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After the end of the Cold War, the notion of civil society has become part of the scientific discourse, the media discourse as well as the discourse of international organizations. And it has done so despite having different meanings. Indeed, the concept of civil society may refer to the actor of a protest, the project of a mobilization, the open up of a political system dealing with a problem of representation. In other cases, it may also refer to political actors, socio-economic agents, associations or labour unions. In any case, it appears as an ambiguous concept, plural and poorly defined. The aim of this article is to highlight the long historical course of this notion, from the former times and its link to civilization, the modern times and its perceptions as a counter-power, to the contemporary period in which this notion is identified with the third sector. Nowadays, civil society is related to problems of citizenship, citizen participation and public space. Lastly, it poses a fundamental question in all continents, as a consequence of the new information and communication technologies and the globalization of commercial exchanges: is there an international civil society? ; Desde el final de la guerra fría, la noción de sociedad civil se ha impuesto tanto en el discurso científico, como en el relato mediático y los textos de los organismos internacionales, a pesar de tener diferentes significados. Efectivamente, el concepto de sociedad civil puede representar el actor de una protesta, el proyecto de una movilización, la apertura de un sistema político enfrentado a un problema de representatividad o referirse a actores políticos, agentes socioeconómicos, asociaciones o centrales sindicales. En todo caso, aparece como un concepto ambiguo, plural y mal definido. El objetivo de este artículo es poner de manifiesto la larga trayectoria de esta noción, desde la antigüedad y su asociación a la civilización, hasta el periodo contemporáneo con su identificación con el tercer sector, pasando por al época moderna y su percepción como contra-poder. Hoy en día, la sociedad civil plantea problemas de ciudadanía, de participación ciudadana y de espacio público, sin olvidar la pregunta que se formula en todos los continentes como consecuencia de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación y de la mundialización de los intercambios comerciales: ¿existe una sociedad civil internacional?

Im vorliegenden Arbeitspapier wird über ein Forschungsprojekt von Studierenden der Entwicklungssoziologie von Juli bis Oktober 2004 berichtet. Das Ziel der Feldforschung bestand darin, die Prozesse der Transformation vor dem Hintergrund von Demokratisierung und Dezentralisation in Senegal zu untersuchen. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt wurde dabei auf die lokale Entwicklungspolitik gelegt, wie sie sich in Interaktion zwischen alten Governance-Strukturen und neu entstandenen Räumen und Kräften der Zivilgesellschaft herausgebildet hat. Es wird zunächst ein Überblick über die Politik der Dezentralisierung in Senegal und die deutsch-senegalische Kooperation im Entwicklungsprogramm "Bassin arachidier" gegeben. Anschließend wird die Frage diskutiert, ob von einer ebenbürtigen Dezentralisierung und Demokratisierung des Landes, insbesondere im Bereich der Agrarpolitik gesprochen werden kann. Weitere Themen des Forschungsberichts beziehen sich auf die Rolle der Zivilgesellschaft, die ausgehandelten Entwicklungen im lokalen und landwirtschaftlichen Kontext Senegals sowie auf die Rolle von neuen sozioökonomischen Akteuren und Gruppierungen. (ICI)

The need for global civil society stems from democratic deficits at the global level, but it is an open question how effective global networks of civil society can be in creating meaningful links of interdependence between societies, global markets and states. Global civil society is actively shaping and informing new constructions for governing globalization as an important actor that can no longer be ignored. It can potentially manage diversity and conflict, support and sustain multi-level public debates. Will a global civil society be able to deliver the enabling frameworks powerful and persistent enough to shape a new global public space?La necesidad de una sociedad civil global proviene de los déficits democráticos existentes a nivel global, pero sigue siendo un asunto pendiente conocer cómo de efectivas pueden ser las redes globales de la sociedad civil en la creación de lazos significativos de interdependencia entre sociedades, mercados globales y estados. La sociedad civil global informa y conforma activamente nuevas construcciones para gobernar globalmente como un actor destacado que no puede ser ignorado más tiempo. Potencialmente puede manejar la diversidad y el conflicto, respaldar y mantener debates públicos en múltiples niveles. ¿Será capaz la sociedad civil global de posibilitar un armazón suficientemente poderoso y persistente para formar un nuevo espacio público global?

