Climate change has become a serious challenge for governments throughout the world. Sustainable buildings, which are the subject of this final work, is a response to the reduction in carbon emissions. The master's thesis includes three main parts: the concept of building sustainability, the analysis of facade criteria and the multicriteria study of facades of office buildings. The first part examines relevant scientific publications in order to understand the concept of sustainability of buildings and facades. The second part sets out the concept of sustainable development and the criteria for sustainable facades that determine it. In the third part, based on the research results, the selected facade alternatives are analysed in terms of sustainability, the result of which could be useful for those choosing facade finishing solutions. The work consists of an introduction, three main parts, conclusions and suggestions, references. Thesis consists of: 70 p. text without appendixes, 27 pictures, 25 tables, 78 bibliographical entries. 2 work appendices are attached separately.
Climate change has become a serious challenge for governments throughout the world. Sustainable buildings, which are the subject of this final work, is a response to the reduction in carbon emissions. The master's thesis includes three main parts: the concept of building sustainability, the analysis of facade criteria and the multicriteria study of facades of office buildings. The first part examines relevant scientific publications in order to understand the concept of sustainability of buildings and facades. The second part sets out the concept of sustainable development and the criteria for sustainable facades that determine it. In the third part, based on the research results, the selected facade alternatives are analysed in terms of sustainability, the result of which could be useful for those choosing facade finishing solutions. The work consists of an introduction, three main parts, conclusions and suggestions, references. Thesis consists of: 70 p. text without appendixes, 27 pictures, 25 tables, 78 bibliographical entries. 2 work appendices are attached separately.
The paper sets out to describe the initial stages of the design of the corpus of academic Lithuanian. Due to the increasing interest and numerous corpora-based studies in academic discourse (especially of academic English) all over the world, there is an obvious need to provide easily accessible electronic resources of academic Lithuanian to facilitate modern linguistic research, interdisciplinary studies, lexicographical practice, and terminology studies in theory and practice. The Corpus of Academic Lithuanian (CorALit) is being compiled at the University of Vilnius (Faculty of Philology and Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics). The building of the corpus is being carried out within the framework of the 2007–2013 national high-tech development programme launched by the Government of Lithuania and supervised by the Lithuanian State Science and Study Foundation (http://www.vmsfondas.lt/index.php?lang=en). The main issue in the process of corpus design is representativeness which is determined by the following factors: the number of research and study fields represented, the range of genres included (i.e. balance) and the way text chunks for each genre are selected (i.e. sampling). The Corpus of Academic Lithuanian aims at representing the main fields of study and research developed in Lithuania and listed in Order No.30 of the Minister of Education and Science of 9 January 1998 "Concerning the Classification of Study and Research Areas, Fields and Branches" as well as the most typical genres that academic community uses for the creation, dissemination and evaluation of new knowledge and internal communication. Since at present there is no reliable scientific measure for corpus balance, the project team will have to rely on intuition and best estimates based on the experience of academic language corpora already compiled in other countries (the UK, USA, etc.). The compilation of the corpus also involves negotiations, sometimes rather time-consuming, with publishers and authors for copyright. Last but not least, technical aspects of corpus design are touched upon. The main purpose of corpus compilation is to make it easily accessible for large numbers of users, and this means changing the format of computer files and text coding in accordance with TEI P5 Guidelines. TEI P5 format will allow users to access the first synchronic corpus of written academic Lithuanian as a major resource of authentic language data via a simple internet search.
