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Coffee; America's most used drug. I personally can't go a day without drinking coffee now and I'm sure many others would agree with me. But to know where the coffee that I am drinking comes from, whose hands have picked it, I wouldn't be able to tell you. This timeline focuses on the fair trade and child labour historical portion of the history of coffee. We travel with the coffee bean starting in Ethiopia/Arabian Peninsula and trekking all the way to the America's. How did the faire trade system begin and develop? Why did it begin in the first place? Where politicians happy about it? Were business moguls pleased with the change? All very interesting questions to have about a bean. A bean that we rely on, a bean that made the Southern Hemisphere have a seat at the world trading table. There are two portions of this history, the 20th century when faire trade first came into play/how it was changed and discussed for years and then the 21st century, when places like Starbucks and Tim Hortons were know across the first world countries as a staple. Advertisements changed drastically over the years and capitalistic ideals were the forefront of consumption. Together coffee and fair-trade dominate the food & drink market. Our world economics, environment, social movements & politics have changed drastically over thousands of years all because of coffee and will forever be changing.

The Coffee Guide is the world's most extensive, hands-on and neutral source of information on the international coffee trade. It covers trade issues relevant to coffee growers, traders, exporters, transportation companies, certifiers, associations and authorities, and other relevant actors. Many in the coffee industry consider it the go-to reference. This fourth edition is directly informed by the coffee industry. It has updated technical information on finance, food safety measures, logistics and contracts. It has redefined quality and data segmentation and expanded digitalization coverage and information related to certifications and supply chain legislation. It also gives prime importance to issues like climate change, coffee price volatility, living wage and the inequitable distribution of power, profit and resources across the supply chain. It aims to be informative, useful and inclusive of all sector stakeholders. ; Coffee is commercially produced in more than 50 countries, and the world drinks upwards of 3 billion cups a day. The annual income of the coffee sector is estimated to exceed $200 billion. While the number of coffee drinkers continues to rise and producers work hard to keep up with demand, the coffee industry is faced today with unprecedented challenges and shifting dynamics that command change and adaptation. Business as usual is no longer an option. The COVID-19 pandemic has hit actors across the coffee value chain hard and fast. Still reeling from the shock, they are pulling together to survive and rebuild in a more sustainable way. The effects of climate change, while certainly not new, are now more visible than ever – especially in producer countries, which are also the most vulnerable. Environmental, social and economic inequities exist within value chains. Calls for fairer, more ethical systems of trade have become a global priority, shaping consumer trends. Meanwhile, economic developments in some producer countries are changing the geography of consumption and have the world considering new models of trade. New partnerships, technology and greater participation of women and youth are contributing to a constructive evolution of the coffee industry. They alter the way we produce and consume coffee. This guide explores the main forces driving change in the coffee industry and considers what trends are emerging as a result. It also offers an overview of market dynamics, with the latest data as well as examples and information that equip anyone interested in the sector with the right tools to navigate it.

The International Coffee Agreement (ICA) used export quotas to restrict coffee trade in order to increase and stabilize the international price. A model of domestic pricing policy is developed which shows that the producer price should have fallen in response to ICA quotas. Econometric analysis supports the hypothesis that use of quotas resulted in lower producer prices in most coffee producing countries. The income lost by producers was largely captured by governments and/or exporters to whom the governments assigned quota rights. Since coffee is produced by small farmers in most exporting countries, income distribution within those countries probably worsened.

