Waste generation and management are closed linked to population, urbanization and affluence. The waste production per capita rises as a result of many factors such as migration to urban centers, population growth, change in the habits of consume, etc. The energetic potential contained in the Urban Solid Waste has gained importance in the last years; mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism try to provide the right tools to encourage the inversion in projects that mean Greenhouse Gasses emissions reduction, and also to become valuable tools for the sustainable development of developing countries in cooperation with developed countries. The energetic security also, is becoming one of the main challenges of Chile. The country imports almost three quarters of its energetic consume, which places the country in a vulnerable situation due to the volatility of the energy prices and interruptions in the supply chains. In order to promote the diversification of the energetic matrix and achieving a higher autonomy grade Chilean government has promoted the Non Conventional Renewable Energy. The main purpose of the investigation was to set a base to understand the actual conditions of the landfills located in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile, as sources of landfill gas as a fuel. It also explored the different use possibilities for the gas, and the Clean Development Mechanism as auxiliary financing tool. The study attempted to become a useful tool which promotes the renewable energy sources and the improvement of the waste management conditions in Latin America.
Waste generation and management are closed linked to population, urbanization and affluence. The waste production per capita rises as a result of many factors such as migration to urban centers, population growth, change in the habits of consume, etc. The energetic potential contained in the Urban Solid Waste has gained importance in the last years; mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism try to provide the right tools to encourage the inversion in projects that mean Greenhouse Gasses emissions reduction, and also to become valuable tools for the sustainable development of developing countries in cooperation with developed countries. The energetic security also, is becoming one of the main challenges of Chile. The country imports almost three quarters of its energetic consume, which places the country in a vulnerable situation due to the volatility of the energy prices and interruptions in the supply chains. In order to promote the diversification of the energetic matrix and achieving a higher autonomy grade Chilean government has promoted the Non Conventional Renewable Energy. The main purpose of the investigation was to set a base to understand the actual conditions of the landfills located in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile, as sources of landfill gas as a fuel. It also explored the different use possibilities for the gas, and the Clean Development Mechanism as auxiliary financing tool. The study attempted to become a useful tool which promotes the renewable energy sources and the improvement of the waste management conditions in Latin America.
The main objective of the article was to study the legal and economic aspects of the formation of the budgetary mechanism of the national model of economic development. It is possible to ensure the dynamic processes of economic development of Ukraine only through effective regionalization, which significantly increases the requirements for the formation and use of the financial potential of the regions, which requires the development of strategic priorities for public financial management of the region as a whole. The research methodology involved the use of modern theoretical methods of analysis within the framework of dialectics. As a result of the analysis, the key aspects of the budgetary mechanism of the national model of economic development in Ukraine were characterized. It is concluded that, the study has a number of limitations in conducting a purely theoretical analysis. Further research should be devoted to the examination of digital technologies for the formation of the budget mechanism of the national model of economic development, among other aspects.
Projects approved as a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) have been the subject of numerous studies and questions since their global implementation in 2005. By the end of 2019, the Hidrosogamoso project achieved this endorsement despite the opposition presented by a group of those affected by this hydropower plant and the contravention of a series of social and environmental principles required in the process. This article proposes a reading of the case, in conjunction with the review of the policies and regulations that promote the construction of large dams as "clean energy", including the technical aspects associated with the quantification of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. ; Los proyectos aprobados como Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (MDL) han sido objeto de numerosos estudios y cuestionamientos desde su implementación global en el año 2005. A finales de 2019, el proyecto Hidrosogamoso consiguió dicho aval pese a la oposición presentada por un grupo de afectados por la hidroeléctrica y a contravenir una serie de principios sociales y ambientales exigidos en el proceso. El presente artículo propone una lectura del caso en articulación con la revisión de las políticas y regulaciones que promueven la construcción de grandes represas como "energía limpia", incluyendo los aspectos técnicos asociados a la cuantificación de emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI).
