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Finer investigated the phenomenon of politics in its spatial & temporal framework, trying to look into as many forms of government as possible & to find uniformity in their variety. He paid particular attention to a study of institutions of government, which he considered the core of politics. His investigations focused on the state. By condensing the consequences of the emergence of the state on the forms of government, Finer came up with two variables: the extent to which rulers establish a standardized central administration & the extent to which homogeneous culture, religion, & laws are achieved. The second important topic in Finer's research was military organization. He wanted to demonstrate how the survival of a state, international order, social distribution of power, governing, the degree of bureaucratization, & a regime's nature, are intertwined with the structure of the state's military institutions. His opinion was that the military organization is necessary for the establishment & preservation of political communities, regimes, & governments. According to Finer, the state's key functions are preparing for wars, waging wars, reconstructing the country after wars, & expecting the next war. Finer's third topic is the relationship between political & religious systems of belief. He stressed their dualistic nature, with two more or less independent hierarchies that have been a source of serious tensions. Furthermore, Finer links the existing system of beliefs, social stratification, & political institutions. Where these factors are balanced, the political community achieves permanent stability. 2 Figures. Adapted from the source document.

U radu se iz ekohistorijske perspektive prikazuju šume Slavonske vojne krajine u 18. stoljeću. Šume se proučavaju kao zasebni ekosistem te kroz njihovu interakciju s čovjekom. Rad se temelji na pregledu izvora – karti Slavonske vojne krajine iz 1780. godine, Šumskih uredbi iz 1787. godine i putopisu austrijskog državnog službenika Friedricha Wilhelma von Taubea. Naglasak je na prikazu izgleda šuma i njihovih karakteristika te na utjecaju čovjeka kroz ekonomsku eksploataciju i deforestaciju. Predstavljaju se oprečni pogledi vojne vlasti i krajišnika po pitanju korištenja i zaštite šuma. ; The paper portrays the forests of the Slavonian Military Border in the 18th century from the perspective of ecohistory. The forests are studied as a separate ecosystem and through their interaction with humans. The paper is based on an overview of sources – a map of the Slavonian Military Border from the year 1780, the Forest Decree from the year 1787 and the travelogue of the Austrian civil servant Friedrich Wilhelm von Taube. The paper emphasizes the appearance of forests and their characteristics, as well as man's influence on forests through economic exploitation and deforestation. The conflicting views of the military authorities and the frontier soldiers on the use and protection of forests are presented.

NATO's military action in Yugoslavia is a pivotal event that is going to leave an indelible impact on the future direction of international relations. The author first analyzes the underlying causes of the campaign, among which were the international community's resolve to finally punish Milosevic, be instrumental in eliminating his regime, drive out Russian interests from the Balkans, & espouse a positive stance toward Muslim countries, as well as the internal political American reason: the desire to strengthen President Clinton's position. This action has also had a manifold significance for the new world order, since it poses the questions of the world order's content, nature, leadership, & norms in a new light. In the process of establishing the new post-Cold-War relations, various tendencies that will pave the way to the new millennium will clash. On the one hand, there will be the exclusive approach based on force & interests, & on the other, the desire to establish the relations in which human rights will be the fundamental criterion for assessing the suitability of a country for a full membership in the newly unified international community. Adapted from the source document.

In many countries the violations of human rights & the deterioration of democracy are a direct consequence of the inability of the civilian government to control their military & security forces. The military are a part of society & as such should be monitored regularly & efficiently by the civilian, political authorities. The civilian control of the military in the US was enacted by the Constitution of 1789. The initiative "Partnership for Peace" has the central role in the transformation of the armed forces in the transitional countries, & the civilian control of the army is the prerequisite for bolstering democracy. Analysis of the political & defense system of the Republic of Croatia definitely indicates that in Croatia, even at this stage, there is efficient control of the armed forces. 14 References. Adapted from the source document.

Civilno društvo je prostor između obitelji, države i tržišta gdje se građani udružuju radi promicanja zajedničkih interesa. Širenjem značenja Europske unije uloga civilnog društva i njegov međuodnos s EU razinom postaje sve značajnije pitanje. Rad tematizira civilno društvo u kontekstu europeizacije. Europeizacija se koristi kao »termin kišobran« koji pokriva mnoštvo značenja u terminima socijalnog, političkog, kognitivnog, pa čak i teritorijalnog, stoga najprije utvrđuje njezino značenje. Prikazuju se procesi i mehanizmi europeizacije civilnog društva. Uzimajući u obzir ključne razvoje zadnjih desetljeća kao i koncept horizontalne politike, raspravlja se o kontekstu europeizacije civilnog društva. Međuodnos europeizacije i civilnog društva sagledava se kroz različite pristupe i načine međusobnog odnošenja civilnog društva i razine EU u aspektu vladavine i politika. Tim analizama omogućuje se pogled u dosege europeizacije civilnog društva i preispitivanje jesmo li na pragu nečega što možemo nazvati »Europskom unijom civilnog društva«. ; Civil society is the space between the family, the state and the market where citizens come together to promote their common interests. By expanding the importance of the European Union, the role of civil society and its interrelationship with the EU level becomes increasingly important issue. The paper deals with civil society in the context of Europeanization. Europeanization is used as an »umbrella term« that covers a multitude of meanings in terms of social, political, cognitive and even territorial meanings. We present the processes and mechanisms of Europeanization of civil society. Taking into account the key developments in the last decade as well as the concept of horizontal policies, the author discusses the context of Europeanization of civil society. Interrelationship of Europeanization and civil society is reviewed from the perspective of different approaches and ways of mutual relations of civil society and EU level from the aspect of governance and policy. This analysis allows a glance at the scope of Europeanization of civil society and examinations of the question whether we are on the threshold of something that we can call "The EU of Civil Society".

