Receiving media content on the Web, considered as a global information space, is typified by an inherent paradox. Most of the time, information accessibility is not fully exploited. Confronted with « overinformation », users' digital consultation is limited to restricted circles, even « hyperlocal ». Circles are mostly regulated by algorithm selection and by the use of translation and adaptation of the information to a target reader. This tendency accentuates the reader's ethnocentrism, going for a « national preference » imposed. As mediators, journalists, just like teachers, convey prevailing representations and participate in spreading knowledge in society. This PhD thesis looks into professional digital readers' linguistics uses and representations, aka digital journalists. The qualitative research reinforced by quantitative data focuses on three aspects of mediation: reception, production and intercomprehension. The investigation is contextualized in two complementary territories of Southern Europe: Sassari in Sardegna (Italy) and Barcelona in Catalonia, (Spain). The data analysis helps us identify six different profiles of digital readers according to their reading habits and ways of accessing Web content. This study takes inventory of intercomprehension strategies with a strong informational and educational potential. Reading in several languages encourages the comparison and confrontation of information that is culturally, politically and socially different. Understanding those issues and knowing those strategies enables mediators, teachers or journalists, to develop a plurilingual informational competence towards learners or receptors seen as readers citizens. By becoming a "plurilingual researcher" instead of a "multilingual consumer", digital readers would have all the necessary tools to transform information in knowledge. ; La recepción de contenidos mediáticos en la Web, vista esta como espacio de información global, presenta una paradoja: el acceso a la información suele estar infrautilizado. Al ...
Receiving media content on the Web, considered as a global information space, is typified by an inherent paradox. Most of the time, information accessibility is not fully exploited. Confronted with « overinformation », users' digital consultation is limited to restricted circles, even « hyperlocal ». Circles are mostly regulated by algorithm selection and by the use of translation and adaptation of the information to a target reader. This tendency accentuates the reader's ethnocentrism, going for a « national preference » imposed. As mediators, journalists, just like teachers, convey prevailing representations and participate in spreading knowledge in society. This PhD thesis looks into professional digital readers' linguistics uses and representations, aka digital journalists. The qualitative research reinforced by quantitative data focuses on three aspects of mediation: reception, production and intercomprehension. The investigation is contextualized in two complementary territories of Southern Europe: Sassari in Sardegna (Italy) and Barcelona in Catalonia, (Spain). The data analysis helps us identify six different profiles of digital readers according to their reading habits and ways of accessing Web content. This study takes inventory of intercomprehension strategies with a strong informational and educational potential. Reading in several languages encourages the comparison and confrontation of information that is culturally, politically and socially different. Understanding those issues and knowing those strategies enables mediators, teachers or journalists, to develop a plurilingual informational competence towards learners or receptors seen as readers citizens. By becoming a "plurilingual researcher" instead of a "multilingual consumer", digital readers would have all the necessary tools to transform information in knowledge. ; La recepción de contenidos mediáticos en la Web, vista esta como espacio de información global, presenta una paradoja: el acceso a la información suele estar infrautilizado. Al enfrentarse a la « sobreinformación », la consulta digital de los usuarios se limita a círculos restringidos, incluso « hiperlocales ». Estos círculos están regulados en parte por la selección algorítmica, el uso de la traducción y de la adaptación de la información a un « lector modelo ». Esta tendencia refuerza el etnocentrismo del lector orientado hacia imponer una « preferencia nacional ». Los periodistas y los docentes como profesionales de la mediación transmiten las representaciones dominantes y contribuyen a la difusión del conocimiento en la sociedad. Esta tesis se concibe para entender mejor los usos y representaciones lingüísticas de lectores digitales profesionales,en este caso los periodistas digitales. Esta investigación cualitativa apoyada de datos cuantitativos considera la mediación a través de tres de sus aspectos: la recepción, la producción y la intercomprensión. La investigación se ha desarrollado en dos territorios complementarios en el sur de Europa: