Suchergebnisse

Most nations have experienced an internal armed conflict since 1960. Yet while civil war is central to many nations' development, it has stood at the periphery of economics research and teaching. The past decade has witnessed a long overdue explosion of research into war's causes and consequences. We summarize progress, identify weaknesses, and chart a path forward. Why war? Existing theory is provocative but incomplete, omitting advances in behavioral economics and making little progress in key areas, like why armed groups form and cohere, or how more than two armed sides compete. Empirical work finds that low per capita incomes and slow economic growth are both robustly linked to civil war. Yet there is little consensus on the most effective policies to avert conflicts or promote postwar recovery. Cross-country analysis of war will benefit from more attention to causal identification and stronger links to theory. We argue that micro-level analysis and case studies are also crucial to decipher war's causes, conduct, and consequences. We bring a growth theoretic approach to the study of conflict consequences to highlight areas for research, most of all the study of war's impact on institutions. We conclude with a plea for new and better data.

It is known that the XXIst International Conference of the Red Cross voted a resolution (No. XVII) relative to the protection of the victims of non-international armed conflicts and by which it "asks the ICRC to devote special attention to this problem within the framework of the more general studies it has started to develop humanitarian law". However, before the meeting at Istanbul, the author of the following article had already written a study on the subject entitled "Der Bürgerkrieg", which is of topical interest and of which we now give extracts at some length in our own translation (Ed.).

Our understanding of civil war is shot through with the spectre of quagmire, a situation that traps belligerents, compounding and entrenching war's dangers. Despite the subject's importance, its causes are obscure. A pervasive 'folk' notion that quagmire is intrinsic to certain countries or wars has foreclosed inquiry, and scholarship has failed to identify quagmire as an object of study in its own right. Schulhofer-Wohl provides the first treatment of quagmire in civil war. In a rigorous but accessible analysis, he explains how quagmire can emerge from domestic-international interactions and strategic choices. To support the argument, Schulhofer-Wohl draws upon field research on Lebanon's sixteen-year civil war, structured comparisons with civil wars in Chad and Yemen, and rigorous statistical analyses of all civil wars worldwide fought between 1944 and 2006. The results make clear that the 'folk' notion misdiagnoses quagmire and demand that we revisit policies that rest upon it. Schulhofer-Wohl demonstrates that quagmire is made, not found.

Este artículo analiza y describe la relación entre noviolencia y desobediencia civil, destacando que las dos figuras convergen en la misma fundamentación ética y que son expresión de la relación del ciudadano con el poder político. Inicia con una presentación de la noviolencia desde la obra de Mahatma Gandhi, para luego conceptualizarla como un pensamiento político, tanto en su epistemología como en su acción. Finalmente, establece una conexión entre noviolencia y desobediencia civil que trasciende la relación puramente instrumental con que usualmente se identifica el vínculo entre estas dos figuras. De esta manera, más allá de sus diferencias, ambas figuras se encuentran en lo fundamental, esto es, en los principios éticos que las soportan y que las legitiman como acción y expresión política. ; Este artigo analisa e descreve a relação entre não-violência e desobediência civil, destacando que as duas figuras convergem na mesma fundamentação ética e que são expressão da relação do cidadão com o poder político. Inicia com uma apresentação da não-violência desde a obra de Mahatma Gandhi, para depois conceptualizá-la como um pensamento político, tanto em sua epistemologia quanto em sua ação. Finalmente, estabelece uma conexão entre não-violência e desobediência civil que transcende a relação puramente instrumental com que usualmente se identifica o vínculo entre estas duas figuras. Desta maneira, além de suas diferenças, ambas as figuras se encontram no fundamental, isto é, nos princípios éticos que as suportam e que as legitimam como ação e expressão política. ; This paper analyzes and describes the relationship between nonviolence and civil disobedience, stressing that both of them converge on the same ethical foundation and are an expression of the relationship between citizens and the political power. The paper begins with a presentation of nonviolence Mahatma Gandhi´s work, and continues then conceptualizing nonviolence as a political thought, with a epistemology and an action. Finally, traces a connection between nonviolence and civil disobedience that goes beyond the purely instrumental relationship that usually identifies the link between these. Thus, beyond their differences both nonviolence and civil desobedience, concur in essence, that is, in the ethical principles that support and legitimize them as actions and political expressions.

It has been widely feared - especially in Europe - that among the casualties in the "war against terror" it is now necessary to include a number of civil and political rights that used to form the nucleus of the liberal "Rechtstaat". In such times, it its useful to remember that on both sides of the Atlantic there has existed a powerful alternative political tradition - indeed a tradition that extends far beyond the West. This is the tradition of non-violence, one of the offshoots of which is the civil disobedience expounded and analyzed in this book. This exhaustive and carefully analytical study of civil disobedience, translated from Spanish, is a welcome reminder of the tradition that emphasised precisely the need to focus on the quality of the instruments of politics as much as its objectives. This volume seeks to disentangle the limits and possibilities of the tradition of civil disobedience: in what circumstances is it right, or perhaps necessary, to say "no"? The jurisprudential and philosophical literature discussed here is truly enormous and provides a complex and reliable overview of the main problems. This volume is thus a highly welcome contribution not only to discussions about civil and political rights, but also to the construction of the Europe of tomorrow as a political community worth making a commitment to

"Civil Liberties: examines current, often controversial, topics of worldwide interest and importance from a variety of international perspectives"--