Building upon the experience of the Convention for the elaboration of the Charter of fundamental rights and upon the suggestions of the White Paper on European Governance, this article puts forward proposals for a better involvement of the 'civil society' in the system of the European Union. It offers a general diagnosis of the misunderstandings surrounding the notion of 'civil society' and the relationship of representative democracy to participatory democracy. It then draws some lessons from the experiment in deliberative democracy which led to the drafting of the Charter of fundamental rights. Finally, it focuses on the contribution the organisations of the civil society can make to good governance in the European Union. Altogether, the proposals presented tend to encourage a better structuration of the actors of the civil society. Such a structuration, the article concludes, although it is usually considered with suspicion even by those whom it would most benefit, must be seen instead as a condition for the effective exercise of whichever participatory rights might be granted to the organisations of the civil society.

Building upon the experience of the Convention for the elaboration of the Charter of fundamental rights and upon the suggestions of the White Paper on European Governance, this article puts forward proposals for a better involvement of the 'civil society' in the system of the European Union. It offers a general diagnosis of the misunderstandings surrounding the notion of 'civil society' and the relationship of representative democracy to participatory democracy. It then draws some lessons from the experiment in deliberative democracy which led to the drafting of the Charter of fundamental rights. Finally, it focuses on the contribution the organisations of the civil society can make to good governance in the European Union. Altogether, the proposals presented tend to encourage a better structuration of the actors of the civil society. Such a structuration, the article concludes, although it is usually considered with suspicion even by those whom it would most benefit, must be seen instead as a condition for the effective exercise of whichever participatory rights might be granted to the organisations of the civil society.

This article aims at sinthetizing different perspectives about the rol of internacional civil society (ICV) in the exercise of a global power. It refers to some anglosajon and european recent studies, both at theorical as empirical levels, in order to do an evaluation of the most critical results. Being esceptical about the very concept of ICV, it tries to analize it from different points of view, in order to respond the main problem: is it posible for the ICV to ejercize power at a global level, and which is its legitimity to resolve global issues. The analysis of the concept is based on some results of the classical theory of civil society at a national level, but also examines specific dificulties to define an ICV and its functions in a globalized world. Eventually, it presents some theoretical challenges which are linked with the relation between ICV and a global democratic order. ; Este artículo pretende sintetizar diferentes perspectivas en torno al papel de la Sociedad Civil Internacional (SCI) en el ejercicio de un poder global. Se refiere a distintos y recientes estudios anglosajones y europeos, tanto al nivel teórico como empírico, en aras a realizar una evaluación de sus principales resultados. Siendo escépticos respecto al mismo concepto de SCI, se busca analizarlo desde distintos puntos de vista, para contestar la principal interrogante: es posible para la SCI ejercer el poder al nivel global, y cuál es su legitimidad para resolver problemas globales? El análisis del concepto esta fundamentado en algunos aportes de la teoría clásica de la sociedad civil al nivel nacional, pero también examina las dificultades específicas que plantea el definir una SCI y sus funciones en un mundo globalizado. Finalmente, se presentan algunos retos teóricos que se refieren a la relación entre la SCI y un orden democrático global.

Considero relevante incursionar en la genealogía del concepto de sociedad civil para describir y analizar el fenómeno en nuestros días. Existen dos razones que justifican esta búsqueda de los orígenes del concepto de sociedad civil. La primera de ellas remite a la comprensión de la acción política que llevan a cabo las organizaciones de la sociedad civil en la esfera pública en diferentes contextos históricos; y la segunda deriva de la necesidad de aclarar las diferencias entre la visión clásica y la perspectiva contemporánea de la sociedad civil. I consider relevant to venture into the genealogy of the concept of civil society to describe and analyze this phenomenon in our day. There are two reasons that justify this search for the origins of the concept of civil society. The first one refers to the understanding of political action carried out by civil society organizations in the public sphere in different historical contexts; and the second derives from the need to clarify the differences between the classical vision and the contemporary perspective of civil society.

