Suchergebnisse

The work deals with the problem of factualness in the media. The main issue at question is whether factualness can be perceived as a priority requirement for the content of the news media. The hypothesis lying at the base of this work assumes that today's media does not prioritize factualness even when writing on important political topics. The objective of the study is to examine, whether news media messages on political topics fulfill the criterion of factualness which itself denotes the relation between the real object and its projection in the media. The subsidiary issues, analyzed in this work include main principles of functioning of the news media, the process of and the criteria for event selection, typical structure of the news message and ways of interaction between the journalist and the source of information. A substantial part of the work is devoted to the role of news media in the area of political communication. It analysis the main trends in covering political topics, deals with the tendency of media as constant opposition to the political elite. It also defines main aspects of reporting on political issues, determines major tendencies of news reporting, including the trend of politainment, the rise of so called "junkyard journalism", The empiric study, analyzing the media coverage on the resignation of the former minister of Health A. Caplikas, revealed that the projection of this issue in the news media was not homogeneous in its nature. Different newspapers and internet news portals projected different images of the event. What is even more important, the projections were not adequate to the real situation. In some cases the image was simplified so the latent aspects and causal relations were not revealed. In other cases the projections were deformed and constructed images that did not reflect the real situation at all. The study illustrates that news media does not perceive factualness as a priority criterion when constructing news messages. The gap between the media projections of the event and the real situation is evident. Thus the conclusion can be drawn, that media can no longer be seen as a mirror reflecting the reality is it is. Instead, it creates a transformed image of the issue by deliberately highlighting some aspects and concealing the others. The work can be useful for practicians, working in the field on media relations, political communication specialists and member of general publics, who wish to have a deeper look at the principles of construction of news.

One of the features of relationship is its susceptibility to conflicts, therefore it is inevitable for conflicts to occur in legal relationships in work and some of the conflicts become work disputes. Categorization of work disputes to collective and individual is relevant because procedure and methods of resolution of work disputes depend on their type. Various legal goods can be the object of a dispute; however, this paper analyzes disputes which occur due to resolution of collective negotiations and collective contracts in the practice of courts in Lithuania. The paper is not limited only by disputes which occur due to collective negotiations and collective contracts, it also provides an analysis of Lithuanian court cases of legality of strikes because these cases judge the issues of execution of collective contracts and discuss a procedure and principals of collective negotiations. Everyone who is involved with collective negotiations must follow these principals and the procedure. After conducting the analysis of court precedent, we can say that in some cases courts inappropriately apply legal norms which regulate collective work relationships: they limit workers' right to strike with having no ground for that, they fail to follow the term of collective contracts even though normative terms of collective contracts are a significant source of labor law. Nevertheless, it is worthwhile to also look at some judgments of Supreme Court of Lithuania, which could contribute to the development of collective work relationships and promote employers to sign collective contracts: we can say that collective contracts can help to decide on working conditions, which formally are not compatible with imperative requirements of the law, if the collective contract corresponds a mutual will of both parties and in general does not undermine the situation of employees. It is reasonable to believe that deciding on whether a collective contract undermines the situation of employees is a prerogative of a court and only a court, after considering all of the terms of a collective contract, can point to a collective contract which undermines the situation of employees while following the principals of justice and reason. In the last part of the paper, the author presents some suggestion on how it is possible to improve Lithuania labor law so that the mistakes of law application would be avoided in future and that Lithuanian labor law could become a harmonious aspect of European Union law, which regulates a right to strike.

One of the features of relationship is its susceptibility to conflicts, therefore it is inevitable for conflicts to occur in legal relationships in work and some of the conflicts become work disputes. Categorization of work disputes to collective and individual is relevant because procedure and methods of resolution of work disputes depend on their type. Various legal goods can be the object of a dispute; however, this paper analyzes disputes which occur due to resolution of collective negotiations and collective contracts in the practice of courts in Lithuania. The paper is not limited only by disputes which occur due to collective negotiations and collective contracts, it also provides an analysis of Lithuanian court cases of legality of strikes because these cases judge the issues of execution of collective contracts and discuss a procedure and principals of collective negotiations. Everyone who is involved with collective negotiations must follow these principals and the procedure. After conducting the analysis of court precedent, we can say that in some cases courts inappropriately apply legal norms which regulate collective work relationships: they limit workers' right to strike with having no ground for that, they fail to follow the term of collective contracts even though normative terms of collective contracts are a significant source of labor law. Nevertheless, it is worthwhile to also look at some judgments of Supreme Court of Lithuania, which could contribute to the development of collective work relationships and promote employers to sign collective contracts: we can say that collective contracts can help to decide on working conditions, which formally are not compatible with imperative requirements of the law, if the collective contract corresponds a mutual will of both parties and in general does not undermine the situation of employees. It is reasonable to believe that deciding on whether a collective contract undermines the situation of employees is a prerogative of a court and only a court, after considering all of the terms of a collective contract, can point to a collective contract which undermines the situation of employees while following the principals of justice and reason. In the last part of the paper, the author presents some suggestion on how it is possible to improve Lithuania labor law so that the mistakes of law application would be avoided in future and that Lithuanian labor law could become a harmonious aspect of European Union law, which regulates a right to strike.