[EN] This paper analyses whether there is a convergence process in terms of labour productivity in the European Union (EU) agricultural sector, for a set of 125 regions in the period 1986-2004. For this purpose, we propose a dynamic panel data model. Results confirm that agricultures move very close to their stationary states which differ among themselves, in such a way that productivity differences will persist in the long term. These results are confirmed by a distribution dynamics analysis. Regional disparities across the European agricultures are large and persistent. DOI:10.7201/earn.2012.01.02 ; [ES] Este trabajo analiza si ha habido un proceso convergente en la productividad del trabajo en el sector agrario de la Unión Europea (UE), para un conjunto de 125 regiones en el periodo 1986-2004. Para su estudio se propone un modelo dinámico de datos de panel. Los resultados confirman que las agriculturas se mueven muy cerca de sus estados estacionarios que difieren entre sí, de modo que en el largo plazo es de esperar que las diferencias en productividad persistan. El uso adicional de técnicas relacionadas con la dinámica de la distribución permite corroborar que las disparidades regionales en productividad son amplías y persistentes. ; Cuerva, MC. (2012). Evolution of the agricultural productivity in the European regions: A convergence analysis with dynamic data panel methods. Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales - Agricultural and Resource Economics. 12(1):33-70. https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2012.01.02 ; SWORD ; 33 ; 70 ; 12 ; 1
This paper analyses whether there is a convergence process in terms of labour productivity in the European Union (EU) agricultural sector, for a set of 125 regions in the period 1986-2004. For this purpose, we propose a dynamic panel data model. Results confirm that agricultures move very close to their stationary states which differ among themselves, in such a way that productivity differences will persist in the long term. These results are confirmed by a distribution dynamics analysis. Regional disparities across the European agricultures are large and persistent. DOI:10.7201/earn.2012.01.02 ; Este trabajo analiza si ha habido un proceso convergente en la productividad del trabajo en el sector agrario de la Unión Europea (UE), para un conjunto de 125 regiones en el periodo 1986-2004. Para su estudio se propone un modelo dinámico de datos de panel. Los resultados confirman que las agriculturas se mueven muy cerca de sus estados estacionarios que difieren entre sí, de modo que en el largo plazo es de esperar que las diferencias en productividad persistan. El uso adicional de técnicas relacionadas con la dinámica de la distribución permite corroborar que las disparidades regionales en productividad son amplías y persistentes.
Renewable energy, also called green energy, has reached 40% worldwide due to the fact that every year governments promote its development, which helps to reduce the burning of fossil fuels and CO2 emissions, the main causes of environmental pollution. Among the alternative sources of clean energy is solar energy, whose alternative is feasible in Ecuador, since being a tropical country allows the generation of electricity from solar radiation, which is estimated at 4.5 kw m2 d-1. The objective of this work was to design a solar energy module to partially replace the use of conventional energy sources and minimize CO2 emissions, in the operation of the monitoring and surveillance system of the University of the Armed Forces of Ecuador (ESPE) in Latacunga, Cotopaxi. The results found show that the solar modules used can generate a load of 100W per day, guaranteeing an energy supply of 4 hours. Although the operation of the solar panel system was optimal from the operational point of view, the amount of energy generated was not sufficient to meet the daily requirements of Ecuadorian households. Although the development of modules with greater capacity to generate energy would lead to a considerable reduction in CO2 emissions, the mass use of this type of energy source could be limited by the high cost of installation and low prices of electricity in Ecuador. ; La energía renovable también llamada energía verde, ha alcanzado el 40% a nivel mundial debido a que los gobiernos impulsan cada año su desarrollo, lo que ayuda a disminuir la quema de combustibles fósiles y la emisión CO2, principales causales de la contaminación ambiental, entre las fuentes alternativas de energía limpia se encuentra la energía solar, cuya alternativa es factible en el Ecuador, dado que por ser un país tropical permite generar energía eléctrica a partir de la irradiación solar el cual se estima en 4,5 kw m2 d-1. El objetivo de este trabajo fue diseñar un módulo de energía solar para suplir parcialmente el uso de fuentes convencionales de energía y minimizar las emisiones de CO2, en la operación del sistema de monitoreo y vigilancia de la Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas de Ecuador (ESPE) en Latacunga, Cotopaxi. Los resultados encontrados muestran que los módulos solares utilizados pueden generar una carga de 100W diarios, garantizando un suministro energético de 4 horas. Si bien el funcionamiento del sistema de paneles solares fue optimo desde el punto de vista operativo, la cantidad de energía generada no fue suficiente para suplir los requerimiento diarios de hogares ecuatorianos, aunque el desarrollo de módulos con mayor capacidad de generación energética, conllevaría a una reducción considerable de las emisiones de CO2, la masificación del uso de este tipo de fuente energética podría verse limitada por el alto costo de instalación y los precios bajos de la energía eléctrica en el Ecuador.