Sassari, en Cerdeña (Italia) y Barcelona, en Cataluña (España). El análisis de los datos nos ha permitido elaborar seis perfiles de lectores digitales en función de sus costumbres de lectura y de sus vías de acceso a los contenidos digitales. El trabajo identifica una amplia gama de estrategias de intercomprensión con un fuerte potencial informacional y pedagógico. Leer en varios idiomas fomenta la comparación y la confrontación de informaciones culturalmente, políticamente y socialmente distintas. Entender estos retos y conocer estas estrategias permite al mediator, docente o periodista, fomentar el desarrollo de una competencia informacional plurilingüe para los estudiantes o receptores considerados sobre todo como lectores ciudadanos. Al volverse « investigador plurilingüe » en vez de « consumidor multilingüe », el lector digital tendrá las herramientas para transformar la información recibida en conocimiento. ; La réception de contenus médiatiques sur le Web, entendu comme un espace d'information global, présente un paradoxe. L'accessibilité à l'information y reste souvent sous-exploitée. Face à la surinformation, la consultation numérique des usagers se limite à des cercles restreints, voire « hyperlocaux ». Ces cercles sont régulés en partie par la sélection algorithmique, l'usage de la traduction et de l'adaptation des contenus à un lecteur cible. Cette tendance renforce l'ethnocentrisme du lecteur orienté vers une « préférence nationale » imposée. En tant que professionnels de la médiation, les journalistes comme les enseignants véhiculent des représentations dominantes et participent à la diffusion de connaissances dans la société. Cette thèse s'attache à mieux comprendre les usages et représentations linguistiques de lecteurs numériquesprofessionnels, en l'occurrence des journalistes web. Cette étude qualitative, confortée par des données quantitatives, retient trois aspects de la médiation : la réception, la production et l'intercompréhension. L'enquête s'est déroulée sur deux terrains complémentaires situés au sud de l'Europe : Sassari en Sardaigne (Italie) et Barcelone en Catalogne (Espagne). L'analyse des données a permis d'établir six profils de lecteurs numériques en fonction de leurs habitudes de lecture et moyens d'accès aux contenus en ligne. Ce travail recense un large éventail de stratégies d'intercompréhension avec un fort potentiel informationnel et pédagogique. Lire en plusieurs langues favorise en effet la comparaison et la confrontation d'informations culturellement, politiquement et socialement diverses. Comprendre ces enjeux et connaître ces stratégies permet aux professionnels de la médiation, enseignants ou journalistes, d'encourager le développement d'une compétence informationnelle plurilingue chez des apprenants ou récepteurs considérés avant tout comme des lecteurs citoyens. En devenant « chercheur plurilingue » plutôt que « consommateur multilingue », le lecteur numérique aurait les outils pour transformer l'information en connaissance. ; La ricezione di contenuti mediatici in internet, visto come spazio di informazione globale, presenta un paradosso: l'accesso all'informazione suole essere sottoutilizzato. Incontrandosi con la "sovreinformazione", la consultazione digitale degli utenti si limita a circoli ristretti, addirittura "iperlocali". Questi circoli sono regolati in parte dalla selezione algoritmica, l'uso della traduzione e la adattamento dell'informazione a un "lettore modello". Questa tendenza rafforza l'etnocentrismo del lettore orientato verso l'imposizione di una "preferenza nazionale". I giornalisti e i docenti come professionisti della mediazione trasmettono rappresentazioni dominanti e contribuiscono alla diffusione della conoscenza nella società. Questa tesi è concepita per capire meglio gli usi e le rappresentazioni linguistiche di lettori digitali professionali, in questo caso i giornalisti digitali. Questa ricerca qualitativa sostenuta da dati quantitativi considera la mediazione attraverso tre dei suoi aspetti: la ricezione, la produzione e la intercomprensione. La ricerca si è sviluppata in due territori complementari nel sud europeo: Sassari, in Sardegna (Italia) e Barcellona, in Catalogna (Spagna). L'analisi dei dati ci ha permesso di elaborare sei profili di lettori digitali in funzione delle loro abitudini di lettura e dei loro canali di accesso ai contenuti digitali. Il lavoro individua un'amplia gamma di strategie di intercomprensione con un forte potenziale informativo e pedagogico. Leggere in diverse lingue promuove il paragone e il confronto di informazioni culturalmente, politicamente e socialmente distinte. Comprendere queste sfide e conoscere queste strategie permette al mediatore, docente o giornalista, di favorire lo sviluppo di una competenza informativa plurilingue per gli studenti o recettori considerati in primo luogo come lettori cittadini. Trasformandosi in "ricercatore plurilingue" invece che in "consumatore multilingue", il lettore digitale possiederà gli strumenti per trasformare l'informazione ricevuta in conoscenza.
