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Electoral competition is necessary but not sufficient for the consolidation of democratic regimes; not all elections are free and fair; nor do they necessarily lead to actual civilian rule or respect for human rights. If there is more to democracy than elections, then there is more to democratization than the transition to elections. But in spite of the rich literature on the emergence of electoral competition, the dynamics of political transitions toward respect for other fundamental democratic rights is still not well understood. Political democracy is defined here in classic procedural terms: free and fair electoral contestation for governing offices based on universal suffrage, guaranteed freedoms of association and expression, accountability through the rule of law, and civilian control of the military. Although analyses of democratization typically acknowledge that these are all necessary criteria, most examine only electoral competition. This study, however, develops a framework for explaining progress toward another necessary condition for democratization respect for associational autonomy, which allows citizens to organize in defense of their own interests and identities without fear of external intervention or punishment.

The article offers an analysis of a current process of peasant struggle in the province of Formosa, led by the members of nowadays named Formosas Movimiento Campesino. In the presence of different manifestations of protest carried out by agrarian peasant agents in the provincial scope in the last decade, we explore the socio-structural conditions that propped out these actions and, on the other hand, the subjective dimensions that collaborated decisively in the configuration of the social movement considered, especially the influence of ideological interpellations of "external agents" in the production of a collective identity of opposition to the hegemonic groups in the provincial field of forces. In this respect, some implications are discussed brief for the studies on the political clientelism in our country. ; El artículo ofrece un análisis de un proceso actual de lucha campesina en la provincia de Formosa, protagonizado por los integrantes del actualmente denominado Movimiento Campesino de Formosa. Ante la aparición de diferentes manifestaciones de protesta llevadas a cabo por agentes agrarios campesinos en el ámbito provincial en la última década, se exploran las condiciones socio-estructurales que apuntalaron estas acciones y; por otro lado, las dimensiones subjetivas que colaboraron decisivamente en la configuración del movimiento social considerado, en particular la influencia de las interpelaciones ideológicas de "agentes externos" en la elaboración de una identidad colectiva de oposición a los grupos hegemónicos en el campo de fuerzas provincial. En este sentido, se discuten brevemente algunas implicaciones para los estudios sobre el clientelismo político en nuestro país.

The article offers an analysis of a current process of peasant struggle in the province of Formosa, led by the members of nowadays named Formosas Movimiento Campesino. In the presence of different manifestations of protest carried out by agrarian peasant agents in the provincial scope in the last decade, we explore the socio-structural conditions that propped out these actions and, on the other hand, the subjective dimensions that collaborated decisively in the configuration of the social movement considered, especially the influence of ideological interpellations of "external agents" in the production of a collective identity of opposition to the hegemonic groups in the provincial field of forces. In this respect, some implications are discussed brief for the studies on the political clientelism in our country. ; El artículo ofrece un análisis de un proceso actual de lucha campesina en la provincia de Formosa, protagonizado por los integrantes del actualmente denominado Movimiento Campesino de Formosa. Ante la aparición de diferentes manifestaciones de protesta llevadas a cabo por agentes agrarios campesinos en el ámbito provincial en la última década, se exploran las condiciones socio-estructurales que apuntalaron estas acciones y; por otro lado, las dimensiones subjetivas que colaboraron decisivamente en la configuración del movimiento social considerado, en particular la influencia de las interpelaciones ideológicas de "agentes externos" en la elaboración de una identidad colectiva de oposición a los grupos hegemónicos en el campo de fuerzas provincial. En este sentido, se discuten brevemente algunas implicaciones para los estudios sobre el clientelismo político en nuestro país.