The paper sets out to describe the initial stages of the design of the corpus of academic Lithuanian. Due to the increasing interest and numerous corpora-based studies in academic discourse (especially of academic English) all over the world, there is an obvious need to provide easily accessible electronic resources of academic Lithuanian to facilitate modern linguistic research, interdisciplinary studies, lexicographical practice, and terminology studies in theory and practice. The Corpus of Academic Lithuanian (CorALit) is being compiled at the University of Vilnius (Faculty of Philology and Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics). The building of the corpus is being carried out within the framework of the 2007–2013 national high-tech development programme launched by the Government of Lithuania and supervised by the Lithuanian State Science and Study Foundation (http://www.vmsfondas.lt/index.php?lang=en). The main issue in the process of corpus design is representativeness which is determined by the following factors: the number of research and study fields represented, the range of genres included (i.e. balance) and the way text chunks for each genre are selected (i.e. sampling). The Corpus of Academic Lithuanian aims at representing the main fields of study and research developed in Lithuania and listed in Order No.30 of the Minister of Education and Science of 9 January 1998 "Concerning the Classification of Study and Research Areas, Fields and Branches" as well as the most typical genres that academic community uses for the creation, dissemination and evaluation of new knowledge and internal communication. Since at present there is no reliable scientific measure for corpus balance, the project team will have to rely on intuition and best estimates based on the experience of academic language corpora already compiled in other countries (the UK, USA, etc.). The compilation of the corpus also involves negotiations, sometimes rather time-consuming, with publishers and authors for copyright. Last but not least, technical aspects of corpus design are touched upon. The main purpose of corpus compilation is to make it easily accessible for large numbers of users, and this means changing the format of computer files and text coding in accordance with TEI P5 Guidelines. TEI P5 format will allow users to access the first synchronic corpus of written academic Lithuanian as a major resource of authentic language data via a simple internet search.
The paper sets out to describe the initial stages of the design of the corpus of academic Lithuanian. Due to the increasing interest and numerous corpora-based studies in academic discourse (especially of academic English) all over the world, there is an obvious need to provide easily accessible electronic resources of academic Lithuanian to facilitate modern linguistic research, interdisciplinary studies, lexicographical practice, and terminology studies in theory and practice. The Corpus of Academic Lithuanian (CorALit) is being compiled at the University of Vilnius (Faculty of Philology and Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics). The building of the corpus is being carried out within the framework of the 2007–2013 national high-tech development programme launched by the Government of Lithuania and supervised by the Lithuanian State Science and Study Foundation (http://www.vmsfondas.lt/index.php?lang=en). The main issue in the process of corpus design is representativeness which is determined by the following factors: the number of research and study fields represented, the range of genres included (i.e. balance) and the way text chunks for each genre are selected (i.e. sampling). The Corpus of Academic Lithuanian aims at representing the main fields of study and research developed in Lithuania and listed in Order No.30 of the Minister of Education and Science of 9 January 1998 "Concerning the Classification of Study and Research Areas, Fields and Branches" as well as the most typical genres that academic community uses for the creation, dissemination and evaluation of new knowledge and internal communication. Since at present there is no reliable scientific measure for corpus balance, the project team will have to rely on intuition and best estimates based on the experience of academic language corpora already compiled in other countries (the UK, USA, etc.). The compilation of the corpus also involves negotiations, sometimes rather time-consuming, with publishers and authors for copyright. Last but not least, technical aspects of corpus design are touched upon. The main purpose of corpus compilation is to make it easily accessible for large numbers of users, and this means changing the format of computer files and text coding in accordance with TEI P5 Guidelines. TEI P5 format will allow users to access the first synchronic corpus of written academic Lithuanian as a major resource of authentic language data via a simple internet search.