Parallel to the economic strength, military power, political system, communication ability, ideology & morals, the significant elements of the political power are also the territory & population. Studying the influence of the territories & population on the political power of states the author points to the direction the transformation of these two phenomena will take place within the changed conditions of contemporary international relations. References. Adapted from the source document.

Tijekom Prvoga svjetskog rata vojni i državni uredi pokretali su brojne akcije radi prikupljanja novca od stanovništva, a za podmirenje rastućih vojnih potreba. Država se brinula za vojnike na ratištima i ratni materijal općenito, a građanskim je društvima bila prepuštena briga za obitelji vojnika. Dio sredstava prikupljao se prodajom domoljubnih predmeta. Takve medalje i plakete imale su najviši umjetnički domet. Veći dio tih predmeta prodavanih u Hrvatskoj dolazio je uglavnom iz Beča. Samo su rijetke osmislili domaći umjetnici u akcijama dobrotvornih društava. Ovaj rad bavit će se upravo njima. ; During World War One military and government offices initiated many actions to collect money from the population to supply the growing military needs. The state took care of the soldiers on the front lines and war materials in general, and civil societies took care of the soldiers' families. Some of the assets were collected by selling patriotic objects. These medals and plaques were of the highest art value. Most of the items sold in Croatia came from Vienna. A smaller number were designed by domestic artists in actions of charity societies, and these are the subject of this article.

The author analyses the development of EU in the new international surroundings during the last decade, also exploring the development of the European Security & Defence Policy (ESDP). The first part treats the changes in international relations, the role of USA & the NATO evolution. With the changes in international relations that are characterized by the relative weakening of USA, the rise of the powers such as China & Russia as well as the process of globalization within the multipolar frameworks, the European Union & its members states are facing the problem of adjusting to the new conditions. The second part of the article overviews the EU development, its geostrategic priorities as well as the development of ESDP. In the last dozen of years, the Common Foreign & Security Policy & the ESDP development have gone through a dynamic evolution. The attempts of the EU countries to emancipate from USA & become a serious factor in international relations imply that it should strengthen its international identity, & the political & military components, in particular. References. Adapted from the source document.

Predmet ovoga rada je prikaz i kompracija politika obveznog vojnog roka u tri europske države, Francuskoj, Finskoj i Norveškoj. Cilj je analizirati nekoliko država unutar europskog konteksta s obzirom na: utjecaj geografskih i geopolitičkih faktora na sigurnosne i obrambene strategije; različit vojno-politički položaj s obzirom na članstvo u političkim i vojnim savezima, odnosno NATO-u i Europskoj uniji; različite regionalne odnose, sigurnosno okruženje i različita povijesna iskustva te na koji način ti faktori utječu na politiku obveznog vojnoga roka, odnosno na model popunjavanja vojnih jedinica. Rad je zamišljen kao komparativna studija slučaja triju europskih država, a temelji se na pregledu već postojećih tekstova i istraživanja. U prvom dijelu rada definira se obvezni vojni rok, njegov povijesni razvoj i moderni trendovi. U drugom dijelu razmatra se Francuska i razvoj obveznog vojnog roka do njegovog ukidanja. Zatim se razmatra Norveška, obvezni vojni rok te njeno članstvo u NATO savezu. U četvrtom dijelu razmatra se Finska kao država izvan vojnih saveza i njena politika obveznog vojnog roka. Rad završava komparacijom ovih država te se zaključuje kako mnogi različiti faktori utječu na politiku obveznog vojnog roka. ; The subject of this paper is the presentation and comparison of compulsory military service policies in three European countries, France, Finland, and Norway. The aim is to analyze several countries within the European context with regards to the impact of geographical and geopolitical factors on security and defense strategies; different military and political positions with regard to membership in political and military alliances, namely NATO and the European Union; different regional relations, security environment, and different historical experiences, and how these factors affect the military conscription policy, or the model of military unit replenishment. The paper is conceived as a comparative case study of three European countries, based on a review of existing texts and research. The ...