International audience ; Organizations performing non-routine, innovative, often knowledge- intensive tasks - for example professional partnerships - need a rather flat, collegial, and non - bureaucratic structure. This book examines cooperation among partners in a US corporate law firm and provides a grounded theory of collective action among rival peers, or collegiality. It is first network study of such a frim. Members (partners and associates) are portrayed as independent entrepreneurs who build social niches in their organization and cultivate status competition among themselves. This behaviour allows them to fulfil their commitment to an extremely constraining partnership agreement and generates informal social mechanisms (bounded solidarity, lateral control, oligarchic regualtion) that help a flat organization govern itself: maintain individual performance, even for tenured partners; capitalize knowledge and control quality; monitor and sanction opportunistic free-riding; solve the 'too many chefs' problem; balance the powers of rainmakers and schedulers; and integrate the firm in spite of many centrifugal forces. These mechanisms and the solutions they provide are examined using a broadly-conceived structural approach combining theory-driven network analysis, ethnography of task forces performing knowledge-intensive work, and analysis of management and internal politics in the firm. Emmanuel Lazega presents a theory of the collegial organization which generalizes its results to all kinds of partnerships, larger multinational professional services firms, and collegial pockets in flattening bureaucracies alike.

International audience ; Organizations performing non-routine, innovative, often knowledge- intensive tasks - for example professional partnerships - need a rather flat, collegial, and non - bureaucratic structure. This book examines cooperation among partners in a US corporate law firm and provides a grounded theory of collective action among rival peers, or collegiality. It is first network study of such a frim. Members (partners and associates) are portrayed as independent entrepreneurs who build social niches in their organization and cultivate status competition among themselves. This behaviour allows them to fulfil their commitment to an extremely constraining partnership agreement and generates informal social mechanisms (bounded solidarity, lateral control, oligarchic regualtion) that help a flat organization govern itself: maintain individual performance, even for tenured partners; capitalize knowledge and control quality; monitor and sanction opportunistic free-riding; solve the 'too many chefs' problem; balance the powers of rainmakers and schedulers; and integrate the firm in spite of many centrifugal forces. These mechanisms and the solutions they provide are examined using a broadly-conceived structural approach combining theory-driven network analysis, ethnography of task forces performing knowledge-intensive work, and analysis of management and internal politics in the firm. Emmanuel Lazega presents a theory of the collegial organization which generalizes its results to all kinds of partnerships, larger multinational professional services firms, and collegial pockets in flattening bureaucracies alike.

International audience ; Organizations performing non-routine, innovative, often knowledge- intensive tasks - for example professional partnerships - need a rather flat, collegial, and non - bureaucratic structure. This book examines cooperation among partners in a US corporate law firm and provides a grounded theory of collective action among rival peers, or collegiality. It is first network study of such a frim. Members (partners and associates) are portrayed as independent entrepreneurs who build social niches in their organization and cultivate status competition among themselves. This behaviour allows them to fulfil their commitment to an extremely constraining partnership agreement and generates informal social mechanisms (bounded solidarity, lateral control, oligarchic regualtion) that help a flat organization govern itself: maintain individual performance, even for tenured partners; capitalize knowledge and control quality; monitor and sanction opportunistic free-riding; solve the 'too many chefs' problem; balance the powers of rainmakers and schedulers; and integrate the firm in spite of many centrifugal forces. These mechanisms and the solutions they provide are examined using a broadly-conceived structural approach combining theory-driven network analysis, ethnography of task forces performing knowledge-intensive work, and analysis of management and internal politics in the firm. Emmanuel Lazega presents a theory of the collegial organization which generalizes its results to all kinds of partnerships, larger multinational professional services firms, and collegial pockets in flattening bureaucracies alike.

