "ideology-based governance" work at the urban level to benefit a particular developmental strategy based on land monetization? What kind of discourses are structured to enforce the local government territorial vision? Are there any forms of resistance to the phenomena of zoning and gentrification? Rhetorics inspired by a sense of modernist renaissance and Chinese classic tradition (made tangible through propaganda posters and advertising), the technocratic blueprint in water/land management, and the spatial achievements of the upscale real estate sector as supported by the law, have been the three fields of inquiry. The eleven-month period of fieldwork between September 2014 and July 2015 in Chongqing was based on participant observation, photographic monitoring and archival research. Discourse and visual analysis following semiotics have been the methods employed to examine the data. This was combined with a social media analysis of unofficial data, and space analysis. The overarching argument of the dissertation is that because of its peculiar characteristics, the Chongqing watershed has been strategically absorbed into an ideological experiment of urban planning where nature as representation is performed in fetishized manners. The waterscape as imagined space is extremely loaded with ideological power, favoring the acceptance of those individualist living behaviors that have deteriorated the sense of responsibility toward the equal management of natural resources,compromising those local social practices based on a previous set of values no longer shared by the elite.The socio-political request for environmental protection is linked to discourses that emphasizing wealth,hygiene, and security, should constitute the fundamental of material and spiritual happiness. The significance of this study is that it informs our theoretical understanding of contemporary urban planning in south-west China by introducing a focus on the relational structure of water and land management hitherto lacking, as well as on mass media influence in the process of creation of new urban spaces. It also informs our empirical understanding of the Chinese state-building practice in the terms of a recursive pattern seeking to prove historical continuity through a selective knowledge of tradition and culture, whose outcomes are institutionalized at the urban level to legitimize the local politics and make sense of the spatial changes.

Summary. The article investigates the structural transformation of the city departments of the People՚s Commissariat for State Security and the Ministry of State Security (hereinafter NKGB-MGB) in Ternopil region on the basis of available historical sources and monographs. The authors give quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the staffing of the NKGB-MGB departments, highlight the main trends and patterns in the selection of employees and analyze the national affiliation and educational level. The purpose of the study is to outline the structure and its transformation, to characterize the staffing of the city departments of the NKGB-MGB in Ternopil, Kremenets and Chortkiv in 1944‒1947. The research methodology is based on the principles of objectivity and historicism. The use of historical-comparative method made it possible to trace and compare the structure of the NKGB-MGB at all stages of transformation and development. As well as methods of statistics, analysis and synthesis, which served for the quantitative and qualitative characterization of personnel and systematization of the results. The scientific novelty is that the structure and staffing of the city departments of the NKGB-MGB in the cities of Ternopil, Kremenets and Chortkiv were studied for the first time. Conclusions – after the restoration of the city departments of the NKGB in 1944, there was an acute shortage of qualified personnel, in some places the departments were filled only by 50%, and people who had completed only a few grades of school were hired. The departments and subdivisions were filled by transfered Ukrainians from the eastern regions of the USSR, Russians and Belarusians. It is worth noting that in 1945 the staffing situation improved, the number of employees increased by an average of two employees in the management staff. In 1946, the USSR NKGB was reorganized into the USSR Ministry of State Security to which Military Counterintelligence Agency "Smersh" was added. After the reorganization, we observed restructuring of the second subdivision which was part of the city departments, where the counterintelligence and search divisions and an operational division were formed. Since 1946, the staffing of