The paper sets out to describe the initial stages of the design of the corpus of academic Lithuanian. Due to the increasing interest and numerous corpora-based studies in academic discourse (especially of academic English) all over the world, there is an obvious need to provide easily accessible electronic resources of academic Lithuanian to facilitate modern linguistic research, interdisciplinary studies, lexicographical practice, and terminology studies in theory and practice. The Corpus of Academic Lithuanian (CorALit) is being compiled at the University of Vilnius (Faculty of Philology and Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics). The building of the corpus is being carried out within the framework of the 2007–2013 national high-tech development programme launched by the Government of Lithuania and supervised by the Lithuanian State Science and Study Foundation (http://www.vmsfondas.lt/index.php?lang=en). The main issue in the process of corpus design is representativeness which is determined by the following factors: the number of research and study fields represented, the range of genres included (i.e. balance) and the way text chunks for each genre are selected (i.e. sampling). The Corpus of Academic Lithuanian aims at representing the main fields of study and research developed in Lithuania and listed in Order No.30 of the Minister of Education and Science of 9 January 1998 "Concerning the Classification of Study and Research Areas, Fields and Branches" as well as the most typical genres that academic community uses for the creation, dissemination and evaluation of new knowledge and internal communication. Since at present there is no reliable scientific measure for corpus balance, the project team will have to rely on intuition and best estimates based on the experience of academic language corpora already compiled in other countries (the UK, USA, etc.). The compilation of the corpus also involves negotiations, sometimes rather time-consuming, with publishers and authors for copyright. Last but not least, technical aspects of corpus design are touched upon. The main purpose of corpus compilation is to make it easily accessible for large numbers of users, and this means changing the format of computer files and text coding in accordance with TEI P5 Guidelines. TEI P5 format will allow users to access the first synchronic corpus of written academic Lithuanian as a major resource of authentic language data via a simple internet search.
Today in Lithuania there is great concern over the buildings built during the Soviet period and used for agricultural and rural social infrastructure, which are now abandoned. These former agricultural, military, commercial or residential buildings, which have lost their natural functions and have no lasting value, are no longer used due to their poor conditions and high energy costs. Such abandoned buildings are objects of landscape visual pollution, posing a threat to human security and causing damage to property. There are about nine thousand abandoned buildings at present. About 1.200 of these buildings are recognized as orphan buildings. About 90 percent of abandoned buildings are attributable to the non-residential buildings group. Residential buildings account for about 4 percent of all abandoned buildings. It is believed that due to the aging population moving to bigger cities, these buildings or structures in the near future will gradually increase, especially in rural areas and small towns. Aim: to perform an analysis of abandoned buildings in the Kaunas district. Research object - abandoned and derelict buildings used for agricultural purposes in the Kaunas district. Research methodology - the literature analysis method, statistical analysis and synthesis approach were used in the work. The analyzed buildings are situated in rural areas and the administrative buildings of the agricultural production make greater part; therefore, the agricultural land and its area are important factors influencing the functioning of these buildings. This topic is very important and poorly studied. Derelict and abandoned buildings in the country basically became a matter of great concern only a decade ago, when it became apparent that many improperly privatized buildings would no longer be used fortheir intended purpose.
Today in Lithuania there is great concern over the buildings built during the Soviet period and used for agricultural and rural social infrastructure, which are now abandoned. These former agricultural, military, commercial or residential buildings, which have lost their natural functions and have no lasting value, are no longer used due to their poor conditions and high energy costs. Such abandoned buildings are objects of landscape visual pollution, posing a threat to human security and causing damage to property. There are about nine thousand abandoned buildings at present. About 1.200 of these buildings are recognized as orphan buildings. About 90 percent of abandoned buildings are attributable to the non-residential buildings group. Residential buildings account for about 4 percent of all abandoned buildings. It is believed that due to the aging population moving to bigger cities, these buildings or structures in the near future will gradually increase, especially in rural areas and small towns. Aim: to perform an analysis of abandoned buildings in the Kaunas district. Research object - abandoned and derelict buildings used for agricultural purposes in the Kaunas district. Research methodology - the literature analysis method, statistical analysis and synthesis approach were used in the work. The analyzed buildings are situated in rural areas and the administrative buildings of the agricultural production make greater part; therefore, the agricultural land and its area are important factors influencing the functioning of these buildings. This topic is very important and poorly studied. Derelict and abandoned buildings in the country basically became a matter of great concern only a decade ago, when it became apparent that many improperly privatized buildings would no longer be used fortheir intended purpose.