This work aims to evaluate the international legal status of Chechnya in different periods of its fight for independence on the basis of international legal norms and to determine a type of armed conflicts that took place in Chechnya as well as to review violations of human rights and the international humanitarian law made during these armed conflicts. Following international legal acts the work reveals contents of the freedom of national self-determination and its relation to the principle of territorial integrity. Also, the work reviews qualifications of persons of the international law with a particular attention given to the concept and attributes of the state and examines the most important aspects of the status of Chechnya. Also, this research presents the concept of the armed conflict and discusses features of international and non-international armed conflicts on which basis the type of conflicts that took place in Chechnya has been determined. The work overviews the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on which basis violations of the humanitarian law that were made during the armed conflicts in Chechnya have been determined. In 1991/1992 Chechnya had all main qualifications of the state: population, a defined territory and the government. According to the norms of the international law this meant its establishment as the state. The victory of Chechnya in the First Chechnya War has proved Chechnya statehood once again. Russia de facto confirmed independence of Chechnya by its subsequent actions. After examination of possible different assessments of the armed conflicts in Chechnya and on the basis of the conclusion that Chechnya is an unrecognised state, it has been determined that the above armed conflicts should be considered as international conflicts.

This work aims to evaluate the international legal status of Chechnya in different periods of its fight for independence on the basis of international legal norms and to determine a type of armed conflicts that took place in Chechnya as well as to review violations of human rights and the international humanitarian law made during these armed conflicts. Following international legal acts the work reveals contents of the freedom of national self-determination and its relation to the principle of territorial integrity. Also, the work reviews qualifications of persons of the international law with a particular attention given to the concept and attributes of the state and examines the most important aspects of the status of Chechnya. Also, this research presents the concept of the armed conflict and discusses features of international and non-international armed conflicts on which basis the type of conflicts that took place in Chechnya has been determined. The work overviews the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on which basis violations of the humanitarian law that were made during the armed conflicts in Chechnya have been determined. In 1991/1992 Chechnya had all main qualifications of the state: population, a defined territory and the government. According to the norms of the international law this meant its establishment as the state. The victory of Chechnya in the First Chechnya War has proved Chechnya statehood once again. Russia de facto confirmed independence of Chechnya by its subsequent actions. After examination of possible different assessments of the armed conflicts in Chechnya and on the basis of the conclusion that Chechnya is an unrecognised state, it has been determined that the above armed conflicts should be considered as international conflicts.

The master paper deals with functions of modern television, its roles in society's life. Its aim is to reflect issues of television and society interaction theoretically and empirically, analyze its forms of manifestation. The main objectives of the paper are: to discuss the most relevant, visible and covert functions of television, explore their correlation with society's evaluation, reveal complication of society and television interaction. In the paper methods of theoretical scientific work and publicity analysis were applied as well as the method of comparing and generalizing. The empirical method of inquiry by filling questionnaires was also used. In this paper the conclusion was drawn that television, applying peculiar ways of effect, reflects warped view of the world, which, presented by attractive ways and forms, can be easily imposed to the audience. Only the minority of society is able to evaluate content of television critically, whereas for the majority, which does not realize the difference between the real and mass media view of the world, there is a risk to treat television reality as real. Simulating television situations has been applied in personal life, thus influencing realization of general and personal values. In addition, it stimulates particular impulses of action. Complication lies in the fact that as television is seeking for commercial benefit, its content is affected by interest groups which have particular goals. While seeking for economic benefit, television twists the real situation of the main society spheres such as politics, economy and culture. These theoretical conclusions are supported by the results attained during the practical survey. They prove that television is the most popular means to inform society, attracting by alluring ways of giving information. For the majority of research participants television is a resource of the world affairs, but the general context of results proclaims that entertaining function is the most relevant for the audience. Although society realizes the influence of various interest groups occurring in television, it is not able to make out how it affects the content of TV shows. The participants of the survey claim that they are not satisfied with the production of television, however, this claim is negated by the fact that the most favorite television programs are of entertaining nature. These programs give information about topicalities, i.e. they see trivialized, more commonplace view of politics, economy and culture. Complication of television and society interaction is revealed through society's inability critically evaluate content of television as well as taking advantage of this society's peculiarity to seek for commercial goals. The master paper might be useful for sociologists, who are exploring public opinion, for members of social psychology, who are trying to find out reasons of behavior patterns as well as for the students who are studying the sphere of mass media.