Technology in recent years has become a tool capable of enhancing the social, economic,and political sphere. This research aims to examine the effect of technology on corruptionat the global level and in groups of countries applying econometric panel data techniques.We use data from theWorld Development Indicators (2018) for 72 countries during 2001-2018. Our results show that spending on technology is a crucial mechanism for fightingcorruption globally and in high-income countries. Actions should range from the controland monitoring of government activities to a more direct State-Society interaction. Therefore,governments must invest and allocate a greater degree of technological componentsfocused on the most vulnerable sectors and entities prone to corruption. ; La tecnología en los últimos años se ha convertido en una herramienta capaz de potenciarel ámbito social, económico y político. El objetivo de esta investigación es examinarel efecto de la tecnología sobre la corrupción a nivel global y en grupos de países usandotécnicas econométricas de datos de panel. Los datos fueron obtenidos del World DevelopmentIndicators (2018) para 72 países durante el periodo 2001-2018. Nuestros resultadosmuestran que el gasto en tecnología es un mecanismo clave para combatir la corrupcióntanto a nivel global como en los países de ingresos altos. Las acciones deben ir desde elcontrol y monitoreo de las actividades gubernamentales hasta una interacción más directaEstado-Sociedad. Por lo tanto, es imperativo que los gobiernos inviertan y destinen unmayor grado de componentes tecnológicos enfocado en los sectores más vulnerables yentidades propensas a ser corruptas.
This paper examines the effect of firing costs on the Spanish employment. On the basis of a theoretical model with two periods of time and firing costs, a regional dynamic panel data is estimated for the period 2005-2011. According to this model, two opposite effects take place: on the one hand, the presence of firing cost makes the employer more careful to hire new workers in the first period; but, on the other hand, the firing penalty makes the firm more reluctant to reduce employment in period 2. Then, the global effect of mandatory firing costs remains unclear. The main result obtained in our estimations is that higher firing costs would negatively affect employment in the short run, but in the long run this effect vanishes. ; En este trabajo se analiza el efecto de los costes de despido sobre el nivel de empleo de España. A tal fin, se plantea un modelo de demanda de trabajo de dos periodos con incertidumbre. En dicho modelo, la presencia de futuros costes de despido volverá al empresario más cauto a la hora de contratar nuevos trabajadores en el primer periodo, pero el coste asociado al potencial despido futuro hará que la empresa sea más reticente a disminuir la plantilla en el segundo. Por tanto, el impacto global en el empleo resulta ambiguo, lo que dota de especial importancia al trabajo empírico. Este contraste empírico, en nuestro caso, consiste en plantear un panel dinámico regional para el periodo 2005-2011. El principal resultado obtenido de su estimación econométrica es que, en España, unos costes de despido más altos influyen negativamente en el nivel de empleo en el corto plazo, aunque este efecto se difumina y termina por desaparecer con el paso del tiempo.
The purpose is to substantiate the development of mechanisms for state support of innovative activities. Methodology: analysis, comparison and integration of data from Rosstat, specialized statistical methods for processing economic data. Results. The authors suggest a basic typology of regulatory operations of government bodies concerning the innovation sphere. The study presents a conceptually structured sphere of formation and implementation of innovative operations in Russian economy functioning with a focus on industrial production. This paper provides the analysis of basic regulatory framework orders in this area along with arising problems considering the typified operators behavioral models materialization and develops innovations in this regulation. The recommendations would provide for the practice of financial services, the implementation of state support for innovation activity in the country, its current state assessment as well as the identification of weaknesses and the adjustment of mechanisms for state support for innovative activities. Conclusions. The use of statistical data and empirical research results allows describing the current situation in the field of state support for innovative activities in Russia, which has both positive and negative features. It is necessary to introduce an institution of public order and ensure monitoring of all proposals for scientific research public orders' formation; synthesize scientifically based mechanisms for innovation and legal regulations of its operation. These measures could become meaningful factors in the increasing social and economic stability.