High figures of political support are a necessary ingredient of consolidated democracy. Although the low standards of both satisfaction with democracy and trust in parliament in CEE countries are well known, one cannot say much about the factors underlying the fluctuation of these two indicators. The paper examines the effect of parliamentary fragmentation, polarization and ruling coalition size on satisfaction with democracy and trust in parliament. Statistical analysis, encompassing 10 CEE countries from 1991 to 2011, is used to measure the impact of political factors, while the effect of economic growth and unemployment rate is also evaluated. The most important statistical techniques used in the research are correlation analysis, linear regression, and a single-factor analysis of variance. Atwo-case comparative analysis is also carried out, with the aim of elaborating one of the findings of statistical analysis. The strongest finding suggests that there is a negative relation between unemployment rate and satisfaction with democracy. Furthermore, satisfaction with a political regime is undermined by a small number of parliamentary parties and large ruling coalitions. Trust in parliament tends to be lower when ideological differences among parliamentary parties are sizable, as well as at the times of economic recession or marginal growth. The fact that satisfaction with democracy and trust in parliament depend on different factors indicates the ability of CEE citizens to distinguish between different political phenomena. This conclusion contradicts the prevalent belief that the political sophistication in CEE countries is low. Generally, there are more winners of democratic competition when a large ruling coalition is formed. However, statistical analysis has shown that large ruling coalitions are usually followed by low satisfaction with democracy. This should be taken as a sign that, in the case of CEE countries, distinction between losers and winners of democratic competition is irrelevant, because citizens tend to turn away from their chosen parties very quickly. Instead, when asked to evaluate the functioning of democracy, they concentrate on the negative consequences of large ruling coalitions. Acomparative analysis of political realities in the Czech Republic and Bulgaria has shown that a large ruling coalition diminishes the political role of parliament, provides a strong ground for the implementation of a strict and unpopular economic policy and leads to the lack of viable political alternatives in the ranks of parliamentary opposition. The complex of these political phenomena contributes to the low satisfaction with democracy.
High figures of political support are a necessary ingredient of consolidated democracy. Although the low standards of both satisfaction with democracy and trust in parliament in CEE countries are well known, one cannot say much about the factors underlying the fluctuation of these two indicators. The paper examines the effect of parliamentary fragmentation, polarization and ruling coalition size on satisfaction with democracy and trust in parliament. Statistical analysis, encompassing 10 CEE countries from 1991 to 2011, is used to measure the impact of political factors, while the effect of economic growth and unemployment rate is also evaluated. The most important statistical techniques used in the research are correlation analysis, linear regression, and a single-factor analysis of variance. Atwo-case comparative analysis is also carried out, with the aim of elaborating one of the findings of statistical analysis. The strongest finding suggests that there is a negative relation between unemployment rate and satisfaction with democracy. Furthermore, satisfaction with a political regime is undermined by a small number of parliamentary parties and large ruling coalitions. Trust in parliament tends to be lower when ideological differences among parliamentary parties are sizable, as well as at the times of economic recession or marginal growth. The fact that satisfaction with democracy and trust in parliament depend on different factors indicates the ability of CEE citizens to distinguish between different political phenomena. This conclusion contradicts the prevalent belief that the political sophistication in CEE countries is low. Generally, there are more winners of democratic competition when a large ruling coalition is formed. However, statistical analysis has shown that large ruling coalitions are usually followed by low satisfaction with democracy. This should be taken as a sign that, in the case of CEE countries, distinction between losers and winners of democratic competition is irrelevant, because citizens tend to turn away from their chosen parties very quickly. Instead, when asked to evaluate the functioning of democracy, they concentrate on the negative consequences of large ruling coalitions. Acomparative analysis of political realities in the Czech Republic and Bulgaria has shown that a large ruling coalition diminishes the political role of parliament, provides a strong ground for the implementation of a strict and unpopular economic policy and leads to the lack of viable political alternatives in the ranks of parliamentary opposition. The complex of these political phenomena contributes to the low satisfaction with democracy.