departments and subdivisionswas improving, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Vacancies became rare and the educational level of employees increased. The tendency to improve the quality of staff persisted in 1947, therefore employees with only elementary school behind them were no longer on the staff lists. ; Анотація. У статті на основі історичних першоджерел та монографій досліджено структуру міських відділів Народного комісаріату державної безпеки та Міністерства державної безпеки (далі НКДБ-МДБ) в Тернопільській області, описано їх структурну трансформацію. Дано кількісну та якісну характеристику кадрового складу відділів НКДБ-МДБ, виділено основні тенденції і закономірності у виборі працівників, проаналізовано національну приналежність, а також освітній рівень. Мета дослідження – окреслити структуру та її трансформацію, дати характеристику комплектації міських відділів НКДБ-МДБ у Тернополі, Кременці та Чорткові у 1944–1947 рр. Методологія дослідження опирається на принципи об՚єктивності, історизму. Було застосовано історико-порівняльний метод, що дав можливість простежити і порівняти структуру НКДБ-МДБ на усіх стадіях трансформації та розвитку. А також методи статистики, аналізу і синтезу, які послужили для кількісної та якісної характеристики кадрів, систематизації отриманих результатів. Наукова новизна полягає у тому, що вперше здійснено дослідження структури та комплектації міських відділів НКДБ-МДБ у містах Тернопіль, Кременець і Чортків. Висновки – після відновлення міських відділів НКДБ у 1944 р. спостерігалась гостра нестача кваліфікованих кадрів, подекуди відділи були заповнені лише на 50 %, а на роботу брали осіб, що закінчили лише кілька класів школи. Відділ та відділення комплектували шляхом переведення українців зі східних областей УРСР, росіян та білорусів. Варто відзначити, що у 1945 р. ситуація з наповненням кадрів поліпшилась, кількість працівників у середньому збільшилась на дві особи у керівному складі. У 1946 р. пройшла реорганізація НКДБ СРСР в Міністерство державної безпеки СРСР, до якого було приєднано і ГУКР «Смерш». У перших штатних розписах після реорганізації ми спостерігаємо реструктуризацію другого відділення, що входило до складу міських відділів, було утворено відділення контррозвідки та пошуку і оперативне відділення. З 1946 р. комплектація відділів та відділень поліпшується, як кількісно, так і якісно. Вільні посади стали рідкістю, а освітній рівень працівників зріс. Тенденція на підвищення якості кадрів збереглась і в 1947 р.: так, працівників, що закінчували лише кілька класів школи, у штатних розписах уже не було. Варто звернути увагу на відділення 2 – Н у складі Чортківсьго відділу, якого не було згідно зі штатним розписом 1946 р.

Problem setting. Local self-government authorities have been given a wide range of functions and tasks under the decentralization in Ukraine. They are empowered to raise financial resources from various sources of income, to own and manage communal property, securities portfolios, and to raise loans for capital investment projects. But local self-government authorities can find themselves in a financial crisis for various reasons. There are limited resources of the territory (budgetary and extra-budgetary), inability to fulfil local budget revenue target indicators due to changes in regulations. Therefore, the international practice of financial security in public administration provides and clearly regulated default procedure of the local self-government authorities or municipal default (bankruptcy). In Ukraine the algorithm of behavior of local self-government authorities in the appearance of bankruptcy has remained neglected at the legislative level.Recent research and publications analysis. The issue of local self-government authorities' default is poorly researched both in economic theory and in public administration. Ukrainian scientists such as I. Babukh, A. Galchinsky, V. Kravchenko, N. Lubkay, I. Lunina, G. Monastyrsky, P. Nikiforov, S. Stetsenko emphasize the necessity to fulfill this niche in theoretical and practical terms. Mechanisms of implementation of procedures of local (municipal) bankruptcy are devoted to separate scientific works of S. Dyachenko, I. Sofinskaya, S. Yurii and others. However, a comprehensive solution to this problem and adaptation mechanisms for Ukraine has not been worked out yet.Highlighting previously unsolved parts of the general problem. Therefore, local self-government authorities' default procedures require thorough research and development of implementation the mechanisms in Ukraine.Paper main body. Unlike corporate bankruptcy, which can lead to the liquidation of a business