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Vikingeskjaldenes lovprisninger af fyrster, flåder og tapre mænd er mere og andet end ren hofpropaganda - fyrstedigtningen vidner om forhold og forandringer i de oldnordiske samfunds militære og civile organisation. Det er udgangspunktet for oldtidhistoriker Rikke Malmros' forståelse af vikingetidens og den tidlige middelalders hofpoesi - og omdrejningspunktet for denne bog.I en række forskelligartede artikler betragtes vikingetidens samfund gennem fyrstedigtningens rige kildemateriale, der længe har været overset som gyldigt historisk vidnesbyrd. Myten om den nordiske oldtids brede folkestyre
In: Vohnsen , N H 2016 , ' Evidensbaseret politikudvikling : Brudflader mellem forskning og bureaukrati ' , Tidsskriftet Antropologi , bind 72 , s. 39-60 .
A current ambition in welfare states across Europe and in the US is for political decision-making to be based on rigorous research (Bason 2010; Cartwright et al 2009; Mulgan 2009; Nilsson et al. 2008). Promoted as 'evidence-based policy-making', 'good analysis, or 'better governance' (Nilsson et.al. 2008) the aspiration finds its roots in the governance paradigm generally referred to as 'new public management' (Hartley 2005) and the central concern for developing a cost-effective and agile public sector (Rod 2010). . Sound as this ambition may seem, it has nevertheless been problematized from within the civil services and from the research community (e.g. Boden & Epstein 2006; Cartwright et al. 2009; Elliott & Popay 2000; House of Commons 2006; Nilsson et al. 2008; Whitty 2006; Rod 2010, Vohnsen 2011). Some warn that the term 'evidence-based' is used too lightly, and often in cases where 'evidence' has not fed into the policy processes but rather has been invoked after the fact to support already agreed upon policy (House of Commons 2006; Nilsson et al. 2008); others warn that politics and science are – if not incompatible – then at odds with one another (e.g. Boden & Epstein 2006; Whitty 2006). The article pin-points the friction points between science and policy-making and discuss why it is that evidence rarely feeds into policy-making and how the evidence-based paradigm effectively challenges the traditional craftsmanship of the civil service.
BASE
In: Internasjonal politikk, Band 78, Heft 3, S. 334-357
ISSN: 1891-1757
Artikkelen gir en oversikt over den «visuelle vendingen» innen IP-faget og diskuterer noen av de mest sentrale teoretiske argumentene som har blitt lagt frem i denne sammenheng, med særlig vekt på studiet av «internasjonale ikoner». Denne diskusjonen leder videre til en empirisk studie, nærmere bestemt en kasusstudie med utgangspunkt i bildet av Omran Daqneesh, også kjent som «Syrian boy in an ambulance». Dette bildet, som ble tatt under beleiringen av Aleppo i august 2016, oppnådde raskt ikonisk status i den bredere vestlige debatten, og det er nettopp samspillet mellom bilde og fortolkning i form av tekst jeg ser nærmere på i analysen. Ved hjelp av en diskursanalyse viser jeg hvordan debatten bar preg av uklarhet og en slags ubestemmelighet når det gjaldt hvordan en burde respondere til ikonet i utenrikspolitisk forstand. Dette funnet leder meg videre til artikkelens teoretiske bidrag: å anskueliggjøre hvordan begrepet apori kan bidra til å teoretisere debatten rundt borgerkrigen i Syria. Mer konkret argumenter jeg for at debattens innramming leder til et selvkonstruert paradoks, som kommer til uttrykk i ulike krav om at noe må gjøres, uten at dette «noe» spesifiseres. Dermed blir kravet i seg selv et symbol på en utveisløshet; det ender i en apori. Formålet med artikkelen er derfor todelt: For det første å undersøke hvilken rolle bilder spiller i internasjonal politikk og, for det andre, å belyse hvordan møtet med en apori fordrer refleksjon, som derfor kan bidra til å åpne opp for alternative tilnærminger til de forståelsesrammene som preget, eller kanskje rettere sagt fremdeles preger, diskursen rundt borgerkrigen i Syria.