Entrapped in the ambiguities of the Realpolitik of the Yalta system, East and Central European societies had to proceed on a long path of learning in order to find the right modes of self-organization and articulation to defend their values and identities vis-à-vis dictatorship and authoritarian rule. These bitter lessons contributed to the emergence of a new «strategy», a new vision which materialized in the emerging political philosophy and the political and social practice of civil society. This development would not have been possible without a gradual and fundamental change in political thinking and goal-setting, expressed in the development of a new concept of civil society.Atrapados en las ambigüedades de la Realpolitik del sistema de Yalta, las sociedades del Centro y Este de Europea han tenido que proceder a un largo camino de aprendizaje a fin de encontrar formas correctas de autoorganización y la articulación de la defensa de sus valores e identidades vis-à- vis con una dictadura y una administración autoritaria. Estas amargas lecciones contribuyeron a la emergencia de una nueva «estrategia», una nueva visión materializada en la emergente filosofía política y la práctica social y política de la sociedad civil. Este desarrollo no hubiera sido posible sin el gradual y fundamental cambio en el pensamiento político y el establecimiento de metas, expresadas en el desarrollo de un nuevo concepto de sociedad civil.

In recent years, we have witnessed the emergence of political activism through an irruption of citizen movements – 5M or Occupy–, the birth of new political platforms –5 Stelle, Zyrisa, Podemos– and the rise of new direct action groups, such as Anonymous, Stop-Evictions Movements, cooperatives, to name just a few. In some countries this activism has not just placed substantial pressure on traditional actors of representative democracy and governments, but has also opened up opportunities for structural changes in the policymaking context and procedures (García Marzá, 2012).

En este trabajo se desarrolla una disertación sobre el concepto de sociedad civil, a partir de la cual se analizan cuatro cuestiones principales: 1) algunas características del (re)surgimiento de la sociedad civil en América Latina, 2) la amplitud y ambigüedad del concepto, 3) la complejidad de la relación entre sociedad civil y democracia, y 4) las posibilidades y riesgos de cierta concepción de la sociedad civil frente a lo político y lo democrático. ; Thos work develops a dissertation on the civil society concept, on which are analyzed for principal problems: 1) some characteristic of the emergence of the civil society in Latin America, 2) the extent and ambiguity of the concept, 3) the complexity of the relationship between civil society and democracy, and 4) the possibilities and certain conceptions risks of the civil society as compared to what is political and democratic.

RFJ 2005 I p. 323 (Special provisions), 323 'Only a democratic civil society can constitute a democratic state, but only a democratic state can contribute to the formation of a democratic civil society.' 1 Introduction It is a major innovation in the new cantonal constitution, which has gone relatively unnoticed so far. This novelty lies in the constitutionalisation of civil society through the three articles of Title VIII Civil Society. Civil society 2 and secular community life 3 have therefore now become one of the constitutional principles of the Canton of Freiburg, after having recently been introduced into the new Constitution in Vaudoise 4, but at a time when RFJ 2005 I p. 323 (Special Provisions), 324 * ; http://doc.rero.ch/record/28370?ln=fr International audience ; RFJ 2005 I p. 323 (Special provisions), 323 'Only a democratic civil society can constitute a democratic state, but only a democratic state can contribute to the formation of a democratic civil society.' 1 Introduction It is a major innovation in the new cantonal constitution, which has gone relatively unnoticed so far. This novelty lies in the constitutionalisation of civil society through the three articles of Title VIII Civil Society. Civil society 2 and secular community life 3 have therefore now become one of the constitutional principles of the Canton of Freiburg, after having recently been introduced into the new Constitution in Vaudoise 4, but at a time when RFJ 2005 I p. 323 (Special Provisions), 324 * ; RFJ 2005 I p. 323 (Cahier spécial), 323 "Seule une société civile démocratique peut constituer un Etat démocratique, mais seul un Etat démocratique peut contribuer à la constitution d'une société civile démocratique." 1 Introduction Il est une innovation de taille dans la nouvelle Constitution cantonale qui est pourtant passée relativement inaperçue jusqu'ici. Cette nouveauté réside dans la constitutionnalisation de la société civile par les trois articles du Titre VIII Société civile. La société civile 2 et la vie associative ...

Introduction to the file of Italian Laboratory No 22 ; International audience ; Introduction to the file of Italian Laboratory No 22 ; Introduction au dossier du n°22 de Laboratoire italien