entity, defaulting on a local self-government authority is a safeguard procedure. The purpose of the default procedure is to pay off the obligations to creditors and restore the financial self-sufficiency of the local self-government authority.The foreign experience of default mechanisms for local self-government authorities are examined in this work. The causes, consequences and ways of resolving the defaults of these cities are highlighted in this article.Local self-government authorities' defaults are classified into three main types. They are: a technical default arises from the non-performance of credit agreements that are not directly related to the payment of interest and principal; non-financial default implies the necessity to attract unplanned reserves for debt service or reserve loans; financial default, the most severe type, refers to the non-payment of interest or principal.Three basic elements of the mechanism of local self-government authorities' defaults are distinguished. There are: an identification of the entity initiating or deciding the default procedure; adjusting the local budget to ensure protected expenditures and ability to service a debt; negotiation procedures between the obligator and creditors to restructure the debt and potentially reducing it.The significance of development and regulatory consolidation of the algorithm behavior of local self-government authorities in case of bankruptcy signs is proved. The key functions of this legislation are identified.The peculiarities of the "extraordinary" budget, which is valid for the period of studying the legality of all decisions of the local self-government authorities, which probably led to the financial crisis, are considered.The list of management actions during the procedure of local self-government authorities' default aimed at overcoming the crisis is presented.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Local self-government authorities are becoming more susceptible to financial problems, which are more commonly experienced by private-sector organizations taken into account the significant empowerment of local self-government authorities under decentralization. The uniqueness of municipal default procedures is that the local self-government authorities are not private companies that can be sold and distributed if they cease to be successful. Therefore, the development of a clear mechanism for implementation the local self-government authorities' default procedure in Ukraine and the establishment of relevant criteria, conditions, and responsibilities in a separate legal act make actual further scientific studies of the local self-government authorities' features of the default procedure in Ukrainian realities. ; Розглянуто закордонний досвід механізмів дефолту органів місцевого самоврядування і проаналізовано стан наукової та практичної розробленості проблематики в Україні. Доведено актуальність розробки та нормативно-правового закріплення алгоритму поведінки органів місцевого самоврядування при появі ознак банкрутства. Визначено основі типи дефолтів органів місцевого самоврядування, базові елементи механізму їх врегулювання, функції профільного законодавства та наведено перелік управлінських дій, спрямованих на подолання фінансової кризової ситуації.

The huauhtli was domesticated by the native peoples of central Mexico, and between 1500 and 900 B.C., its cultivation was already widespread among the people of the region. This plant is included as a historical food heritage in rural localities in eastern Morelos, in Huazulco and Amilcingo, municipality of Temoac, in the Amatzinac Ravine (Barranca del Amatzinac) region; and also, in the small cities on the slopes south of the Popocatépetl volcano, belonging to the municipality of Tochimilco and Atzitzihuacán. The pueblos of Morelos, in addition to cultivating the huauhtli, are specialized in the elaboration of products based on amaranth. In the communities of the volcano this plant is cultivated since ancient times, and today they are the main producers nationwide. These peoples protected the varieties of huauhtli, even in disastrous conditions, such as the loss of irrigation water, through the use of ancestral memory, agriculture, religiosity and identity, which is observed in the calendrical religious times. Since 2008, field work has been carried out in the region, mainly visits, tours, participation in community and government events, and semi-structured interviews with farmers, workshop members, authorities and organizations. The permanence of the uses of huauhtli as the main economic activity is shown, both in the elaboration of products in Morelos and in the