FIL: Tamborini, Maria Fernanda. University of San Andrés. School of Administration and Business; Argentina. FIL: Dvoskin, Roberto. University of San Andrés. School of Administration and Business; Argentina. Case University of San Andrés. It was the year 2009 and Sebastián Kantor, founder and chairman of The Coffee Store, had to make a decision linked to what strategy to pursue to boost the company's growth. The signature had grown since franchising was granted, but the market had become increasingly competitive. Against this background, it was considered necessary to review the business model in order to take a decision on the strategy to be followed. The alternatives proposed by your team were: to grow by granting more franchising or by expanding the mix of products offered on the premises. The purpose of the case is to introduce undergraduate students into topics such as a strategic analysis of a sector and business model. It is intended to be used for business creation, strategy and marketing courses. In the case of post-graduate studies, use is recommended when the student profile does not involve extensive experience in this type of analysis. ; SI DESEA OBTENER LA VERSIÓN EN TEXTO COMPLETO DEBERÁ COMUNICARSE CON EL EDITOR RESPONSABLE: ADRIÁN DARMOHRAJ (casospedagogicos@udesa.edu.ar) ; FIL: Tamborini, Maria Fernanda. University of San Andrés. School of Administration and Business; Argentina. FIL: Dvoskin, Roberto. University of San Andrés. School of Administration and Business; Argentina. Case University of San Andrés. It was the year 2009 and Sebastián Kantor, founder and chairman of The Coffee Store, had to make a decision linked to what strategy to pursue to boost the company's growth. The signature had grown since franchising was granted, but the market had become increasingly competitive. Against this background, it was considered necessary to review the business model in order to take a decision on the strategy to be followed. The alternatives proposed by your team were: to grow by granting more ...

This series of letters, written collaboratively by Susan Brind & Jim Harold, are extracted from an on-going larger project that goes under the working title Coffee Letters. The letters reference observations, events and encounters that have been witnessed together or individually by the artists since the turn of the 20th-21st Century. They span a period of over 20 years and the larger body of writings from which these are extracted all relate to peripheral and border locations within the UK, mainland Europe, Scandinavia and the Mediterranean region. Extracts from the body of work have been shown in the form of installations and exhibitions in Glasgow and Münich, and have been integrated as a performative element within academic conference papers in Glasgow, London and Nicosia. Written jointly, the letters assume the voice of an anonymous 'I' and are written to an unnamed 'you', whose location is unspecified. The letters forge a relationship – by means of reflecting upon historical and current events, and moments suggested as shared – that reaches across continents, cultures and time. Incorporating empirical knowledge, direct observation, and reflexive writing, they are located in the world of a coffee drinker as liminal observer: absorbed in a transitory world of passage, relative nostalgia, and melancholy. The state provided by this space is one of presence and of reflection on cultural, social and political conditions, and is informed by political commentary, travel writings from Europe and the Middle East, the literature and aesthetics of vernacular cosmopolitanism and the tension of borders. It acknowledges, too, the detail of everyday life and on one's sense of place. Events, locations, musings, and conversations recalled, are laid down on the page to 'you'. A bond between writer(s) and reader is forged for the duration of each text, each memory. Each location or place is momentarily combined or joined as a shared experience of 'being' – of existential experience – that temporarily brings into proximity feelings of remoteness and closeness, of knowing and unknowability. They are, however, not complete letters. There is no direct addressee and no form of signing off. They retain a form of anonymity, both of the sender and the recipient. They are, in a very real sense, fragments of a letter, and the idea of the fragment is key to their form and intention. They are not complete moments, fully framed or brought to any conclusion. In this regard each letter becomes a moment of pause or passage between two senses of place, the one predicated by its nature as a fragment and the other by an invoked sense of loss. As such, they suggest a series of hinterland-like spaces that can only be glimpsed or glanced at. They are, too, about the world of experience and phenomena; of thought and feeling. Each text frames a moment that evolves in its own terms whilst relating to other fragments by means of the series, following an invisible line to a next, and another next, and so on, while in the process mixing connections to establish a new relation: that which resides beyond or outside of the text.

Focusing on intra-household allocation, we investigate the effects of coffee market liberalisation in Uganda. As coffee has traditionally been a male domain, higher income from this activity might increase gender disparities. In addition, gender-related inefficiency in household production might undermine the positive impact of improved incentives. Using data from three household surveys conducted between 1992 and 2006, we estimate Engel curves, coffee yield and labour input equations incorporating bargaining proxies. We find that income from coffee is increasingly pooled and therefore shared more equally among household members. Yet, we can only detect partial improvements in production efficiency: bargaining still appears to constraint output efficiency and the distribution of household resources continues to follow gendered lines. Moreover, female-headed households are deterred from entry into coffee farming mainly because of discrimination in access to land.

