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As a result of permanent crises, changing political circumstances, rise of populism and overwhelming socio-cultural conflicts, recently liberal democracy is on the decline. This process strongly affects the civil sector, which in the 21st century is still considered one of the main defenders of democracy and human rights. Civil sector also performs a couple of functions that help them try to monitor the state (watchdog function), protect citizens, minorities, human rights, environment, animals etc. and provide a normative behavioural attitude. Nowadays in many countries the activities of civil organizations are restricted, displaced or terminated. Focusing on those countries where democratic backsliding process can be clearly observed, this study examines the background and forms of the process by which civils turned from partners to "enemies" in the last decade.

Civil society is an indispensable component of a functional democratic state. The development of civil society is dependent on a number of factors, including the work of the education system. Education is the crucial space for shaping civic attitudes and acquiring competences necessary for a society that is aware of its rights and active in the public sphere. A significant majority of educational institutions is administratively supervised by local government units. The purpose of this paper is to indicate how local authorities can play a role in the shaping of civil society by performing tasks (both obligatory and additional, non-compulsory ones) related to education.

The Message of the President of Uzbekistan Sh.M. Mirziyoyev to Oli Majlis notes that Uzbekistan will always be faithful to its principles in the sphere of interethnic harmony and religious tolerance, strengthening the atmosphere of mutual respect, friendship and harmony between representatives of different nations and faiths. It is considered as the greatest wealth of the state and society.

Torture is prohibited under art. 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and art. 7 of the International Pact on civil and political rights, the Convention against torture and other cruel, Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, other international acts, including the European Convention on Human Rights. However, torture continues to be applied in many states, including the Republic of Moldova. This article is devoted to the fight against torture, the role of civil society in this process is mentioned. It is about the creation by non-commercial organizations of an international network of prison education in the countries of the Eastern Partnership and Central Asia, which also includes organizations from Moldova, including the Institute for Democracy.

The article explores the concept of civil society in connection with Web 2.0 and its transformative impact on society and politics, contrasting it with the earlier era of Web 1.0. Web 2.0, characterized by enhanced user interaction and content production, has given rise to a new media ecosystem that has reshaped the way people communicate, obtain information, and participate in the polity. The article highlights the emergence of popular social media platforms and how they have become integral to the platform society. These platforms have not only revolutionized online interactions but have also intersected with offline realms, including politics, commerce, and social relations. The article further explores the implications of Web 2.0 for civil society, contentious politics, and citizen engagement, examining the rise of protests, transnational movements, and the impact of digital resources on democracy and (digital) citizenship. Finally, the work discusses the potential of digital counter-democracy in the platform society and the need for democratic control in the digital age.

The fundamental thesis of this paper is that Moldovan civil society needs to improve its communication with society. The dependence of Moldovan NGOs on financial aid from EU donors could create a Principal/Agent relationship. NGOs should respect the needs of society and stimulate the government on a pro-European path. The author proves that communication between public administration and civil society is crucial in the process of integration with the EU. ; Artykuł przedstawia wybrane elementy sytuacji społeczeństwa obywatelskiego w Mołdawii. Podstawową tezą artykułu jest stwierdzenie, że organizacje społeczeństwa obywatelskiego w Mołdawii muszą poprawić swoją komunikację ze społeczeństwem. Uzależnienie mołdawskich NGO od pomocy finansowej od donatorów z UE może tworzyć stosunki zleceniodawca/agent. NGO powinny uwzględniać potrzeby społeczeństwa i stymulować rząd na ścieżce proeuropejskiej. Autor dowodzi, że komunikacja między administracją publiczną i społeczeństwem obywatelskim ma kluczowe znaczenie w procesie integracji z UE.

The traditional subjects of civil society, which have been active for a long period of time, are losing their former influence and importance. Researchers point out a decrease in the population's civil engagement in many countries of the world. The existing concepts of civil society are losing their explanatory power. This article presents an attempt to resolve the issue in question. The purpose of this article is to analyze the social community of parents as a new subject of civil society. In order to achieve this goal, civil society is examined from a community approach standpoint, according to which it is interpreted as a special form of social community. Its specific nature is conditioned by the fact that such a community consists of individuals (and their associations) which support distinct needs, interests and value orientations. It is shown that individuals (and their associations), when possessing the necessary resources (mainly social capital), engage in cooperative actions to fulfill and protect their needs and interests within certain boundaries of time and space. The article stresses the fact that such activity turns into a dominant model of living, in other words – a lifestyle for members of a civil society community. Analyzed are the key characteristics, functions and the structure of civil society as a social community, together with the creation and development of a parent community within it as a new element of the former. This serves as a foundation for demonstrating that the modern parent community is evolving. While preserving its traditional community features and functions, the social community of parents is acquiring more traits and functions inherent to a civil society community, transforming into a special type of the latter. The gradual process of integrating the parent social community into the community structure of civil society is shown. Also highlighted is the fact that this process is occurring with varying intensity in time and space, as a result of the non-uniformity and inconsistency of the parent community itself. The objective disparity between parents affects their degree of involvement in practices of civil society, as well as the nature of interactions within and between communities. The article suggests regarding the interior structure of the parent community as dynamic, consisting of a core, semi-periphery and periphery. The conclusion states that in modern conditions the parent community turns into what drives the development of civil society.

