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Examines the sociospatial distribution of advantages & disadvantages offered by urban governments at the county level to determine whether metropolitan counties that overlap central cities allocate their services in ways that advantage the more affluent, suburban residents. Empirical data on the amount of county services allocated to city & suburban residents in Milwaukee County, WI, & on the amount of county taxes paid by the urban & suburban residents of the county, reveal that most county benefits go to city residents & that most of the tax revenue to support these benefits comes from suburban residents. The implications of these findings for public choice perspectives on metropolitan governance & for claims about suburbanites burdening city residents are also discussed. 2 Tables, 3 Figures, 44 References. Adapted from the source document.

Abstract.Despite increasing speculation and attention, as of yet insufficient empirical research has been conducted on the possibility of a political cleavage based on differences between Canadian inner cities and suburbs. This article sheds light on the potential existence of such differences by analyzing federal elections at the level of the constituency from 1945 to 1997. Results show that city-suburban differences in federal party voting did not become significant until the 1980s, and increased after this point, with inner-city residents remaining to the left of the rest of Canada in their party preferences while suburbanites shifted increasingly to the right in their voting patterns. The results obtained from regression analysis suggest that such a divergence cannot be reduced solely to differences in social composition, housing tenure, or region, and thus confirm that it constitutes a 'true' political cleavage. It is argued that intra-urban geography needs to taken into account in future analyses of Canadian political behaviour.Résumé.Malgré un intérêt croissant pour la question, il existe encore peu de recherches empiriques sur un possible clivage politique dont les fondements seraient les différences entre les quartiers urbains centraux et les banlieues. Cet article jette un nouvel éclairage sur l'existence possible de ces différences à partir d'une analyse des résultats électoraux dans les circonscriptions fédérales entre 1945 et 1997. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que les différences entre le vote pour les partis politiques fédéraux ne sont devenues significatives que pendant les années 1980, mais qu'elles se sont exacerbées par la suite, les résidents de quartiers centraux demeurant à la gauche de l'échiquier politique tandis que les banlieues votaient de plus en plus à droite. Les résultats de l'analyse de régression suggèrent que ces différences ne sont pas seulement attribuables à la composition sociale, au taux de propriété, ou encore à la région, et constituent par le fait même un " véritable " clivage politique. L'auteur conclut que l'analyse géographique intra-urbaine devra être prise en compte dans les analyses futures du comportement politique Canadien.

AS THE AMERICAN METROPOLIS HAS TURNED INSIDE OUT SINCE 1970, THE EMERGING OUTER SUBURBAN CITY HAS CAPTURED CRITICAL MASSES OF LEADING URBAN ACTIVITIES FROM THE CENTRAL CITY THAT SPAWNED IT. GLOBALIZATION INCREASINGLY SHAPES U.S. URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE 1990S, YET RESEARCH TO DATE HAS FOCUSED ON THE CENTRAL CITY AND MAINLY IGNORES THE OUTER RING, WHERE A GROWING MAJORITY OF METROPOLITAN RESIDENTS LIVE AND WORK. FOLLOWING A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE UNPRECEDENTED RECENT SUBURBANIZATION OF MAJOR ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, THIS ARTICLE EXPLORE THE RAPIDLY EXPANDING INTERNATIONAL ROLE OF SUBURBAN BUSINESS COMPLEXES IN LARGE METROPOLITAN AREAS, PARTICULARLY GREATER NEW YORK. AMONG THE PERSPECTIVES DISCUSSED ARE THE WORLD CITY HYPOTHESIS, RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND URBAN FORM, HIGH-TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL LOCATION PROCESSES, THE INFLUENCE OF CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS ON GLOBAL INFORMATION-FLOW NETWORKS, AND THE FOREIGN PRESENCE IN SUBURBAN AMERICA. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT GLOBALIZATION FORCES INTENSIFY AND ACCELERATE THE SUBURBAN TRANSFORMATION OF THE AMERICAN CITY. A NEW URBAN FUTURE IS BEING SHAPED AS FULLY DEVELOPED SUBURBS BECOME THE ENGINE DRIVING METROPOLITAN AND WORLD CITY GROWTH.

As the American metropolis has turned inside out since 1970, the emerging outer suburban city has captured critical masses of leading urban activities from the central city that spawned it. Globalization increasingly shapes U.S. urban development in the 1990s, yet research to date has focused on the central city and mainly ignores the outer ring, where a growing majority of metropolitan residents live and work. Following a brief review of the unprecedented recent suburbanization of major economic activities, this article explores the rapidly expanding international role of suburban business complexes in large metropolitan areas, particularly Greater New York. Among the perspectives discussed are the world city hypothesis, relationships between telecommunications and urban form, high-technology industrial location processes, the influence of corporate headquarters on global information-flow networks, and the foreign presence in suburban America. It is concluded that globalization forces intensify and accelerate the suburban transformation of the American city. A new urban future is being shaped as fully developed suburbs become the engine driving metropolitan and world city growth.

"Victor Gruen was one of the twentieth century's most influential architects and is regarded as the father of the U.S. shopping mall. In spring 1979, less than a year before his death, he began reconstructing his life story. Now available in English for the first time, Shopping Town is the long overdue account of a man whose work fundamentally altered the course of city development. Shopping Town opens in Vienna in 1938 with the Anschluss--the turning point in Gruen's life--as he narrowly escaped the Nazi regime. A few years later, in the suburbs of postwar America, the Jewish refugee sought to reproduce the vitality of Vienna's city center and invented the commercial apparatus now known as the shopping mall. Gruen's Southdale Mall in Edina, Minnesota, was the first fully enclosed shopping center in America. He then translated the concept to economically neglected city centers, setting the path for pedestrian zones and fighting passionately for an urban ideal without compromise. Highlighting Gruen's sense of humor as well as reflections on the complex forces that sustained the postwar transformation of American cities, Shopping Town embeds Gruen's experiences and perspectives in a wider social and political context while helping us understand his problematic place in American architectural culture. With afterwords by his son and daughter, Shopping Town closes with Anette Baldauf's richly insightful essay on the legacy of Victor Gruen"--

The suburban bird community of Wagga Wagga, N.S.W., was surveyed during December 1978-January
1979 and May 1979, at nine sites selected to cover all ages of residential areas from predevelopment
to oldest suburbs and to demonstrate how the bird community will change with time in response to
changing habitat. Non-residential sites were also sampled. Sites were censused by foot transect. House
sparrows which were present in all sites, were the first species to colonize new residential areas and
made up over 95% of the individual count of four sites Of native species, 40% were found in
undeveloped sites only. The population density of undeveloped sites was only half that of developed
sites, but the greatest species diversity was found in undeveloped sites and the lowest in the most altered
sites. There was strong evidence for a steady linear increase in numbers of individuals, numbers of
species, biomass and population density with increasing age of residential area, reaching a peak at
about 30 years.