sale of seeds in Puebla. Amaranth remained in these populations with community ties, resisting food colonialism, colonial contempt, republican oblivion and capitalist insolence. ; El huauhtli fue domesticado por los pueblos originarios del centro de México, y entre 1500 y 900 a.C. ya estaba generalizado su cultivo entre los habitantes de la región. Esta planta es comprendida como patrimonio histórico alimentario en localidades campesinas del oriente de Morelos, en Huazulco y Amilcingo, municipio de Temoac, en la región de la barranca del Amatzinac; y también, en los pueblos en las laderas al sur del volcán Popocatépetl, pertenecientes al municipio de Tochimilco y Atzitzihuacán. Los pueblos de Morelos, además de cultivar el huauhtli, son especializados en la elaboración de productos a base de amaranto. En los pueblos del volcán esta planta se cultiva de forma muy antigua, y hoy son los principales productores a nivel nacional. Estos pueblos protegieron las variedades de huauhtli, incluso en condiciones desastrosas, como la pérdida del agua de riego, a través del uso de la memoria ancestral, agricultura, religiosidad e identidad, que se observada en las fiestas y ferias calendáricas. Desde el 2008, se realiza trabajo de campo en la región, se han efectuado visitas, recorridos, participación en eventos comunitarios y gubernamentales, y entrevistas semiestructuradas con los campesinos, miembros de los talleres, autoridades y organizaciones. Se muestra la permanencia de los usos del huauhtli como principal actividad económica, tanto en la elaboración de productos en Morelos, como en la venta de las semillas en Puebla. El amaranto permaneció en estas poblaciones con vínculos comunitarios, resistiendo el colonialismo alimentario, el desprecio colonial, el olvido republicano y la insolencia capitalista. ; O huauhtli foi domesticado pelos povos originarios do centro do México, e entre 1500 y 900 a.C. já estava generalizado o seu cultivo entre os habitantes da região. Esta planta é comprendida como patrimônio histórico alimentaria em localidades camponesas do oriente de Morelos, em Huazulco e Amilcingo, município de Temoac, na região da "Barranca del Amatzinac"; e também, nos povos das ladeiras ao sul do vulcão Popocatépetl, pertencentes ao município de Tochimilco e Atzitzihuacán. As localidades de Morelos, ademais de cultivar o huauhtli, são especializados na elaboração de produtos à base de amaranto. Nas comunidades do volcão, esta planta se cultiva de forma muito antiga, e hoje são os principais produtores a nível nacional. Estes pueblos protegieram as variedades de huauhtli, incluso em condições desastrosas, como a perda da agua de irrigação, a través do uso da memória ancestral, agricultura, religiosidade e identidade, que se observam nas festas e feiras do calendário religioso. Desde o ano 2008, se realiza trabalho de campo na região, visitas foram feitas, recorridos, participação em eventos comunitários e governamentais, e entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os camponeses, membros das fábricas pequenas, autoridades e organizações. Se muestra a permanencia dos usos do huauhtli como principal atividade económica, tanto em a elaboração de produtos em Morelos, como na venta das sementes em Puebla. O amaranto permaneció en estas populações com vínculos comunitários, resistindo o colonialismo alimentar, o desprecio colonial, o esquecimento republicano e a insolência capitalista.

[Introduction]: "The risk society" established a useful theoretical framework to understand contemporary society's perception and the way it addresses Mexico's environmental and political model through the city's urban development. This situation is present in the most important cities in Latin America. [Objective]: to analyze the case of the incidence of lung diseases in the city of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, and its correlation with air pollution levels, criticizing the scope and meaning of the air pollution control policy. [Methodology]: The study area was delimited where the State Committee of Epidemiological Surveillance (SCES) of the state of Jalisco recorded the highest incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) in the first 26 weeks of 2018, which harm mainly to children and older adults. These infections were analyzed using the multiple regression model through data obtained from the Jalisco Atmospheric Monitoring System (JAMS), which have the concentrations of the polluters' criteria that regulate the Mexican Normativity (NOM). [Results]: A significant correlation was obtained (p-value <0.05) for carbon monoxide (CO) = 0.007, ozone (O3) = 0.037, and particles smaller than 10 microns (PM10) = 0.003, which interfere in greater way to the ARIs. [Conclusions]: Ignoring the real possibility of public health effects of the urban population arising from the concentration of pollutants in the air constitutes a limitation of the public health and environmental policy. Based on Beck's risk society theory. ; [Introducción]:"La sociedad de riesgo"establecióun marco teórico útil para comprender la percepción de la sociedad contemporánea y cómo afronta el modelo político ambiental de México,a través del desarrollo urbano de la ciudad.El problema,dela "normalización de los niveles tóxicos en el aire"está presente en la mayoría de las ciudades importantes de Latinoamérica.