Describes experiences of: CIAT, Oxfam, Catholic Relief Services with Workshops, Networks ; Context: Vulnerability of farmers equals vulnerability of supply chain. Inclusive management involves those that contribute to growing, selling and changing strategies. Crop modelling under different climate conditions requires knowledge of who's growing, selling and involved in the supply chain. It also requires an analysis of who the beneficiaries of the value chain are and who will be adversely affected by changes in climate and in practice in order to identify appropriate adaptation strategies. Gender analysis is critical. Interface: Researchers and stakeholders such as farmers, extensionists, local governments, and ministers are brought together in workshops to discuss history, crop types and harvesting methods and climate change perceptions. Strategies such as visual questionnaires, maps, and models of 20-year crop/climate projections are used to engage and discuss how resources change over time. Learning: Knowledge and networks from collaborative teams are leveraged in order to mobilize practical tools, systems and practices that build adaptive capacity among the poor and among women. Young people understand much faster about climate change. Youth and women are more engaged in participatory workshops. Interactive approaches feed information back into more relevant crop/climate models. Channel: Working with intermediaries such as Oxfam has contributed to ways of integrating gender-sensitive methods into the research process. The collaboration has provided Oxfam with CIAT's relevant crop/climate expertise and information, and providing an avenue for research to be disseminated more broadly. Engaging with global food companies has typically included Corporate Social Responsibility departments. There is a recognized need that corporate buyers need to be brought into the collaborations in order to mainstream sustainable supply chains more broadly. A gender expert within CIAT is facilitating learning about the need for differentiated gender components in research. Agronomists are paying attention and using this resource now that the need has been identified within the institution. Outcome: Learning that women play a significant role in the supply chain but do not get shares of revenue leads to new research questions about what varieties and practices contribute to more visible and greater involvement. Oxfam included post-harvest facilities in the supply chain, formalizing women's involvement in the supply chain and ability to generate income. Funding is viewed as a primary barrier to longer term learning cycles and for building continuous partnerships and trust over time. CIAT is working collaboratively with supply chain stakeholders and making links with large development NGOs, to use one part (approx. 8%) of their funding for relevant scientific research that applies to local development projects. Where possible, it is expected that sampling design and the innovative methodologies developed can then be rolled out across extensive NGO networks, including Oxfam and Catholic Relief Services.

For food regulation in the European Union maximum limits on other foods than tea and coffee includes benzo[a]pyrene and the sum of PAH4 (sum of benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, benz[a]anthracene and benzo[b]fluoranthene). This study includes analysis of the above mentioned PAH in both, tea leaves, coffee beans and ready-to-drink preparations. Compared to other food matrices (e.g. fish), the analytical methods were challenged by the hot water extracts. Preparation of tea includes roasting and drying of the tea leaves using combustion gases from burning wood, oil, or coal. These are responsible for accumulation of PAH in tea leaves. Different varieties of tea leaves were analyzed and highest concentrations were found in leaves from mate and black tea with maximum concentrations of 32 μg/kg for benzo[a]pyrene and 115 μg/kg for the sum of PAH4. Also, coffee beans are roasted during processing. However, both benzo[a]pyrene and PAH4 concentrations were more than ten times lower for coffee beans than for tea leaves. Highest levels were found for PAH4 of solid instant coffee (5.1 μg/kg). Data were used to calculate the exposure of benzo[a]pyrene (15%) and sum of PAH4 (10%) from tea and coffee for the Danish population.

Germany is the second largest coffee market in the world, just overshadowed by the United States. Coffee is the most popular beverage in Germany - in fact more popular than beer. In 1999 the five biggest companies in the raosted coffee market had a combined market share of 84.5%. The market is characterized by fierce competition which continues to squeeze the earnings of the German coffee roasters. The degree of competition was expected to increase even more as a result of a merger in 1997. This paper examines the pricing behavior in the German market for roasted coffee. The second question is whether the degree of competition has changed due to changes in market structure and changes in demand. Changes in market structure are the merger of Tchibo and Eduscho in 1997. Changes in demand are cyclical demand fluctuations - every year before Easter and Christmas. Empirical results are derived using data on the aggregate market for roasted coffee in Germany during 1992:1 to 2000:12 and indicate that the market is suffering on not only a severe price competition, but on price war.