This article discusses Mexico's participation in an international greenhouse gas emissions market. It examines clean development mechanisms through participation in CER (Certified Emission Reduction) projects or the establishment of an emissions ceiling, and considers how a mechanism of this type should be structured, as well as its possible economic consequences. It also analyzes whether Mexico can learn anything from cap and trade mechanisms. It pays special attention to the European emissions structure and the possible problems that could arise from the creation of a North American gas market with Mexico's participation. Adapted from the source document.
28 páginas ; This article analyses whether forced displacement in the Magdalena Department (Colombia) between 2000-2010 was caused not only by the intensity of the armed conflict but also by the growth of the palm agribusiness. We find that a seven percentage point increase in the area used to produce palm per municipality caused an increase of a third of a standard deviation in the rate of forced displacement. These calculations were made on average and after controlling for armed conflict. We rationalize this finding by the fact that the development of the palm oil agribusiness caused displacement due to its land-intensive technology, increasing international prices combined with government subsidies, and the process was aided by paramilitary activities in the region. ; Este artículo analiza si el desplazamiento forzado en el departamento del Mag-dalena (colombia) entre los años 2000-2010 tuvo como causa no solo la intensi-dad del conflicto armado sino también el crecimiento del agronegocio de la palma. Encontramos que un aumento del 7% en la zona utilizada para la producción de palma por municipalidad causó un aumento de un tercio de una desviación están-dar en el índice de desplazamiento forzado. dichos cálculos se hicieron por tér-mino medio y tras el control del conflicto armado. Racionalizamos este hallazgo por el hecho de que el desarrollo del agronegocio del aceite de palma provocó desplazamiento debido a su tecnología intensiva en tierra, aumento de precios internacionales combinado con subsidios gubernamentales y que al proceso con-tribuyeron actividades paramilitares en la región.
28 páginas ; This article analyses whether forced displacement in the Magdalena Department (Colombia) between 2000-2010 was caused not only by the intensity of the armed conflict but also by the growth of the palm agribusiness. We find that a seven percentage point increase in the area used to produce palm per municipality caused an increase of a third of a standard deviation in the rate of forced displacement. These calculations were made on average and after controlling for armed conflict. We rationalize this finding by the fact that the development of the palm oil agribusiness caused displacement due to its land-intensive technology, increasing international prices combined with government subsidies, and the process was aided by paramilitary activities in the region. ; Este artículo analiza si el desplazamiento forzado en el departamento del Mag-dalena (colombia) entre los años 2000-2010 tuvo como causa no solo la intensi-dad del conflicto armado sino también el crecimiento del agronegocio de la palma. Encontramos que un aumento del 7% en la zona utilizada para la producción de palma por municipalidad causó un aumento de un tercio de una desviación están-dar en el índice de desplazamiento forzado. dichos cálculos se hicieron por tér-mino medio y tras el control del conflicto armado. Racionalizamos este hallazgo por el hecho de que el desarrollo del agronegocio del aceite de palma provocó desplazamiento debido a su tecnología intensiva en tierra, aumento de precios internacionales combinado con subsidios gubernamentales y que al proceso con-tribuyeron actividades paramilitares en la región.