[Objetivo]:Analizar el caso de la incidencia de enfermedades pulmonares en la ciudad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México y su correlación con los niveles de contaminación del aire, criticando el alcance yelsentido de la política de control depoluciónatmosférica. [Metodología]:Se delimitóel área de estudio, donde el Comité Estatal de Vigilancia Epidemiológica (CEVE) del estado de Jalisco, registróel mayor caso de incidencia de Infecciones Respiratorias Agudas (IRAs) en las primeras 26 semanas del 2018, las cuales perjudicaronprincipalmente,a niños y adultos mayores;se analizaron pormedio delmodelo de regresión múltiple,mediante datos obtenidos del Sistema de Monitoreo Atmosférico de Jalisco (SIMAJ),los cuales cuentan con las concentraciones de los contaminantes,criterios que regula la Normatividad Mexicana (NOM). [Resultados]:Se obtuvouna correlación significativa (valorp<0.05)para el monóxido de carbono (CO) = 0.007, de ozono (O3) = 0.037 y partículas menores a 10 micras (PM10) = 0.003, las cuales interfieren en mayor manera a lasIRAs. [Conclusiones]:Ignorar la posibilidad real de las afectaciones en la salud pública de la población urbana,derivadas de la concentración de agentes contaminantes en el aire,constituye una limitante de la política ambiental y de salud pública. Con base en la teoría de la sociedad del riesgo de Beck. ; [Introdução]: "A sociedade de risco" estabeleceu um quadro teórico útil para compreender a percepção da sociedade contemporânea e como lida com o modelo político ambiental do México mediante o desenvolvimento urbano da cidade. O problema da "normalização dos níveis tóxicos no ar" está presente na maioria das cidades importantes de América Latina. [Objetivo]: Analisar o caso da incidência de doenças pulmonares na cidade de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México e sua correlação com os níveis de contaminação do ar, criticando o alcance e sentido da política de controle de poluição atmosférica. [Metodologia]: Foi delimitada a área de estudo, onde o Comitê Estadual de Vigilância Epidemiológica (CEVE) do estado de Jalisco, registrou o maior caso de incidência de Infecções Respiratórias Agudas (IRAs) nas primeiras 26 semanas de 2018, que prejudicaram principalmente crianças e idosos, analisaram mediante modelo de regressão múltipla por meio de dados obtidos do Sistema de Monitoramento Atmosférico de Jalisco (SIMAJ) que contam com as concentrações dos contaminantes critérios que regulam a Normatividade Mexicana (NOM). [Resultados]: Obteve-se uma correlação significativa (valor p<0,05) para o monóxido de carbono (CO) = 0,007, de ozônio (O3) = 0,037 e partículas menores a 10 micras (PM10) = 0,003, que interferem mais nas IRAs. [Conclusão]: Ignorar a possibilidade real dos prejuízos na saúde pública da população urbana derivadas da concentração de agentes contaminantes no ar constitui um restritivo da política ambiental e da saúde pública. Com base na teoria da sociedade de risco de Beck.

The article examines the evolution of the institution of princely power in the Old Russian state and its features during the IX – XII centuries. The origins of the Grand Duke's power, the history of its formation, as well as the place in the system of the administrative apparatus of Russia are analyzed on the basis of systematization and generalization of information from various historical sources, monuments, historical and historical-legal researches of domestic and Russian scientists.It is established that the institution of princely power is the oldest, historically the first official administrative structure in the Old Russian state. The Grand Duke had the highest political, administrative, fiscal, military and judicial power. His main functions included: organization and personal leadership of military campaigns; defense of lands and borders of the state; conducting foreign and domestic policy; construction (and repair) of cities, fortifications, connections in the