The article deals with the analogue forms of civil society in the Islamic countries of the South. The author analyzes the formation and development of the civil society in this region of the world, its specifics and peculiarities. The author also shows that burgeoning civil society models of non-western area have their own specific features, which are determined by a unique way of civilizational development and by significant impact of the religious factor. The present research brings up a methodological novation – an analogous civil society. According to this novation, the developing political system (which takes part in civilizational competition with other systems and tries to use their historical experience and accumulated resources explicitly, for example, by attracting ideas, technologies, investments, or implicitly – by creating the same resources through modernization and social mobilization) does not imply an organic link between ideologically reflected meaning of this system's existence, the forms of such existence, and the main institutions' functionality. Moreover, this smoothness is not very important and desirable for the analogue system or its components. The meaning of such system's existence is using the forms, principles, mechanisms, elaborated through historical development of social and political systems for their own specific purposes, for the sake of diametrically opposed goals that sometimes are not very detailed.

The article focuses on the self-organization of social space which results from constructing a network of civil society. Social network morphology is a modern form of organization of social life where each individual enters into the dynamics of social interactions. Social interaction, as well as their organization should be assessed and analyzed within the dialectical synergetic approach. This approach allows to take into account the leading role of social and political movements, and the involvement of people in community activities for more effective management of social processes.Key words: civil society, the network structure, decentralization, self-organization, individual, social and political movements. ; Статья посвящена вопросам самоорганизации социального пространства посредством построения сетевого гражданского общества. Сетевая социальная морфология является современной формой организации социального бытия, где каждый индивид вступает в динамику общественных взаимодействий. Социальные взаимодействия, а также их организацию целесообразно оценивать и анализировать с помощью диалектико-синергетического подхода. Данный подход позволяет учитывать ведущую роль общественно-политических движений в процессе самоорганизации социального пространства, а также вовлеченность людей в общественную деятельность для более эффективной координации их социального бытия. Ключевые слова: гражданское общество, сетевая структура, децентрализация, самоорганизация, личность, общественно-политические движения.

This article is a contribution to the decades of disputes and reflections on civil society and its future. Since a large part of the fears and hopes associated with these discussions concerns the role of young people in supporting and developing civil society, the aim of this article is to present the results of a quantitative study conducted among the Jagiellonian University students belonging to the Z generation. Thanks to the fact that the survey combines questions concerning civic attitudes and civic engagement, the study grasps the specific characteristics of young people, which are often overlooked, and their possible impact on the future of civil society. Drawing attention to the young people who are university students and analyzing the relationship between the respondents' civility and their socio-cultural environment, the article answers the questions concerning the opportunities for the further development of civil society in Poland and the role of the young generation of Polish residents in this process. In particular, following the quantitative analysis of the responses of 149 participants, the article presents a discussion on the most common types of civic engagement, their relationship with the civic attitudes of the respondents and the impact of the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents on these variables.

The article analyses the function self-management as one of institution development civil society contemporary Russia. ; В статье анализируется функционирование местного самоуправления как одного из институтов развивающегося гражданского общества современной России.

В статье предпринята попытка историко-теоретической реконструкции понятия "гражданское общество". Гражданское общество является необходимым стимулом развития и процветания государства. Выделены факторы, которые способствуют развитию гражданского общества. Гражданское общество максимально раскрывает свой потенциал в плюралистическом, либерально-демократическом обществе. Степень развития гражданского общества зависит от социально-политических институтов, в которых оно развивается. ; There is no single concept of civil society. The parameters of civil society in different countries will differ. The main idea of civil society formed on the foundation of Greek philosophical thought and actualized in a modern pluralistic, liberal-democratic society. Civil society shaped to achieve specific goals, social change, or control over politicians. Although civil society has a political dimension, political parties are not an attribute of civil society.

The article discusses the condition of civil society in contemporary Serbia, with special emphasis on the relations between its representatives and the authorities (both at the local and state level). The main objective of the analyses is to answer the question of the position of the civil sector within Serbia's broadly understood political system. What role do both formal non-governmental organizations and grassroots non-institutionalized social movements play in this relatively young democracy? What is the attitude of the authorities to grassroots civil activities, which often manifest criticism towards the decisions and actions of those in power? These questions will constitute the central axis of my considerations in this article. The research problem indicated above is analysed on two essential levels. Firstly, the article discusses existing studies and research on the nature of civil society in Serbia and the ways in which it functions. Secondly, the author analyses the results of qualitative research carried out at the late 2018 and early 2019 among representatives of Serbian civil movements and organizations. The conclusions stemming from these analyses are presented in the final part of the article. The analyses carried out indicate the problems that face the civil sector in Serbia. First and foremost, one should draw attention to the authorities' rather negative view of the civil sector. What is also noteworthy is an extended network of connections of the authorities with the private sector as well as with right-wing, nationalist, pro-government organizations. These circumstances to a large extent hinder or even preclude dialogue (and further cooperation) between public and civil institutions.

The aim of the paper is to present the model of Polish civil society development in sport, which is based on three phases: the first one consists in creating rules by international organizations; in the second one public authorities introduce legal regulations based on previously developed organizational standards; in turn, the third phase relies on checking to what extent these rules and regulations have been internalized by their addresses. The indicator for measuring the level of development of civil society in sport was the knowledge of the legal concept of doping among members of Polish national teams.

The article analyzes theoretical statements concerning interaction of state and civil society, which were formed in the European philosophy of the XVII-XIX centuries (D. Locke, G. Hegel, K. Marx). On the basis of the comparative analysis the generalized concept of civil society is formulated. The specific interaction mechanisms of institutions of the modern Russian state and their impact on the formation and development of civil society are discussed. ; Анализируются теоретические положения о взаимодействии государства и гражданского общества, которые сформировались в европейской философии XVII-XIX вв. (Д. Локк, Г. Гегель, К. Маркс). На основе сравнительного анализа формулируется обобщенный концепт гражданского общества. Рассматривается специфика конкретных механизмов взаимодействия институтов современного российского государства и их влияния на становление и формирование гражданского общества.