The fair trade certification world has entered a period of major change. The recent departure of Fair Trade USA from the international certification system led by Fair Trade International (formerly FLO), and its decision to develop separate U.S. standards that permit certification of plantation-produced coffee, cocoa, and other crops, has thrown the meaning of the U.S. fair trade label into question. The recent appearance of a new certification—The Institute for Marketecology (IMO) "Fair For Life" label—has made the panorama even more complex. These developments follow a decade of struggles within the fair trade movement over the nature of its relationship to large (often transnational) corporate firms, some of which have contributed to the dramatic growth of fair trade sales.

As an agricultural community, in general, Bengkulu province has gardening. The largest plantations for the community are oil palm, rubber and coffee commodities. People depend their lives on abundant natural potentials but have not been able to manage them properly to stimulate added value. All potentials are still managed traditionally so that productivity is very low. The province of Bengkulu is the 3rd largest national coffee producer, but so far Bengkulu coffee is sold through Lampung and Palembang so it is not known outside. The problems are: The low income and welfare of the coffee farmers in Bengkulu province; The promotion and branding of Bengkulu coffee has not been recognized either nationally or internationally. The intention of compiling the Bengkulu coffee development master plan. One of the activities carried out is conducting research or mapping potential and mapping policy directions in the field of coffee development in Bengkulu Province. The aim of compiling the Bengkulu coffee development master plan a) Increasing the income of coffee farmers in Bengkulu province, b) Increasing the promotion and branding of Bengkulu Coffee at the national and international levels c) Increasing the knowledge of farmers and field officers towards coffee cultivation technology farmers: d) Increasing the role and function of farmer institutions in plantation areas coffee; e) Preparing technological innovations to increase coffee production and quality; The scope of activities is focused on coffee development in the Bengkulu area from upstream, production, downstream and provincial, district / city governments as well as Stake Holders / stakeholders.

Seit der Abschaffung des Quotensystems 1994 ist der Einfluss einer Mitgliedschaft in einem Internationalen Kaffeeabkommen (ICA) auf den Kaffeehandel unklar. Diese Diplomarbeit erforscht, ob Mitglieder der Internationalen Kaffeeabkommen 2001 und 2007 höhere Kaffeehandelswerte als Nicht-Mitglieder aufweisen. Anstatt die Preise zu regulieren, hat das ICA heutzutage nur mehr eine unterstützende Funktion, um eine nachhaltige Kaffeewirtschaft zu fördern. Die empirische Analyse wurde von 2001 bis 2017 durchgeführt. Der verwendete Paneldatensatz, zusammengesetzt aus Daten von UN Comtrade, BACI, CEPII, der Weltbank, der Internationalen Kaffeeorganisation und Mario Larch, enthält 33,332 Beobachtungen für bilaterale Kaffeehandelsflüsse für 189 Länder. Für die Schätzungen, welche auf dem Gravitationsmodell basieren, wurde sowohl der Ordinary Least Squared als auch der Poisson Pseudo-maximum Likelihood-Schätzer verwendet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass exportierende Mitglieder höhere Handelswerte und importierende Mitglieder niedrigere Handelsflüsse als Nicht-Mitglieder aufweisen. Der Einfluss der Mitgliedschaft ist nicht eindeutig, wenn beide Handelspartner Mitglieder sind. ; Since the abolishment of the quota system in 1994, the remaining impact of a mem- bership in an International Coffee Agreement (ICA) is unclear. This thesis investigates whether members of the ICAs 2001 and 2007 experienced higher coffee trade values than non-member countries. Instead of regulating the prices, and therefore giving its members a clear advantage, nowadays, the ICA only has a supportive function, namely promoting a sustainable coffee economy. As part of this endeavour, the International Coffee Organ- isation, the institution behind the ICA, funds projects to increase food security, provides developing countries with information about financial aids and in general serves as an information and convention centre for coffee matters. The empirical analysis was conducted from 2001 until 2017 using a panel data set with bilateral coffee trade flows for 189 countries. The final data set contains 33,332 observa- tions and was merged from databases of UN Comtrade, BACI, CEPII, the World Bank, the International Coffee Organisation and Mario Larch. For the estimations, which are based on the gravity model of trade, either the Ordinary Least Squared (OLS) or Poisson Pseudo-maximum Likelihood estimator are used. The results showed that exporting members experienced higher coffee trade values than non-members, although the coefficients are only partly significant, while the trade value of importing members was significantly lower compared to non-member importers. However, the impact is unclear, when both trading partners are members of the ICA. ; by Anna Claudia Scartezzini ; University of Innsbruck, Diplomarbeit, 2019 ; (VLID)3576693