Le texte de Fishkin que nous publions ici montre qu'une filiation étonnamment claire l'unit à James Bryce et à George Gallup. Comme ses deux prédécesseurs, James S. Fishkin accorde un intérêt particulier aux mécanismes favorisant la manifestation des opinions, l'expression des préférences et la production des décisions collectives, dans une relation critique et distanciée avec les procédures électorales (.).
Le texte de Fishkin que nous publions ici montre qu'une filiation étonnamment claire l'unit à James Bryce et à George Gallup. Comme ses deux prédécesseurs, James S. Fishkin accorde un intérêt particulier aux mécanismes favorisant la manifestation des opinions, l'expression des préférences et la production des décisions collectives, dans une relation critique et distanciée avec les procédures électorales (.).
The notion of political competence, when it is used, encourages to rank the individuals as more or less competent (in sense that they control certain political categories). This article aims at showing that ordinary citizens can really turn out to be competent, but in mobilizing means that are not political, which allow them to return comprehensible the political field & its stakes. Thus, the author is interested in very general forms of competence in politics, revealed in agents who knock up & understand politics from ordinary levels of pertinence. Adapted from the source document.
In the light of recent developments in democracies, particularly voter abstentionism, the concept of political competence needs to be broadened to allow for the diversity of skills & knowledge agents may possess or acquire to express their preferences in the public sphere. This article presents a pragmatic synthesis of some recent studies based on an expanded praxiological & processual analysis of the acquisition of civic competence. This epistemological & theoretical approach is then illustrated by an ethnographic study of access to civic competence in a participatory budgeting organization, which underscores the malleability of the competence of agents placed in a favorable institutional setting. It therefore offers a model of politicization in interaction; iterated participation results in the bifurcation of agents' trajectories -- either towards more institutionalized civic engagement or increased cynicism about politics. Adapted from the source document.
While the growing defiance and apathy of the public question contemporary democracies, ordinary citizens' involvement in participatory democracy institutions seems to have a positive impact on their civic competence. They gain a training in collective action, increase their technical and political knowledge, i.e., acquire new competences, significantly shaping their political trajectory. Even if these politicization processes -- stemming from participatory engagement -- are also due to actors' initial dispositions and to some generational factors, they could nevertheless have a decisive impact on the way representative government works, by fostering the emergence of new political and associative elites at the local level. Adapted from the source document.
Based on French electoral history, the article tends to establish that the traditional apprehension of the notion of political competence exaggerates its autonomy from the other social, cultural or religious matrices which contribute to forging citizens' opinions at the time of the elections. Because it privileges the level of the actors & that of the local communities, because it shares the concern to restore the logics of mobilization & electoral turnout, & thus to find the various familiar forms of politicization of the citizens, the socio-historical approach facilitates the renewal of paradigms able to account for the mechanisms of social production of "political" beliefs. To the paradigm of privileged domination, we associate that of the ' translation ' making it possible to account for politicization in terms of exchanges & cultural transfers. Illustrations. Adapted from the source document.
As representative democracies are increasingly criticized, a new institution is becoming popular in academic circles and real-life politics: asking a group of citizens selected by lot to deliberate and formulate policy recommendations on some contentious issues. Although there is much research on the functioning of such citizens' assemblies, there are only few about how the population perceives them. We explore the sources of citizens' attitudes towards this institution using a unique representative survey from 15 European countries. We find that those who are less educated, as well as those with a low sense of political competence and an anti-elite sentiment, are more supportive of it. Support thus comes from the 'enraged', rather than the 'engaged'. Further, we use a survey experiment to show that support for citizens' assemblies increases when respondents know that their fellow citizens share the same opinion than them on some issues. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Rejecting the principle of political competence, which is one of the foundations of the democratic model, elitist theories oppose the accomplished citizen, equipped with all the resources required for an understanding of political issues, to the individual without qualities characterized by his inability to deal correctly with these issues. To this orderly image of the political space, one can oppose the idea of a certain continuity between ordinary thought and expert thought, and even question the relevance of the very concept of competence. Adapted from the source document.