The master paper deals with functions of modern television, its roles in society's life. Its aim is to reflect issues of television and society interaction theoretically and empirically, analyze its forms of manifestation. The main objectives of the paper are: to discuss the most relevant, visible and covert functions of television, explore their correlation with society's evaluation, reveal complication of society and television interaction. In the paper methods of theoretical scientific work and publicity analysis were applied as well as the method of comparing and generalizing. The empirical method of inquiry by filling questionnaires was also used. In this paper the conclusion was drawn that television, applying peculiar ways of effect, reflects warped view of the world, which, presented by attractive ways and forms, can be easily imposed to the audience. Only the minority of society is able to evaluate content of television critically, whereas for the majority, which does not realize the difference between the real and mass media view of the world, there is a risk to treat television reality as real. Simulating television situations has been applied in personal life, thus influencing realization of general and personal values. In addition, it stimulates particular impulses of action. Complication lies in the fact that as television is seeking for commercial benefit, its content is affected by interest groups which have particular goals. While seeking for economic benefit, television twists the real situation of the main society spheres such as politics, economy and culture. These theoretical conclusions are supported by the results attained during the practical survey. They prove that television is the most popular means to inform society, attracting by alluring ways of giving information. For the majority of research participants television is a resource of the world affairs, but the general context of results proclaims that entertaining function is the most relevant for the audience. Although society realizes the influence of various interest groups occurring in television, it is not able to make out how it affects the content of TV shows. The participants of the survey claim that they are not satisfied with the production of television, however, this claim is negated by the fact that the most favorite television programs are of entertaining nature. These programs give information about topicalities, i.e. they see trivialized, more commonplace view of politics, economy and culture. Complication of television and society interaction is revealed through society's inability critically evaluate content of television as well as taking advantage of this society's peculiarity to seek for commercial goals. The master paper might be useful for sociologists, who are exploring public opinion, for members of social psychology, who are trying to find out reasons of behavior patterns as well as for the students who are studying the sphere of mass media.

Present situation in education makes us review the teacher's role, especially in the context of the ongoing educational reform. For the sake of objectivity it should be mentioned that not all the accusations of the authors of the reform directed towards the teachers of the Soviet period are adequate. Even during the Soviet times teachers encouraged the independent thinking of pupils, were looking for rational ideas of democratic education. The article deals with the problem of professional traits of the teacher, reviews the outlooks of different philosophical trends towards the teachers profession. According to various sociological, psychological and philosophical theories, teachers' role in society is viewed very differently. We should decide what role our teachers are expected to play in contemporary society and what methods of teacher training are most adequate in this sense.

Present situation in education makes us review the teacher's role, especially in the context of the ongoing educational reform. For the sake of objectivity it should be mentioned that not all the accusations of the authors of the reform directed towards the teachers of the Soviet period are adequate. Even during the Soviet times teachers encouraged the independent thinking of pupils, were looking for rational ideas of democratic education. The article deals with the problem of professional traits of the teacher, reviews the outlooks of different philosophical trends towards the teachers profession. According to various sociological, psychological and philosophical theories, teachers' role in society is viewed very differently. We should decide what role our teachers are expected to play in contemporary society and what methods of teacher training are most adequate in this sense.

Present situation in education makes us review the teacher's role, especially in the context of the ongoing educational reform. For the sake of objectivity it should be mentioned that not all the accusations of the authors of the reform directed towards the teachers of the Soviet period are adequate. Even during the Soviet times teachers encouraged the independent thinking of pupils, were looking for rational ideas of democratic education. The article deals with the problem of professional traits of the teacher, reviews the outlooks of different philosophical trends towards the teachers profession. According to various sociological, psychological and philosophical theories, teachers' role in society is viewed very differently. We should decide what role our teachers are expected to play in contemporary society and what methods of teacher training are most adequate in this sense.

