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The clean development mechanism (CDM) is often seen as providing the financial benefits and transfers of cutting-edge green technology that enable developing countries to reduce emissions and achieve their sustainable development goals. The process of implementing the mechanism is, however, fraught with challenges. The absence of the United States in the carbon market has induced the low price of certified emissions reductions through the CDM, while host countries desire to ensure the sustainable development benefits of the CDM is likely to result in a complex approval process, which would further increase transaction costs. This article examines the CDM implementation environment in the context of a South African case study. It is argued that a fine balance needs to be struck between the spirit of the CDM, as encapsulated in its mandate to promote sustainable development in host countries, and its economic rationale when host countries approve those projects they deem beneficial.

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the socio‐economic determinants of violence in the seven most important cities in Colombia. Derived from theories rooted in classic works, including Becker's paradigm, criminal inertia, social disorganisation, urbanism and strain, we formulate several hypotheses on the socio‐economic determinants of violence. To test these hypotheses, a dynamic panel data analysis is employed. The analysis shows that cities' deprivation and high population density are strong predictors of homicide rates. Comparing the results among Colombian cities, we find support indicating that city‐level homicide rates are influenced by the city's level of development. Moreover, we find evidence that economic growth, inequality, poverty and human capital influence violence in the cities studied, which could generate negative effects on the economic and social development of Colombia. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article explores the ways in which the "global" governance of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) intersects with the "local" politics of resource regimes that are enrolled in carbon markets through the production and trade in Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs). It shows how political structures and decision-making procedures set up at the international level to govern the acquisition of CERs through the Kyoto Protocol's CDM interact with and transform national and local level political ecologies in host countries where very different governance structures, political networks, and state-market relations operate. It draws on literature within political ecology and field work in Argentina and Honduras to illustrate and understand the politics of translation that occur when the social and environmental consequences of decisions made within global governance mechanisms, such as the CDM, are followed through to particular sites in the global political economy. It also shows how the outcomes in those sites in turn influence the global politics of the CDM.