controlled territories; implementation of legislative and reform activities; litigation of his subordinates and druzhina (retinue) as well as the collection of tribute from the controlled lands.However, the evolution of the institution of princely power is directly related to the process of statehood in the Ukrainian lands. As the Old Russian state passed from the proto-state to a one-man (almost absolute) monarchy, later a federal monarchy and a confederation of independent principalities, the power of the Grand Duke differed at each of these stages. The scope of powers of the Grand Duke, his functions, the order of transfer of power, as well as the circumstances that influenced the formation and development of this institution in the pre-state period (up to XI century), during the formation of statehood in Russia (the end of theIX – X centuries), during the heyday of the Old Russian state (the end of the X century – the first half of the XI century) and during the period of feudal fragmentation (the second half of the XI century – XII century)have been studied. It is also established that state power in the Old Russian state organically combined the features of monarchy (power of the Grand Duke), democracy (veche) and aristocracy (princely council). The princely council and veche limited the power of the Grand Duke and did not allow it to become absolute. Due to the strength of ancient Russian customs, military support of his druzhina (retinue) and the recognition of the people, the Grand Duke continued to remain a symbol and guarantor of the power of the Old Russian state throughout its existence. ; У статті досліджено еволю-цію інституту князівської влади в Давньоруській державі та його особливості протягом IX – XII сто-літь. Проаналізовано витоки влади Великого князя, історію її станов-лення, а також місце в системі адміністративного апарату Русі на основі систематизації і узагаль-нення інформації з різноманітних історичних джерел, пам'яток пра-ва, історичних та історико-право-вих досліджень вітчизняних і росій-ських науковців.Визначено, що інститут князів-ської влади є найдавнішою, істо-рично першою офіційною управлін-ською структурою в Давньоруській державі. Князь мав найвищу полі-тичну, управлінську, фіскальну, військову та судову владу. До основних його функцій належали організація і особисте керівниц-тво військовими походами; оборона земель і кордонів держави; ведення зовнішньої і внутрішньої політи-ки; будівництво (та ремонт) міст, укріплень, сполучень на підкон-трольних територіях; здійснення законотворчої та реформаторської діяльності; відправлення судочин-ства над своїми підлеглими і дру-жиною, а також стягнення данини з підконтрольних земель.Однак еволюція інституту кня-зівської влади напряму пов'язана з процесом становлення державності на українських землях. Оскільки Давньоруська держава пройшла шлях від протодержави до одноо-сібної (майже абсолютної) монар-хії, згодом федеративної монархії та конфедерації самостійних кня-зівств, то на кожному з цих етапів влада Великого князя різнилася. Досліджено обсяг повноважень Великого князя, його функції, поря-док передачі влади, а також обста-вини, що вплинули на становлення та розвиток цього інституту в додержавний період (до XI ст.), в період становлення державнос-ті на Русі (кінець ІХ – X ст.), в період розквіту Давньоруської дер-жави (кінець Х ст. – перша поло-вина XI ст.) та в період феодаль-ної роздрібненості (друга половина XI ст. – XII ст.).Також встановлено, що держав-на влада в Давньоруській державі органічно поєднувала в собі риси монархії (влада Великого князя), демократії (віче) та аристократії (князівська рада). Князівська рада та віче обмежували владу Великого князя і не давали їй стати абсо-лютною. Завдяки силі давньорусь-ких звичаїв, військовій підтримці дружини і визнання народом Вели-кий князь продовжував залишатися символом і гарантом могутності Давньоруської держави протягом всього часу її існування.

The issue of green plantings pruning is now fully covered in the scientific literature, but scientific data on research of topping as a method of pruning and related problems are currently insufficient. The topic of pruning of non-fruiting green plantations in the settlements of Ukraine is covered the most fully in the scientific work "Landscaping of settlements" byV.P.Kucheriavyi, where the author distinguishes three types of pruning: shaping pruning, sanitation pruning and regenerative pruning. This is indicated in the regulatory act "Regulations for the Maintenance of Green Plantations in the Settlements of Ukraine", order № 105of the Ministry of Construction, Architecture and Public Housing and Utilities of Ukraine as of April 