Born as a simple extension of municipalities with restricted powers, at the end of the 20th century, inter-communality became a tightly regulated pooling together of municipal competences and means. The current reforms represent a real reversal of roles as the municipality would lose a great deal of its decision-making capabilities. The citizen, for whom the municipality is the main forum of democratic participation, might feel dispossessed. Adapted from the source document.
Cet article traite la question de la participation sous l'angle des compétences et des pouvoirs qui s'y jouent et qui sont attribués aux différents acteurs dans le cours même de sa mise en oeuvre. Il s'appuie sur l'ethnographie d'un dispositif participatif engagé par des acteurs de la société civile, les États généraux de Bruxelles, faisant intervenir universitaires, associations et citoyens, qui se sont déroulés de septembre 2008 à mai 2009. En prenant appui sur John Dewey et les approches pragmatiques, il s'agit de décrire l'ambivalence de dispositifs participatifs qui, tout en cherchant à nourrir de nouvelles capacités citoyennes, limitent également l'empowerment du public.
In a national context of transferring their competences to intercommunal institutions, reducing their resources and weakening of their regulatory prerogatives, local elected representatives in small cities, and their technical services, are faced with issues that often exceed their capacity for action. The implementation of a participatory urban project requires a paradigm shift in the political and professional cultures they have inherited. It clearly makes it necessary to rethink their roles and modalities of intervention.Based on the experience of an architectural and urban planning agency, this thesis analyses the place and the modalities of action of the elected representative as "Occasional Contracting Authority", for urban projects organized with significant and unusual participatory ambitions for the community. On the basis of three case studies, it describes and interprets the difficulties encountered by the small city and its accompanying structure. Relying on an approach of "observant participation" and on the Theory of Social Regulation, this research examines the conflicts and negotiations within the system of actors implied in the urban project in which the local elected is involved. ; Dans un contexte national de transfert des compétences à l'échelon intercommunal, de diminution de leurs ressources et d'affaiblissement de leurs prérogatives réglementaires, les élus locaux de petites villes et leurs services techniques sont confrontés à des enjeux qui dépassent bien souvent leurs compétences et les moyens dont ils disposent. Or, la mise en œuvre d'un projet urbain participatif suppose d'opérer un changement de paradigme vis-à-vis des cultures politiques et professionnelles dont ils ont hérité. Elle rend manifestement nécessaire de repenser leurs rôles et leurs modalités d'intervention.À partir de l'expérience d'une agence d'architecture et d'urbanisme, cette thèse analyse la place et les modalités d'action de l'élu comme « Maître d'Ouvrage occasionnel » dans le cadre de projets urbains organisés ...
In a national context of transferring their competences to intercommunal institutions, reducing their resources and weakening of their regulatory prerogatives, local elected representatives in small cities, and their technical services, are faced with issues that often exceed their capacity for action. The implementation of a participatory urban project requires a paradigm shift in the political and professional cultures they have inherited. It clearly makes it necessary to rethink their roles and modalities of intervention.Based on the experience of an architectural and urban planning agency, this thesis analyses the place and the modalities of action of the elected representative as "Occasional Contracting Authority", for urban projects organized with significant and unusual participatory ambitions for the community. On the basis of three case studies, it describes and interprets the difficulties encountered by the small city and its accompanying structure. Relying on an approach of "observant participation" and on the Theory of Social Regulation, this research examines the conflicts and negotiations within the system of actors implied in the urban project in which the local elected is involved. ; Dans un contexte national de transfert des compétences à l'échelon intercommunal, de diminution de leurs ressources et d'affaiblissement de leurs prérogatives réglementaires, les élus locaux de petites villes et leurs services techniques sont confrontés à des enjeux qui dépassent bien souvent leurs compétences et les moyens dont ils disposent. Or, la mise en œuvre d'un projet urbain participatif suppose d'opérer un changement de paradigme vis-à-vis des cultures politiques et professionnelles dont ils ont hérité. Elle rend manifestement nécessaire de repenser leurs rôles et leurs modalités d'intervention.À partir de l'expérience d'une agence d'architecture et d'urbanisme, cette thèse analyse la place et les modalités d'action de l'élu comme « Maître d'Ouvrage occasionnel » dans le cadre de projets urbains organisés ...