Organizations performing non-routine, innovative, often knowledge- intensive tasks - for example professional partnerships - need a rather flat, collegial, and non - bureaucratic structure. This book examines cooperation among partners in a US corporate law firm and provides a grounded theory of collective action among rival peers, or collegiality. It is first network study of such a frim. Members (partners and associates) are portrayed as independent entrepreneurs who build social niches in their organization and cultivate status competition among themselves. This behaviour allows them to fulfil their commitment to an extremely constraining partnership agreement and generates informal social mechanisms (bounded solidarity, lateral control, oligarchic regualtion) that help a flat organization govern itself: maintain individual performance, even for tenured partners; capitalize knowledge and control quality; monitor and sanction opportunistic free-riding; solve the 'too many chefs' problem; balance the powers of rainmakers and schedulers; and integrate the firm in spite of many centrifugal forces. These mechanisms and the solutions they provide are examined using a broadly-conceived structural approach combining theory-driven network analysis, ethnography of task forces performing knowledge-intensive work, and analysis of management and internal politics in the firm. Emmanuel Lazega presents a theory of the collegial organization which generalizes its results to all kinds of partnerships, larger multinational professional services firms, and collegial pockets in flattening bureaucracies alike.

International audience ; Organizations performing non-routine, innovative, often knowledge- intensive tasks - for example professional partnerships - need a rather flat, collegial, and non - bureaucratic structure. This book examines cooperation among partners in a US corporate law firm and provides a grounded theory of collective action among rival peers, or collegiality. It is first network study of such a frim. Members (partners and associates) are portrayed as independent entrepreneurs who build social niches in their organization and cultivate status competition among themselves. This behaviour allows them to fulfil their commitment to an extremely constraining partnership agreement and generates informal social mechanisms (bounded solidarity, lateral control, oligarchic regualtion) that help a flat organization govern itself: maintain individual performance, even for tenured partners; capitalize knowledge and control quality; monitor and sanction opportunistic free-riding; solve the 'too many chefs' problem; balance the powers of rainmakers and schedulers; and integrate the firm in spite of many centrifugal forces. These mechanisms and the solutions they provide are examined using a broadly-conceived structural approach combining theory-driven network analysis, ethnography of task forces performing knowledge-intensive work, and analysis of management and internal politics in the firm. Emmanuel Lazega presents a theory of the collegial organization which generalizes its results to all kinds of partnerships, larger multinational professional services firms, and collegial pockets in flattening bureaucracies alike.

Organizations performing non-routine, innovative, often knowledge- intensive tasks - for example professional partnerships - need a rather flat, collegial, and non - bureaucratic structure. This book examines cooperation among partners in a US corporate law firm and provides a grounded theory of collective action among rival peers, or collegiality. It is first network study of such a frim. Members (partners and associates) are portrayed as independent entrepreneurs who build social niches in their organization and cultivate status competition among themselves. This behaviour allows them to fulfil their commitment to an extremely constraining partnership agreement and generates informal social mechanisms (bounded solidarity, lateral control, oligarchic regualtion) that help a flat organization govern itself: maintain individual performance, even for tenured partners; capitalize knowledge and control quality; monitor and sanction opportunistic free-riding; solve the 'too many chefs' problem; balance the powers of rainmakers and schedulers; and integrate the firm in spite of many centrifugal forces. These mechanisms and the solutions they provide are examined using a broadly-conceived structural approach combining theory-driven network analysis, ethnography of task forces performing knowledge-intensive work, and analysis of management and internal politics in the firm. Emmanuel Lazega presents a theory of the collegial organization which generalizes its results to all kinds of partnerships, larger multinational professional services firms, and collegial pockets in flattening bureaucracies alike.