10, 2006. Nowadays this is the only document in Ukrainian legislation that most fully regulates the green plantation treatment in the cities. According to the Regulations of Green Plantations Keeping, item 9.1.11.1, the shaping pruning of trees is carried out in row and alley plantings for the purpose of preservation of a natural or artificial form of plants, uniform arrangement of main branches in space. Topping is not a viable practice to reduce the size of the tree, it significantly worsens the condition of the trees and leads to risks in future. In Western literature, topping is also called indiscriminate pruning of tree branches to lateral branches, not large enough to take over the function of a main branch. In Ukrainian realities, topping, which is often called crowning, implies that all branches of the crown and the upper part of the trunk have been cut. There is no "transfer to the lower lateral branch", because no lateral branch is usually left by the pruning performers. At the same time, it is not normalized in any way which part of the trunk will be cut down, so there are often situations when after pruning only 2-3-meter stump remains instead of the tree. As a justification for such pruning, its performers provide a quote from the Regulations of Green Plantations Keeping, item 9.1.11.3, that "regeneration can be done by sawing tree trunks to the stump". So, considering the peculiarities of green plantations pruning, analyzing the information obtained from long-term observations on the process of pruning trees, their subsequent condition after pruning, topping is a harmful practice of destroying tree crowns by indiscriminate sawing of all main branches to the cuttings which are too short to restore. Thus, topping as a type of pruning causes significant damage to trees. ; Вста­нов­ле­но, що ос­тан­нім ча­сом під час об­рі­зу­ван­ня де­рев у на­се­ле­них пун­ктах ши­ро­ко зас­то­со­ву­ють та­кий ме­тод, як то­пінг, за яко­го у де­рев спи­лю­ють усі ске­лет­ні гіл­ки і за­ли­ша­ють один стов­бур, поз­бав­ле­ний усієї кро­ни. Згід­но з Між­на­род­ною асо­ці­ацією ар­бо­рис­тів, то­пінг – це шкід­ли­ва прак­ти­ка зни­щен­ня кро­ни де­рев шля­хом не­ви­бір­ко­во­го спи­лу всіх ске­лет­них гі­лок до за­над­то ко­рот­ких для від­нов­лен­ня. То­пінг не є життєздат­ною прак­ти­кою змен­шен­ня роз­мі­рів де­ре­ва, іс­тот­но по­гір­шує стан де­рев і приз­во­дить до ри­зи­ків у майбутньо­му. Та­кож у за­хід­ній лі­те­ра­ту­рі то­пін­гом на­зи­ва­ють не­ви­бір­ко­ве об­рі­зу­ван­ня гі­лок де­рев до бо­ко­вих гі­лок, не­дос­татньо ве­ли­ких, щоб пе­рейня­ти на се­бе фун­кцію ске­лет­ної гіл­ки. В ук­ра­їнсь­ких же ре­алі­ях то­пінг, який час­ті­ше на­зи­ва­ють кро­ну­ван­ням, пе­ред­ба­чає, що в де­ре­ва зрі­зу­ють всі гіл­ки кро­ни і вер­хню час­ти­ну стов­бу­ра. Ні про яке "пе­ре­ве­ден­ня на ниж­ню біч­ну гіл­ку" не йдеть­ся, то­му що жод­ної біч­ної гіл­ки ви­ко­нав­ці об­рі­зу­ван­ня заз­ви­чай не за­ли­ша­ють. Ви­да­лен­ня всіх гі­лок кро­ни за­бо­ро­не­но ук­ра­їнсь­ким за­ко­но­дав­ством, зок­ре­ма, де­ре­во із втра­тою по­над як 50% кро­ни вва­жа­ють пош­ко­дже­ним до сту­пе­ня при­пи­нен­ня рос­ту. Нез­ва­жа­ючи на це, та­кий ме­тод об­рі­зу­ван­ня на­бу­ває що­раз біль­шої по­пу­ляр­нос­ті в ба­гатьо­х на­се­ле­них пун­ктах Ук­ра­їни. Од­нією з по­ши­ре­них при­чин є низь­ка ква­лі­фі­ка­ція пра­ців­ни­ків ко­му­наль­но­го зе­ле­но­го гос­по­дар­ства, які заз­ви­чай не ма­ють фа­хо­вої ос­ві­ти і не оз­найом­ле­ні про шко­ду зас­то­су­ван­ня то­пін­гу як ме­то­ду об­рі­зу­ван­ня. Ма­со­ве вси­хан­ня зе­ле­них на­са­джень піс­ля зас­то­су­ван­ня та­ко­го ме­то­ду стає серйоз­ною проб­ле­мою як для міс­це­вої вла­ди на­се­ле­но­го пун­кту, так і для його меш­кан­ців. Вси­ха­ючі де­ре­ва, пош­ко­дже­ні до сту­пе­ня при­пи­нен­ня рос­ту, час­то ста­ють ава­рійно не­без­печ­ни­ми і не­суть заг­ро­зу меш­кан­цям. Ще од­ним з мі­ну­сів є ха­отич­ний роз­ви­ток об­рос­та­ючих па­го­нів піс­ля об­рі­зу­ван­ня (як­що не ви­ко­ну­ва­ти їх про­рі­джен­ня), ура­жен­ня стов­бу­рів де­рев па­то­ген­ни­ми гри­ба­ми і мік­ро­ор­га­ніз­ма­ми, виг­ни­ван­ня се­ре­ди­ни стов­бу­рів та від­ла­му­ван­ня вже до­сить ве­ли­ких об­рос­та­ючих па­го­нів, і, як нас­лі­док, ран­ня за­ги­бель де­ре­ва. Пра­виль­не про­ве­ден­ня об­рі­зу­ван­ня зе­ле­них на­са­джень від­по­від­но до норм і ви­мог ук­ра­їнсь­ко­го за­ко­но­дав­ства та зі знан­ням еле­мен­тар­них пра­вил об­рі­зу­ван­ня де­рев різ­них по­рід дає змо­гу збе­рег­ти зе­ле­ні на­са­джен­ня, зро­би­ти їх ес­те­тич­но при­ваб­ли­ви­ми і при цьому ви­рі­ши­ти проб­лем­ну си­ту­ацію (нап­рик­лад, ви­да­ли­ти ава­рійні гіл­ки чи гіл­ки під елек­тро­ме­ре­жа­ми то­що).

