Suchergebnisse

Many of the thousands of Russians who protested against the Soviet system in 1990/91 are still around. In 2001, there were an estimated 200,000 nongovernmental organizations. However, like the civil society in general, they are contributing little to consolidate democracy. Questioned here is whether the public even constitutes a civil society, so little do they do to develop democratic institutions. This chapter analyzes the development of both Soviet & post-Soviet society in terms of their demonstration of independence from as opposed to obedience to the state. It is argued that, like political parties, they do not have a cultural precedent for civic action, nor do they have sufficient economic resources, since post-Soviet economic development in Russia has benefited only a few, who have no reason to change the status quo. The history of what might be called Russia's civil society is traced, & possibilities for change are suggested. J. Stanton

The growth of the concept of civil society in Venezuela since the 1970s is explored to argue that the origin of organized civil society is located in the struggle between the military & civilians which has dominated Venezuelan political history. The two different modes and of formation & development of civil society in Venezuela are distinguished as first, a traditional variant forms by unions & professional associations co-opted by political parties prior to 1958, & second, a new civil society that arose at the margin of the system of representation established within the framework of the Pact of Punto Fijo. Venezuelan civil society during the Punto Fijo is characterized as a space of nonparty, nonstate, voluntarily formed, nonprofit citizen organization which arose outside the interest group & labor union world. The formative stage of the new civil society in Venezuela occurring during the 1960s & 70s is characterized as the appearance of autonomous urban organizations oriented towards improving the living conditions of neighborhood & women's groups, promoting & providing educational work in communities, & environmental & cooperative struggles. The second stage of new civil organization beginning in 1989 seemed an ever-growing quantitative & qualitative presence in public life that culminated in a crucial role in the constitutional design of the new political system in 1999 that has resulted in a reenergizing of the parties & diminishing the space of the new civil society. The Fifth Republic's attempt at statist incorporation has led civil society to an open & direct confrontation with the state & the government parties, resulting in the politicization of civil society. The Venezuelan democratic model will include from now on, a politically mobilized civil society that can influence & hold more accountable political parties & government. J. Harwell

"In den letzten Jahren hat verstärkt eine Diskussion über den Zustand und die Zukunft moderner Gesellschaften eingesetzt. Darin ist die Bedeutung einer vitalen Zivilgesellschaft für Demokratie und Wirtschaftsentwicklung sowohl auf politischer als auch auf wissenschaftlicher Ebene immer wieder in den Vordergrund der Debatte gerückt worden. Die Autoren nutzen den von Zimmer/Hallmann (2004) aufgestellten Bezugsrahmen und diskutieren Partizipation und Engagement in freiwilligen Vereinigungen als zentralen Integrationsmechanismus innerhalb der theoretischen Ansätze von Nonprofit-Sektor, Zivilgesellschaft und Sozialkapital. Sie erweitern die Darstellung um eine Theorie, die soziales Kapital als individuelle Ressource versteht - ein Ansatz, der im Zusammenhang mit der Erklärung von sozialen Ungleichheiten in der Leistungsgesellschaft entstanden ist. Schließlich werden die wesentlichen empirischen Befunde zum bürgerschaftlichen Engagement kurz vorgestellt und die Folgen des beobachteten Strukturwandels vom alten zum neuen Ehrenamt diskutiert." (Autorenreferat)

Antiracism operates within civil society, social movements, grassroots organizations, & ethnic minority movements, as illustrated in the different cases of GB & France. Antiracism groups in these countries differ in their ability to obtain subsidies & grants & in resources. France's antiracist activity is more centralized than GB's, & leadership is less of an issue. European unification & globalization present new issues for migrants & ethnic minorities, & underresourced organizations may experience difficulties attempting political action at the transnational level. The ways in which broader antiracism activities can be developed through networking within social movements, eg, using the Internet & email, are discussed. M. Pflum

Antiracism operates within civil society, social movements, grassroots organizations, & ethnic minority movements, as illustrated in the different cases of GB & France. Antiracism groups in these countries differ in their ability to obtain subsidies & grants & in resources. France's antiracist activity is more centralized than GB's, & leadership is less of an issue. European unification & globalization present new issues for migrants & ethnic minorities, & underresourced organizations may experience difficulties attempting political action at the transnational level. The ways in which broader antiracism activities can be developed through networking within social movements, eg, using the Internet & email, are discussed. M. Pflum