In its 45 years of existence, NATO has evolved dramatically. This has occurred due to the changes happening within the alliance itself (increased number of member countries, changes within the countries, & in the relations among them) & to the influence of outside factors ensuing from the developments in international relations in general & within the adversarial bloc in particular. The cessation of the Cold War & the disintegration of the Warsaw Pact in the early 1990s confronted NATO with new challenges, particularly in relation to the countries of Eastern & Southeastern Europe & Russia. The fact that the document "Partnership for Peace" was adopted at the start of 1994 (representing a platform for the relations with the countries of "new democracy") & that it was signed by 26 countries meant the overall acceptance of the conceptual document of European security on the threshold of the 21st century. This document provides democratic countries outside NATO with the possibility of cooperating with its political & military bodies & paves the way for their full membership. If regular criteria were applied, Croatia & Bosnia & Herzegovina could count on joining "Partnership for Peace" only after they have resolved internal conflicts & frictions with their neighbors by political means. Nevertheless, depending on further developments in the region, it is possible that Croatia might jump the queue & be accepted in "Partnership for Peace" before its turn. 2 Tables, 32 References. Adapted from the source document.

Analiziran je rad zdravstvene djelatnosti HV Zbornog područja Osijek, u periodu od 01. 07. 1991. do 01. 09. 1993. godine. Kao i cijela HV, vojno zdravstvo osnovano je tijekom rata, jer u okviru tadašnje Jugoslavije Hrvatska nije mogla imati vlastitu vojsku, dakle ni sanitetsko osiguranje. U početku je, stoga, taj posao preuzelo civilno zdravstvo. Isto je obavljano putem mobilnih kirurških ekipa, odnosno oponašanjem rada civilne službe hitne pomoći. Postojao je čitav niz objektivnih poteškoća, kao što su nedostatak opreme, školovanog vojnosanitetskog kadra i iskustva u organiziranju i funkcioniranju isključivo vojnog saniteta. Uz 75 poginulih, ranjenih i nestalih pripadnika zdravstva HV Zbornog područja Osijek, te uz 43 uništena i 20 oštećenih sanitetskih motornih vozila, registrirano je i zbrinuto 145.410 bolesnih stanja u pripadnika HV Zbornog područja Osijek, pri čemu su povrede i njihove posljedice činile 14,6% (21.767 slučajeva). U tijeku je prelazak u mirnodopski ustroj koji, za sada, ima prijelazni karakter ovisan o ekonomskoj snazi Republike Hrvatske. ; The work of the Croatian Army medical service of the Osijek Military District between July 1, 1991 and September 1, 1993 was analized. In the former Yugoslavia, Croatia was not allowed to have its own army. Therefore, the national armed force and medical corps had to be formed during the war against Croatia. Medical support to army units was initially provided by civil medical service, i.e. by mobile surgical teams performing their tasks on the model of civilian ambulatory service. Numerous objective obstacles, such as the lack of equipment, qualified military medical professionals and experience in the organization and function of army medical corps were encountered. Seventy-five of the Osijek Military District medical service were killed, wounded or missing. There were 145,410 recorded and treated cases of various diseases, 21,767 (14,6%) of which were war wounds. Forty-three medical vehicles were demolished and 20 damaged. At present, transformation of Croatian Army (CA) to peacetime organization is under way.

Analizira se suradnja javne uprave i organizacija civilnog društva u procesu odlučivanja. Snaženje koncepta regulacijske države mijenja ulogu javne vlasti u procesu odlučivanja. To se posebno očituje kroz širenje broja akera koji sudjeluju u izradi politika i odluka. Europska unija razvija mogućnosti i načine putem kojih razne organizacije civilnog društva imaju priliku dati svoje mišljenje o donošenju određene odluke. Republika Hrvatska pokušava slijediti taj trend definiranjem odredbi o postupcima savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću i uspostavljanjem mehanizama suradnje s organizacijama civilnog društva i drugim akterima na izradi zakona, drugih propisa i akata. Također se analiziraju formalne mogućnosti i stvarna participacija civilnog društva u postupcima savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću te odnos s javnom vlasti u izradi odluka. Analiziraju se instrumenti savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću u EU-u i Hrvatskoj. Upozorava se na određene probleme u regulaciji i provedbi instrumenta te se predlažu rješenja za poboljšanje. ; The strengthening of the regulatory state concept in recent decades has changed the role of public authorities in the decision-making process, rendering them just one of the many different participants involved in policy-making and the decision-making process. As regulation became their primary function, public authorities began to emphasise the quality of the decision-making process and the decisions it engenders in order to encourage the establishment of a suitable environment for economic development. Therefore, supranational organisations and many countries are implementing regulatory reforms in an attempt to create better regulation, and in the context of these reforms they are using instruments of civil society participation in decision-making. As a result of various circumstances, creating relations with civil society based on cooperation and partnership is often a relatively slow and gradual process, yet progress is notable. The European Union is constantly evolving opportunities and ways in which various civil society organisations can convey their opinions about the adoption of certain decisions at the EU level. Croatia has also, particularly over the last seven years, tried to follow this trend by defining the legal provisions and procedures of public consultations, and by establishing mechanisms for cooperation with civil society organisations and many other stakeholders in the drafting of laws and other regulations. The paper analyses the role of civil society and the opportunities for public consultations in the European Union and Croatia. The analysis results indicate progress as well as problems. The author suggests improvements with regard to the cooperation between civil society and public administration in public consultations.