Leonardo's interest in Vitruvian machinatio, subservient to the needs of military architecture, starts with the return of the Sienese tradition involving mechanisms used both in civil and military fields. Whilst Martini's influence on his military studies is partly known, very little is as yet known about the extent to which they were influenced by direct observation of fortified cities. This study analyses some drawings in which the Master achieves a perfect synthesis of art and science, harmonizing together the natural features of a territory and the technical aspects necessary to forge military strategies.
Nella tesi vengono indagate le forme di vita religiosa dei corpi militari in servizio a Roma in età imperiale (coorti pretorie, statores, equites singulares Augusti, frumentarii, coorti dei vigili, coorti urbane, distaccamenti delle flotte) partendo da un riesame di tutta la documentazione epigrafica disponibile. La prima parte è dedicata ad un'attenta analisi storico-religiosa delle singole milizie, mentre negli ultimi capitoli vengono proposti un repertorio generale dei culti militari, un inquadramento topografico delle iscrizioni votive, un'analisi delle relazioni sociali sul piano religioso e infine un'analisi dei rapporti tra le datazioni epigrafiche e il calendario militare. Lo studio nel suo complesso permette di mettere in luce le analogie e differenze esistenti tra popolazione militare e popolazione civile nell'approccio alla sfera del sacro, sottolineando comunque le particolarità dei singoli corpi militari rispetto agli altri. ; The thesis investigates the forms of religious life of the military corps serving in Rome in the Imperial Age (cohortes praetoriae, statores, equites singulares Augusti, frumentarii, cohortes vigilum, cohortes urbanae, fleet detachments), starting from a review of all the available epigraphic documentation. The first part is dedicated to a careful historical and religious analysis of each corps. Whereas the last chapters propose a general repertoire of military cults, a topographical framework of votive inscriptions, an analysis of the social relations on the religious level and lastly an analysis of the relationships between the epigraphic dating and the military calendar. The study as a whole makes it possible to highlight the similarities and differences between the military population and the civilian population in the approach to the sphere of the sacred, while underlining the particularities of each military corps compared to the others.
The study for the possible conversion and enhancement of the San Filippo Bastion and the ancient Military Bakery in Cagliari is part of a wider research focused on the Savoy forts in Sardinia and on their possible reconversion to different military or civil uses. In fact, excluding few examples of reuse as civil museums included in this paper, the large part of this heritage is under-used, abandoned or even in a state of ruin. San Filippo Bastion is a case in point because, even if the area is still owned and used by the Italian Army, it has been included in the list of possible disposals provided in 2008 by the Ministry of Defence, together with the local Regional Administration. In the actual lack of specific political strategies about its conversion to civil use, the paper illustrates an exploratory design project for possible reuse of the ancient fort as a new urban art district, in the event of a future military closure. Architecturally, the proposal stems from an in-depth historical and material analysis carried out in order to highlight material and immaterial values, collected using the tool of the Raumbuch. On the urban scale, the project shone the spotlight on the military district as the activator of a wider cultural district, connecting the nodes of the already existing cultural network and providing new strategic polarities within the historic centre. In line with the evolved European cultural district examples, the design proposal for the creation of a new DAC Art District includes temporary workshops spaces, a museum trail between the ancient moats, converted bunkers and blockhouses, a library, reading spaces and a place for city events. The ancient fortified structures of the Bastion and external fortified works are valued and rediscovered through a naturalistic modelling of slopes and ramparts, highlighting the defensive 18thcentury profiles and unlocking the potential of new panoramic routes and discovering new accessibility in the historic centre of Cagliari.
Working from administrative and military archival sources, the article investigates the dynamics of cooperation and conflict between the prefects and the army involved in the struggle against the counter-revolutionary brigandage in the Province of Foggia (Capitanata) after the Italian unification. Prefects and military leaders played a crucial role in elaborating a counter-insurgency strategy based on the combination of police measures, military operations and popular mobilization. The balance of power between the two authorities proved to be an essential issue in local politics, deeply influenced by the contrast between liberals and democrats on a nationwide scale. Claiming for a leading role of civil authorities in maintaining public order, the prefects, far from being the passive agents of the central government, acted as the representatives of their province's interests and tried to limit the military power within the new state.
Working from administrative and military archival sources, the article investigates the dynamics of cooperation and conflict between the prefects and the army involved in the struggle against the counter-revolutionary brigandage in the Province of Foggia (Capitanata) after the Italian unification. Prefects and military leaders played a crucial role in elaborating a counter-insurgency strategy based on the combination of police measures, military operations and popular mobilization. The balance of power between the two authorities proved to be an essential issue in local politics, deeply influenced by the contrast between liberals and democrats on a nationwide scale. Claiming for a leading role of civil authorities in maintaining public order, the prefects, far from being the passive agents of the central government, acted as the representatives of their province's interests and tried to limit the military power within the new state.
What was the impact of the armies of the King of Spain on one of the territories of its composite monarchy during the centuries of the early modern age? What changes took place in the relations of power between the local institutions and the Madrid headquarters, between the Lombard corps and the city of Milan, between the representatives of the territorial corps and the power élites, as a consequence of the grievous burden represented by the military costs necessary for running the war? These are some of the questions that the author attempts to answer through study of the phenomenon of the military garrisons, an exceptional vantage point for observing the fine line that, in the ancient regime, divided the "military" and "civilian" worlds, which were not yet separated by the high walls and barbed wire of modern barracks. - Quale fu l'impatto degli eserciti del re di Spagna su un territorio della sua composita monarchia durante i secoli della prima età moderna? Come mutarono i rapporti di forza tra le istituzioni locali ed il centro madrileno, tra i corpi lombardi e la città di Milano, tra le rappresentanze dei corpi territoriali e le élites di potere in conseguenza del grave peso rappresentato dagli oneri militari necessari alla conduzione della guerra? Queste sono le domande a cui si cerca di dare risposta attraverso lo studio del fenomeno degli alloggiamenti militari, osservatorio privilegiato di quel labile confine esistente in antico regime tra due mondi, il "militare" e il "civile", non ancora separati dagli alti muri e dai fili spinati delle moderne caserme.
Drones are a growth industry evolving quickly from military tocivilian uses however, they have the potential to pose a serious risk tosecurity, privacy and data protection. After a first stage focused onsafety issues, Europe is facing the challenge to develop a regulatoryframework for drones integration into the airspace system whilesafeguarding the guarantees of fundamental rights and civil liberties.This paper analyses the potential privacy and data protection risksrelated to civil drones' applications and looks at the major doctrinal,institutional and legislative attempts but also proposes technologicaland social solutions to mitigate them.