Abstract in English:Icons and Aporias in the Western Debate on the Civil War in Syria
This article provides an overview of the 'visual turn' in IR and reflects on some of the key theoretical arguments put forward with particular attention paid to the proposed study of 'international icons'. This discussion provides the basis for an empirical study in which I examine the photograph of Omran Daqneesh, also known as the Syrian boy in an ambulance, as a case study. This photo, which was taken during the siege of Aleppo in August 2016, quickly reached an iconic status in the broader Western debate on the Syrian Civil War. The ensuing analysis zooms in on and accentuates the interplay between the visual and (textual) interpretation. This is done by way of discourse analysis, through which I demonstrate how the debate was characterized by an ambiguity and an undecideability regarding what should be done in terms of foreign policy as a response to the icon. Building on this finding, I advance this article's theoretical contribution: to suggest that the concept of aporia can help us theorize the debate on the Syrian civil war. More specifically, I argue that the current framing of the debate leads to a self-constructed paradox, which finds its expression in the various demands that 'something must be done', without this 'something' being specified. As such, the demand becomes a symbol of a undecidability; it ends in an aporia. Thus, the purpose of this article is two-fold: First, to understand the role of images in international politics and, second, to illuminate how the aporetic encounter demands reflection, which therefore can open up thinking space for alternative approaches to the frames of interpretation that dominated, or rather, continues to dominate the discourse around the civil war in Syria.
In: Internasjonal politikk, Band 79, Heft 2, S. 182-184
ISSN: 1891-1757
Når militære styrker roterer inn og ut av operasjonsområder i tiår etter tiår, skjer det noe med beslutningstakerne. Politikere, embetsverk og offiserer sosialiseres inn nye selvbilder. Gamle normer, som at Forsvaret er et nasjonalt nødvergeinstrument byttes ut med nye selvbilder der det å krige ute blir viktig for å forstå seg selv som «en god alliert».
Abstract in EnglishReply to Karsten Friis, NUPIAs military forces rotate on a regular basis in and out of a theatre, decisionmakers become influenced. Not least by new self-perceptions. Politicians, civil servants and officers are socialized into new identities. Old norms, like territorial defence, are gradually exchanged with new expeditionary images of what it means to be "a good ally".
In Belgium, the idea of 'openness' is a well spread notion in electoral political discourses and the 2012 local election in Wallonia is no exception to this trend. Despite a clear victory, it is indeed very common for local political leaders in Belgium to announce that they will open their majority to other lists. The idea of 'openness' is also part of the local electoral campaign in terms of recruitment: non-partisan candidates – who clearly want to distinguish themselves from the party – are recruited to figure on the lists as 'independent candidates'. They are called 'candidates d'ouverture' as a sign of openness towards the civil society, the opposition, or dissidents from other political parties. Actually, these candidates are recruited for various reasons: there are sometimes used to demonstrate the citizen character of the list, to enhance the fact that the list 'makes politics differently from established political parties', to underline the local roots of the list, and sometimes the 'candidates d'ouverture' are simply used to complete vacancies on a list.
BASE
In recent years, public authorities and civil-society organisations, driven by increasing public disengagement and a growing sense of distrust between the public and their representatives, have been instituting exercises in public deliberation, often using 'mini-publics', that is relatively small groups of citizens, selected according to various criteria and representing different viewpoints, brought together to deliberate on a particular issue. From small-scale experiments, mini- publics have recently taken a constitutional turn, at least in Europe. Iceland and Ireland have turned to deliberative democracy to reform their constitutions. Estonia, Luxembourg and Romania have also experienced constitutional processes in a deliberative mode. In Belgium, the G1000, a citizen-led initiative of deliberative democracy, has fostered a wider public debate about the place and role of citizens in the country's democracy. At the same time, the European Union institutions have introduced different forms of deliberative democracy as a way to reconnect with citizens. These empirical cases are indicative of a possible 'constitutional turn' in deliberative democracy in Europe. These examples of constitution-making happened in a particular time and place but they may also serve as models for other events.