High figures of political support are a necessary ingredient of consolidated democracy. Although the low standards of both satisfaction with democracy and trust in parliament in CEE countries are well known, one cannot say much about the factors underlying the fluctuation of these two indicators. The paper examines the effect of parliamentary fragmentation, polarization and ruling coalition size on satisfaction with democracy and trust in parliament. Statistical analysis, encompassing 10 CEE countries from 1991 to 2011, is used to measure the impact of political factors, while the effect of economic growth and unemployment rate is also evaluated. The most important statistical techniques used in the research are correlation analysis, linear regression, and a single-factor analysis of variance. Atwo-case comparative analysis is also carried out, with the aim of elaborating one of the findings of statistical analysis. The strongest finding suggests that there is a negative relation between unemployment rate and satisfaction with democracy. Furthermore, satisfaction with a political regime is undermined by a small number of parliamentary parties and large ruling coalitions. Trust in parliament tends to be lower when ideological differences among parliamentary parties are sizable, as well as at the times of economic recession or marginal growth. The fact that satisfaction with democracy and trust in parliament depend on different factors indicates the ability of CEE citizens to distinguish between different political phenomena. This conclusion contradicts the prevalent belief that the political sophistication in CEE countries is low. Generally, there are more winners of democratic competition when a large ruling coalition is formed. However, statistical analysis has shown that large ruling coalitions are usually followed by low satisfaction with democracy. This should be taken as a sign that, in the case of CEE countries, distinction between losers and winners of democratic competition is irrelevant, because citizens tend to turn away from their chosen parties very quickly. Instead, when asked to evaluate the functioning of democracy, they concentrate on the negative consequences of large ruling coalitions. Acomparative analysis of political realities in the Czech Republic and Bulgaria has shown that a large ruling coalition diminishes the political role of parliament, provides a strong ground for the implementation of a strict and unpopular economic policy and leads to the lack of viable political alternatives in the ranks of parliamentary opposition. The complex of these political phenomena contributes to the low satisfaction with democracy.
High figures of political support are a necessary ingredient of consolidated democracy. Although the low standards of both satisfaction with democracy and trust in parliament in CEE countries are well known, one cannot say much about the factors underlying the fluctuation of these two indicators. The paper examines the effect of parliamentary fragmentation, polarization and ruling coalition size on satisfaction with democracy and trust in parliament. Statistical analysis, encompassing 10 CEE countries from 1991 to 2011, is used to measure the impact of political factors, while the effect of economic growth and unemployment rate is also evaluated. The most important statistical techniques used in the research are correlation analysis, linear regression, and a single-factor analysis of variance. Atwo-case comparative analysis is also carried out, with the aim of elaborating one of the findings of statistical analysis. The strongest finding suggests that there is a negative relation between unemployment rate and satisfaction with democracy. Furthermore, satisfaction with a political regime is undermined by a small number of parliamentary parties and large ruling coalitions. Trust in parliament tends to be lower when ideological differences among parliamentary parties are sizable, as well as at the times of economic recession or marginal growth. The fact that satisfaction with democracy and trust in parliament depend on different factors indicates the ability of CEE citizens to distinguish between different political phenomena. This conclusion contradicts the prevalent belief that the political sophistication in CEE countries is low. Generally, there are more winners of democratic competition when a large ruling coalition is formed. However, statistical analysis has shown that large ruling coalitions are usually followed by low satisfaction with democracy. This should be taken as a sign that, in the case of CEE countries, distinction between losers and winners of democratic competition is irrelevant, because citizens tend to turn away from their chosen parties very quickly. Instead, when asked to evaluate the functioning of democracy, they concentrate on the negative consequences of large ruling coalitions. Acomparative analysis of political realities in the Czech Republic and Bulgaria has shown that a large ruling coalition diminishes the political role of parliament, provides a strong ground for the implementation of a strict and unpopular economic policy and leads to the lack of viable political alternatives in the ranks of parliamentary opposition. The complex of these political phenomena contributes to the low satisfaction with democracy.
Subject to present economical situation, taxation to be more relevant subject-matter to business subjects. The latter should also be an especially important factor for potential business subjects. Taxation policy, which yet receives too little attention in Lithuania, determines selection of a legal status of in business under construction, which also conditions selection of taxation rules and the amount of taxes payable.[.]