This paper contributes to the literature on the emerging trend of Southern sustainability standards and certifications as a reaction to the Northern-based private standards by businesses and non -governmental organizations (NGOs). It particularly analyzes the implementation capacity of Indonesian Standard Coffee (ISCoffee) as a public standard and certification initiated by the Indonesian government. We analyze the opportunities and barriers in the process of implementing ISCoffee and examine whether ISCoffee can become a viable alternative to Northern-based private standards and certification. We first concluded that the implementation capacity of ISCoffee is low, because of weak administrative structures, and communication and coordination deficiencies. Second, we conclude that ISCoffee will unlikely being able to solve smallholder-related problems in the coffee sector such as limited access to market,insufficient capital, and underdeveloped farmer organizations. Finally, we conclude that ISCoffee - on the short term - will not manage to become a viable alternative to Northern-based private standards and certifications

Coffee is a primary cash crop and banana a primary food crop in the East African highlands region, including Rwanda, Burundi, north-west Tanzania, west and central Kenya and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. These two crops often occur on the same smallholder farms, either planted on separate plots or intercropped. In certain countries, intercropping coffee and banana is voluntarily practised, while in others governments recommend growing these crops on separate plots. Even if intercropping coffee and banana leads to a decrease in coffee yields under certain conditions, it gives certain advantages to smallholder farmers. Intercropping offers higher returns per unit of land compared with coffee alone. Farmers increasingly resort to intercropping as a result of declining farm sizes, and in an effort to reduce risks related to income and food security. Researchers have identified the potential opportunity for intercropping coffee and banana for smallholder farmers, but many public and private development partners have not yet fully embraced this technology. The benefits and constraints of intercropping coffee and banana are discussed based on results from Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda. The aim is to understand the drivers of this system in Uganda, where intercropping is a common practice, so that a framework can be suggested to develop research and recommendations for intercropping coffee and bananas in Burundi and Rwanda, where intercropping is under experimentation and has high potential. ; Peer Review

open ; 4 ; Funding text We thank two reviewers for extensive suggestions and uncited references. The authors are grateful for the support from the Fund for Research of the Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia (CIAS 1569, 2530) and CASAS Global NGO, Kensington CA, USA. We extend our acknowledgements to the MED-GOLD project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020, reserach and innovation programme, under grant agreement No. 776467, for funding the continuation of our research on coffee. We thank Ramón Vargas and Jorge Iván Valencia for the insights on the economy of coffee marketing. ; Coffee, after petroleum, is the most valuable commodity globally in terms of total value (harvest to coffee cup). Here, our bioeconomic analysis considers the multitude of factors that influence coffee production. The system model used in the analysis incorporates realistic field models based on considerable new field data and models for coffee plant growth and development, the coffee/coffee berry borer (CBB) dynamics in response to coffee berry production and the role of the CBB parasitoids and their interactions in control of CBB. Cultural control of CBB by harvesting, cleanup of abscised fruits, and chemical sprays previously considered are reexamined here to include biopesticides for control of CBB such as entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae) and entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema sp., Heterorhabditis). The bioeconomic analysis estimates the potential of each control tactic singly and in combination for control of CBB. The analysis explains why frequent intensive harvesting of coffee is by far the most effective and economically viable control practice for reducing CBB infestations in Colombia and Brazil. ; open ; Cure J.R.; Rodriguez D.; Gutierrez A.P.; Ponti L. ; Cure, J. R.; Rodriguez, D.; Gutierrez, A. P.; Ponti, L.