BASE
At the very moment that humanity is facing a broadening ecological crisis, and that both policy makers and civil society are calling for a transition towards more sustainable societies, modern science seems incapable of providing operational solutions for managing this transition. In this context, both Noble prize laureates and high-level science officials have stressed the need of an in depth transformation of the modes of organization of scientific research for governing the transition to sustainable societies. However, existing analyses of on-going initiatives show that most of the barriers to a major, consolidated effort in sustainability science will not be removed without far-reaching institutional change. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an incremental institutional change approach, based on a gradual institutionalization process of existing initiatives. The analysis in this paper shows that strategic research for sustainability and reform of research funding mechanisms will only be effective if they are supported at the same time by reforms of career and training paths at higher education institutions. To promote this vision, the paper proposes a set of capacity building measures that can be undertaken at the level of research funding, higher education institutions and networking.
BASE
In: Internasjonal politikk, Band 78, Heft 1, S. 93-105
ISSN: 1891-1757
Under 2017 och 2018 ökade Kinas direktinvesteringar i Sverige avsevärt till följd av ett antal stora förvärv, mestadels i fordonsindustrin. Samtidigt har den svenska offentliga debatten kring kinesiska investeringar blivit mer kritisk sedan 2017, då investeringarna överlag talades om i positiva ordalag. Under 2018 och 2019 har en rad aktörer inom statliga myndigheter, politiska partier, media och civilsamhället beskrivit Kinas investeringar som ett potentiellt säkerhetshot. Näringslivsrepresentanter är mindre synliga i debatten men även här finns det en tydlig trend av ökad uppmärksamhet på potentiella säkerhetsrisker kopplade till kinesiska investeringar. Den svenska synen på Kina tycks konvergera allt mer med vad EU har kallat för sin nya "mer realistiska" hållning gentemot Peking. Ett antal policyprocesser har inletts, vilket sannolikt kommer leda till att svensk lagstiftning stärks på flera områden för att öka kontrollen av Kinas investeringar och engagemang i Sverige, särskilt i kritisk infrastruktur såsom telekommunikationsnät men även vad gäller företag vars verksamhet anses som säkerhetskänslig i mer generell bemärkelse.
Abstract in EnglishChinese Investments in Sweden: From Fame to Fear?China's direct investment in Sweden surged in 2017 and 2018 due to a number of large acquisitions, mostly in the automotive industry. At the same time, the public debate on Chinese investments has become more critical since 2017, when they were typically seen in a positive light. Throughout 2018 and 2019, a number of actors in government authorities, political parties, the media and civil society have described China's investments as a potential security threat. Although less prominent in the public debate, business representatives have also become increasingly vocal about potential security risks associated with Chinese investment. The Swedish view of China seems to be aligning with what the EU has called its new "more realistic" approach to Beijing. Meanwhile, a number of policy processes have been launched which are likely to lead to the strengthening of existing legal frameworks to scrutinise Chinese investment and activity in Sweden, especially concerning critical infrastructure such as telecommunications networks, but also more generally concerning companies whose activities are regarded as sensitive from a security perspective.
In: Internasjonal politikk, Band 78, Heft 3, S. 257-283
ISSN: 1891-1757
Når og hvorfor velger stater å bruke militærmakt i grensetvister? Artikkelen argumenterer for at kvantitative studier av grensetvister i internasjonale relasjoner (IR) i for stor grad har fokusert på statiske forklaringsvariabler. For å forstå taktikkskifter må vi isolere hendelsesdynamikker, ikke konstante egenskaper. Paul Huths innflytelsesrike «nettverksmodell» åpner for nettopp dette, men jeg finner at dens logikk er ustø og dens empiriske støtte tvilsom. I stedet foreslår jeg en alternativ mekanisme, inspirert av Barbara Walters borgerkrigteori: En truet stat har et akutt behov for å signalisere kampvilje, og grensetvister er ideelle «scener» for slike signaler. Dermed kan vi forvente aggressive taktikkskifter innad i tvister like etter at eksterne trusler inntreffer – stikk i strid med Huths modell. Jeg tester de to hypotesene på et datamateriale om Kinas konfliktnettverk mellom 1954 og 2005. Mer omfattende tester er nødvendig for å fastslå modellens forklaringskraft, men dette materialet gir ettertrykkelig støtte til mitt argument. Sannsynligheten for at Kina ville militarisere en grensetvist mer enn tredoblet seg i ukene etter at Beijing ble utfordret militært av en eller flere utenforstående stater. Resultatet er uforenlig med litteraturens dominerende tese og styrker dermed oppfatningen av statiske forklaringsvariabler som utilstrekkelige for å kartlegge rykk og napp mellom fred og aggresjon i internasjonale grensetvister.