The study of memory, architecture, and urban space has been the interest ‎of ‎researchers ‎from the diverse fields around the world due to, the significance of dealing ‎with ‎memories ‎especially after the tragedy of the Second World War. Nations in Europe has chosen ‎not to ‎neglect ‎their past, moreover, overcoming it by strengthening the national identity. An ‎approach was clear in ‎the literature, art, further in the way of rebuilding their cities; that mainly ‎has reflected on the ‎value of urban spaces and their role in narrating the country's national ‎memory. Thanks to this ‎approach, which has supported the post-war European nations to invite ‎to an act of ‎ forgiveness rather than to forget. ‎ On the contrary, memory, in relation to architecture is a form of knowledge has been ‎neglected in Egypt, especially during the previous decades after the declaration of independence ‎from the colonial power, and since 1952 revolution. Recently, a rising debate about Egypt ‎national history and the need to renationalize the Egyptian historical consciousness has rapidly ‎grown up, due to the political transformation has occurred because of the 25th uprising, 2011, ‎which unveiled the power of public spaces in constituting the nation thoughts, especially Tahrir ‎square.‎ At the same time, this has unveiled the results of neglecting the past instead of overcoming it; unveiled a present carries the danger of conflict and repeating previous mistakes. Researchers, historians, politicians, governmental organization, have ‎worked in the purpose of revisiting the historical information, and have tried to document the ‎current transformation of the 25th uprising. There was a public demand for redesigning Tahrir square to reflect the ‎memory of the uprising as a symbol of the power of the public. However, after eight years, those ‎memories have faded as if the 25th uprising has never happened. ‎ Those circumstances are very relevant to the gap between urban design and the art of ‎memory-work, in the scientific field. Few studies in Egypt conducted the concept of memory in ‎relation to urban spaces, however, the matter requires more attention, to associate the need for renationalizing Egypt ‎memory, with viewing urban space as a mean of narrating the country's national memory and ‎reflecting the citizens' current thoughts, as a try of nearing the distances between ‎competing ‎narratives. Therefore, the research aims at developing a methodological framework that should ‎contribute to renationalizing memory through urban space. Further, benefiting from the German experience by investigating lessons to learn. That is based on the hypothesis that, although there is no fixed formula for all countries to renationalize the historical ‎consciousness of memory through urban spaces, lessons to be learned from Germany experience ‎could be a driving dimension when designing Egyptian urban spaces with a concept of memory ‎as an essential factor. To guide the validity of the study's hypothesis, a set of research questions are thus ‎formulated: Starting from why memory is an essential factor when designing urban spaces? ‎Regarding Egypt national memory, how it was constituted through history and how to read its ‎representation on urban spaces? Also, the study quests the means of nationalizing memory ‎through urban spaces? And What are the learned lessons from the German experience?‎ The study tries to answer those questions. Via an inductive ‎analytical ‎methodology ‎which ‎moves from the gap of knowledge and from a particular situation ‎in Egypt, to study the German ‎experience in renationalizing the concept of memory through urban spaces.‎ ‎ Within the scope of the study, exploring Egypt prevailing narratives and the inherited ‎concepts which influenced the national memory is essential. Moreover, the research develops ‎analytical political psychosocial model that could help reading memories in urban spaces, ‎memory's actors, and memory influences. To validate this model, case studies are analysed in ‎light of the concluded aspects. Consequently, the expected result is to infer broad general ‎learned ‎lessons for the Egyptian case. ‎ Research findings and conclusions answer the research questions, interpret literature ‎review, recommend some guide points to three target groups: first, practice field; to encourage ‎designers to value the national and collective memories when designing urban spaces. Second, to ‎ask policymakers to take the public participation into consideration, when taking decisions related to urban ‎development. Third, the thesis recommends future researches of urban memory that connect ‎theoretical information with the practice field. ‎ Finally, enhancing the memory-work in relation to the national narrative, conveying a meaningful message, when ‎designing urban spaces could encourage citizens to learn, to interact, and to dissolve boundaries ‎between the competing narratives in post-conflict societies.‎