Hok-bun Ku. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves [194-201]). ; List of Tables --- p.i ; List of Illustrations --- p.i ; Abstract --- p.ii ; Acknowledgement --- p.iv ; Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --Bringing the Peasants Back In --- p.1 ; Chapter I. --- Sister Ling's Story --- p.1 ; Chapter II. --- Where are the Peasants --- p.3 ; Chapter III. --- "Back to the Village, Search for the Peasants" --- p.8 ; Chapter IV. --- Summary of the Thesis --- p.14 ; Chapter Chapter Two: --- Understanding the Local Politics of Rural China --- p.16 ; Chapter I. --- State-Society in Communist China --- p.17 ; Chapter II. --- State and Its Agents --- p.19 ; Chapter III. --- Socialist Clientelism in Rural China --- p.23 ; Chapter IV. --- Everyday Forms of Resistance in Village --- p.28 ; Chapter V. --- The Changing Village Politics under Deng --- p.33 ; Chapter Chapter Three: --- Legacy of the Past --Ku Village under Mao --- p.40 ; Chapter I. --- Setting of Ku Village --- p.42 ; Chapter II. --- Reconstructing the Old Political Economy --- p.45 ; Chapter III. --- Socialist Clientelism in Ku Village --- p.54 ; Chapter IV. --- Conclusion --- p.70 ; Chapter Chapter Four: --- The Ku Village in Transformation (I) --The Retreat of the State --- p.77 ; Chapter I. --- Reconstructing the Rural Administrative Organization --- p.78 ; Chapter II. --- Local Response to the Political Reform --- p.82 ; Chapter III. --- Paralysis of Village Organs --- p.88 ; Chapter IV. --- Conclusion --- p.98 ; Chapter Chapter Five: --- The Ku Village in Transformation (II) --The Source of Peasant Power --- p.103 ; Chapter I. --- The Responsibility System and Land Redistribution in Ku Village --- p.105 ; Chapter II. --- Political Economy of Shatian Shaddock Plantation --- p.112 ; Chapter III. --- Conclusion --- p.125 ; Chapter Chapter Six: --- Everyday Forms of Struggle in the Ku Village --- p.130 ; Chapter I. --- Everyday Forms of Resistance I --Defensive Action --- p.132 ; Chapter II. ...

Este trabajo analiza el fenómeno del caciquismo en la España de la Restauración a través de un caso significativo, el del Conde de Romanones. Este personaje liberal dominó la vida política de la provincia de Guadalajara durante más de cuarenta años a través de la creación y el sostenimiento de una clientela de notables. En un contexto rural, se sirvió de relaciones familiares y económicas, del reparto de los recursos administrativos y de la manipulación del fraude electoral para sostener su poder, que sólo la Iglesia pudo tímidamente desafiar al final del período. ; This essay studies political clientelism -known as caciquismo in Restoration Spain- through a relevant case: that of the Count of Romanones, a liberal minister. He ruled the Castilian province of Guadalajara, a rural district, for more than forty years. His power was based on kin and economic relations, distribution of public resources and electoral fraud. The Romanonist clique controlled almost all political life, and only the Church was able to challenge its monopoly at the end of the period.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del artículo es resaltar la importancia de las instituciones, las organizaciones y el capital social dentro de los procesos de crecimiento, ya sea como promotores de eficiencia o ineficiencia; en especial, para los países subdesarrollados caracterizados por una estructura institucional ineficiente, bajos niveles de confianza y un gran número de organizaciones delictivas que, conjuntamente, dan lugar a fenómenos nocivos para el crecimiento a largo plazo como la corrupción, el clientelismo y el rent-seeking. El interés central del análisis recae sobre el capital social por ser el elemento más inexplorado teórica y empíricamente; al final, se proponen algunas reformas institucionales como la mejor vía para acrecentar el stock de capital social. ; ABSTRACT: The goal of the article is to highlight the importance of institutions organizations and social capital within the growth process, either as efficiency of inefficiency promoters. This is particularly valid for underdeveloped countries which are characterized by an inefficiency institutional structure, low confidence levels and a lot of delinquent organizations which as a whole give rise to negative phenomena for a long run growth such as corruption, clientelism, and rent-seeking. The main point of the analysis lies on social capital since it is the least explored element both theoretically empirically. In the last part of the article some institutional reforms are proposed as the best way to increase the stock of social capital.