Abstract in EnglishFrom Peace to Fury: Reframing Tactical Shifts in Territorial DisputesWhen and why do states violently contend their territorial claims? I argue that the quantitative literature in IR stands ill-prepared to solve this puzzle due to an endemic appetite for static variables. Territorial disputes escalate because states' tactics shift; to grasp the dynamic sequences spurring those shifts is therefore critical. Paul K. Huth's network approach provides a powerful starting point, and I interrogate his hypothesis that threatened states acquiesce in disputes. The inference is both theoretically misplaced and empirically dubious, I find. Yet by injecting the Schellingian logic of 'commitment-signalling', drawing on Barbara Walter's theory of civil wars, I recast Huth's model: tactical shifts are aggressive, not conciliatory, when states perceive outside threats. I test this antithesis using a sequence-sensitive logistic regression model, employing China's territorial-dispute history between 1954 and 2005 as a crucial-case experiment. Strong evidence favours this paper's argument. That has implications for further research. My Network-Signalling model has promise and should be tested more extensively.
In: Internasjonal politikk, Band 78, Heft 1, S. 1-31
ISSN: 1891-1757
De siste ti årene har enkelte avgjørelser i norsk barnevern skapt sterke internasjonale reaksjoner. Våren 2016 demonstrerte over 8000 personer i elleve land i forbindelse med en sak som angikk en norsk-rumensk familie. Denne artikkelen undersøker tre saker som har gitt Norge betydelige diplomatiske utfordringer (India 2011, Russland 2014 og Romania 2016). Artikkelen ser på hvorfor sakene utløste så sterke reaksjoner, og redegjør for hvordan norske myndigheter håndterte sakene. Vi beskriver også gjeldende norsk lovverk og prosedyrer på feltet. Et viktig funn i vår undersøkelse er at alle sakene kan knyttes til andre sterke drivkrefter i det aktuelle landet. Det er kombinasjonen av en dramatisk familiehistorie i møte med en større politisk agenda som gjør sakene så kraftfulle og betente i de enkelte landene. I materialet vi legger frem, finner vi også tegn til læring og forbedring i Utenriksdepartementets (UD) håndtering, og også utvikling og forbedring i måten UD har samarbeidet med andre deler av embetsverket på. Samtidig stiller artikkelen spørsmål ved hvorfor et sentralt verktøy i arbeidet med å håndtere denne type saker (ratifiseringen av Haagkonvensjonen), kom på plass så sent.
Abstract in EnglishDiplomatic Controversies Sparked by Decisions of the Norwegian Child Welfare Service: A Preliminary AssessmentDecisions taken by the Norwegian child welfare services have in the past decade, in some cases, created strong international reactions. In the spring of 2016, over 8,000 people in eleven countries demonstrated in connection with a case involving a Norwegian-Romanian family. This article examines three issues that have presented significant diplomatic challenges to Norway (India 2011, Russia 2014 and Romania 2016). The article looks at why the cases triggered such strong reactions and explains how the Norwegian authorities handled these cases. It also outlines the relevant Norwegian legislation and judicial procedures in the field. The paper finds that the three controversial cases assessed linked with other strong driving forces or national political issues in the country in question. In the material we present, there is also evidence of learning and improvement in the way the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs handled these challenges, and there also seems to have been improvement in the way the Ministry of Foreign Affairs collaborated with other parts of the civil service. At the same time, the article questions why a key tool in dealing with these types of cases (The 1996 Hague Convention) was ratified so late in Norway.