"Statistical analysis in surveys is generally facing missing data. In longitudinal studies for some missing values there might be past or future data points available. The question arises how to successfully transform this advantage into improved imputation strategies. In a simulation study the authors compare six combinations of cross-sectional and longitudinal imputation strategies for German wealth panel data. The authors create simulation data sets by blanking out observed data points: they induce item non response by a missing at random (MAR) and two differential non-response (DNR) mechanisms. We test the performance of multiple imputation using chained equations (MICE), an imputation procedure for panel data known as the row-and-column method and a regression prediction with correction for sample selection. The regression and MICE approaches serve as fallback methods, when only cross-sectional data is available. The row-and-column method performs surprisingly well considering the cross-sectional evaluation criteria. For trend estimates and the measurement of inequality, combining MICE with the row-and-column technique regularly improves the results based on a catalogue of six evaluation criteria including three separate inequality indices. As for wealth mobility, two additional criteria show that a model based approach such as MICE might be the preferable choice. Overall the results show that if the variables, which ought to be imputed, are highly skewed, the row-and-column technique should not be dismissed beforehand." (author's abstract)
La presente investigación analiza el Buen Vivir (BV) como una alternativa al desarrollo sostenible en Ecuador. En primer lugar, presenta una visión general de las principales teorías del crecimiento y los modelos económicos aplicados en Ecuador. En segundo lugar, se estudia el BV exponiendo una revisión de sus principales significados, origen y su evolución histórica. A continuación, se incluye una revisión de los planes de desarrollo, en referencia a los principales lineamientos de política económica respecto a: la igualdad, cohesión, inclusión y equidad social; calidad de vida y el trabajo estable, justo y digno; así como los Objetivos 2, 4 y 9, que están relacionados con la pobreza, empleo, subempleo y la informalidad. Además, se exponen los 3 casos seleccionados, Bono de Desarrollo Humano, Bono Joaquín Gallegos Lara y los Centros de Desarrollo Infantil, como mecanismos de implementación directa de las políticas públicas. Estos son concebidos, considerando el marco constitucional vigente, como estrategias e instrumentos que garanticen derechos y aporten a construir el nuevo sistema económico, social y solidario para el BV. Finalmente, se construye un índice que sirva para medir el Buen Vivir. El indicador propuesto se calcula a través de diferentes sub-indicadores de bienestar, como la felicidad y la satisfacción con la vida, la confianza y la satisfacción con el gobierno y la comunidad, la seguridad del individuo, las características físicas de la vivienda y la preocupación medioambiental, analizando datos de la población ecuatoriana en el período 2014-2016. Los datos provienen de la información a nivel individual y de hogares que se toma de la Encuesta Nacional Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo. La metodología elegida fue data-driven, usando Análisis de Componentes Principales (PCA) y asignando pesos derivados de sus varianzas. En general, se puede concluir que en Ecuador el nivel de bienestar es relativamente bueno, aunque con factores importantes que mejorar. El indicador económico es uno de los aspectos más débiles de la sociedad ecuatoriana, mientras que la felicidad parece estar desligada parcialmente de este. Así, todavía quedan muchos objetivos para reducir la brecha entre los hogares. Las políticas eficientes solo se pueden implementar con una comprensión adecuada de las múltiples dimensiones de una población y lo que significa vivir bien para ellas. Abstract: This research analyzes Buen Vivir (BV), Living-well in English, as an alternative to sustainable development in Ecuador. Firstly, it presents an overview of the main growth theories and economic models applied to Ecuador. Secondly, BV is studied reviewing its main meanings, origin and historical evolution. Next, a revision of the development plans is included, in reference to the main economic policy guidelines regarding: equality, cohesion, inclusion and social equity; quality of life and stable, fair and dignified work; as well as Goals 2, 4 and 9, which are related to poverty, employment, underemployment and informality. In addition, the 3 selected cases, Human Development Bonus, Joaquín Gallegos Lara Bonus and Child Development Centers, are exposed as mechanisms for direct implementation of public policies. These are conceived, considering the current constitutional framework, as strategies and instruments that guarantee rights and contribute to building the new economic, social and solidarity system for BV. Finally, an index is constructed that serves to measure BV. The proposed indicator is calculated through different sub-indicators of well-being, such as happiness and satisfaction with life, trust and satisfaction with the government and the community, individual safety, the physical characteristics of the home and environmental concern, analyzing data from the Ecuadorian population in the period 2014-2016. The data come from information at the individual and household leveltaken from the National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment. The chosen methodology was data-driven, using Principal Component Analysis (PCA)and assigning weights derived from their variances. In general, it can be concluded that in Ecuador the level of well-being is relatively good, although with important factors to improve. The economic indicator is one of the weakest aspects of Ecuadorian society, while happiness seems to be partially disconnected from it. Thus, there are still many objectives to reduce the gap between households. Efficient policies can only be implemented with a proper understanding of the multiple dimensions of a population and what it means to live well for them