[ES] El autor trata de explicar la persistencia en el caso colombiano de una situación cuasi-permanente de déficit de gobernabilidad, que se entiende por la adaptación de elementos modernos en el seno de prácticas tradicionales como el caudillismo, el gamonalismo, el personalismo, el clientelismo. También identifica los diferentes problemas estructurales de la sociedad colombiana a mediados de los años 90: una estructura de exclusión, un conflicto armado interno persistente, una tendencia a modernizar sin democratizar, la impunidad y la crisis de la justicia, el narcotráfico; para adelantar una nueva visión de la solución al conflicto armado que conlleve la participación de la sociedad civil mientras se van dando las condiciones para profundizar las reformas para ampliar la gobernabilidad. ; [EN] The author tries to explain the persistence in the colombian case of a quasi-permanent context of governance deficit, which is explained by the adaptation of modern elements in the functioning of traditional practices as the caudillism, "gamonalismo", personalism, clientelism. Therefore, he identifies the different structural problems of colombian society in the middle of the nineties such as the structure of exclusion, an internal armed conflict, a tendency to modernize without democratization, the impunity and the crisis of justice, the drug business, etc. Finally, Vargas sets the necessity to enlarge the negotiation to civil society in order to deep the reforms to establish governance.

This research focuses on the conditions of emergence of ideological and individualistic patterns of electoral participation among the Negev Bedouins at the end of the 1990's. It evaluates the significance of these new patterns of electoral participation for the readjustments of power relations--both among the Bedouin and between them and the dominant Israeli society. The analysis is based on ethnographic data collected during the municipal and the Israeli parliamentary campaigns that took place in the Bedouin town of Rahat in 1998 and 1999. The object of study and methodology were chosen for two reasons. First, despite their sentiment of political, economic and social marginality, and despite the enduring forms of domination and solidarity, the Bedouin of the Negev invest more and more the electoral process without using it solely as a means of social and economic mobility for individuals or limited groups. Second, electoral campaigns constitute a place and a time of intense competition between different modes of representation and practice of power coming from the dominant Israeli society on the one hand and the local Bedouin society on the other hand.The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part is a historic reconstitution of the relationships between the Bedouin, and successive States in the region in order to provide a better understanding of the context in which Bedouin approach the electoral process at the end of the 1990's. The first chapter is dedicated to the social, economic and political upheavals in which the Bedouin were involved from the end of the 19th century. It focuses on the changing modes of social, economic and political integration of what is commonly referred to as the "tribal organization," but which, I show, is in fact prompted by the successive frames imposed by the States who dominated the region. The second chapter deals more specifically with the pattern of juridical and political integration of the Bedouin in the State of Israel during the last fifty years as compared with ...

This research focuses on the conditions of emergence of ideological and individualistic patterns of electoral participation among the Negev Bedouins at the end of the 1990's. It evaluates the significance of these new patterns of electoral participation for the readjustments of power relations--both among the Bedouin and between them and the dominant Israeli society. The analysis is based on ethnographic data collected during the municipal and the Israeli parliamentary campaigns that took place in the Bedouin town of Rahat in 1998 and 1999. The object of study and methodology were chosen for two reasons. First, despite their sentiment of political, economic and social marginality, and despite the enduring forms of domination and solidarity, the Bedouin of the Negev invest more and more the electoral process without using it solely as a means of social and economic mobility for individuals or limited groups. Second, electoral campaigns constitute a place and a time of intense competition between different modes of representation and practice of power coming from the dominant Israeli society on the one hand and the local Bedouin society on the other hand.The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part is a historic reconstitution of the relationships between the Bedouin, and successive States in the region in order to provide a better understanding of the context in which Bedouin approach the electoral process at the end of the 1990's. The first chapter is dedicated to the social, economic and political upheavals in which the Bedouin were involved from the end of the 19th century. It focuses on the changing modes of social, economic and political integration of what is commonly referred to as the "tribal organization," but which, I show, is in fact prompted by the successive frames imposed by the States who dominated the region. The second chapter deals more specifically with the pattern of juridical and political integration of the Bedouin in the State of Israel during the last fifty years as compared with ...