Present situation in education makes us review the teacher's role, especially in the context of the ongoing educational reform. For the sake of objectivity it should be mentioned that not all the accusations of the authors of the reform directed towards the teachers of the Soviet period are adequate. Even during the Soviet times teachers encouraged the independent thinking of pupils, were looking for rational ideas of democratic education. The article deals with the problem of professional traits of the teacher, reviews the outlooks of different philosophical trends towards the teachers profession. According to various sociological, psychological and philosophical theories, teachers' role in society is viewed very differently. We should decide what role our teachers are expected to play in contemporary society and what methods of teacher training are most adequate in this sense.

Problems of Collective Investment Subjects Undertaking Taxation in Lithuania Collective investment subjects are investment funds or investment companies that belong to multiple investors, offering their own shares and investment units in a public manner and that are managed by licensed management company. The main objective of such subjects is to accumulate funds from individuals and collectively invest them in order to obtain financial benefits. This master's paper consists of two parts. The first part of the work deals with collective investment, concepts of investment, collective investment and collective investment subjects. Also the types of collective investment subjects are discussed and the types of objects they can invest to are presented. In order to clarify the concept of investment, the investment process and the most popular investment methods are analyzed. Collective investment subjects are discussed within the range of The Republic of Lithuania Law on Collective Investment Subjects. The second part of the work deals with taxation, discusses the nuances and emerging issues related to taxation of collective investment subjects. Separate taxes established in the Republic of Lithuania, namely, profit tax, value added tax, land tax and real estate tax are analyzed. Taxation is presented in the analysis of the legislation governing these taxes. In examining each tax chosen, the aim is to discuss the development of the norms of the tax law related to the subject of this master's paper and to compare the current norms with the taxation applied in Latvia and Estonia.

Problems of Collective Investment Subjects Undertaking Taxation in Lithuania Collective investment subjects are investment funds or investment companies that belong to multiple investors, offering their own shares and investment units in a public manner and that are managed by licensed management company. The main objective of such subjects is to accumulate funds from individuals and collectively invest them in order to obtain financial benefits. This master's paper consists of two parts. The first part of the work deals with collective investment, concepts of investment, collective investment and collective investment subjects. Also the types of collective investment subjects are discussed and the types of objects they can invest to are presented. In order to clarify the concept of investment, the investment process and the most popular investment methods are analyzed. Collective investment subjects are discussed within the range of The Republic of Lithuania Law on Collective Investment Subjects. The second part of the work deals with taxation, discusses the nuances and emerging issues related to taxation of collective investment subjects. Separate taxes established in the Republic of Lithuania, namely, profit tax, value added tax, land tax and real estate tax are analyzed. Taxation is presented in the analysis of the legislation governing these taxes. In examining each tax chosen, the aim is to discuss the development of the norms of the tax law related to the subject of this master's paper and to compare the current norms with the taxation applied in Latvia and Estonia.

Problems of Collective Investment Subjects Undertaking Taxation in Lithuania Collective investment subjects are investment funds or investment companies that belong to multiple investors, offering their own shares and investment units in a public manner and that are managed by licensed management company. The main objective of such subjects is to accumulate funds from individuals and collectively invest them in order to obtain financial benefits. This master's paper consists of two parts. The first part of the work deals with collective investment, concepts of investment, collective investment and collective investment subjects. Also the types of collective investment subjects are discussed and the types of objects they can invest to are presented. In order to clarify the concept of investment, the investment process and the most popular investment methods are analyzed. Collective investment subjects are discussed within the range of The Republic of Lithuania Law on Collective Investment Subjects. The second part of the work deals with taxation, discusses the nuances and emerging issues related to taxation of collective investment subjects. Separate taxes established in the Republic of Lithuania, namely, profit tax, value added tax, land tax and real estate tax are analyzed. Taxation is presented in the analysis of the legislation governing these taxes. In examining each tax chosen, the aim is to discuss the development of the norms of the tax law related to the subject of this master's paper and to compare the current norms with the taxation applied in Latvia and Estonia.

Problems of Collective Investment Subjects Undertaking Taxation in Lithuania Collective investment subjects are investment funds or investment companies that belong to multiple investors, offering their own shares and investment units in a public manner and that are managed by licensed management company. The main objective of such subjects is to accumulate funds from individuals and collectively invest them in order to obtain financial benefits. This master's paper consists of two parts. The first part of the work deals with collective investment, concepts of investment, collective investment and collective investment subjects. Also the types of collective investment subjects are discussed and the types of objects they can invest to are presented. In order to clarify the concept of investment, the investment process and the most popular investment methods are analyzed. Collective investment subjects are discussed within the range of The Republic of Lithuania Law on Collective Investment Subjects. The second part of the work deals with taxation, discusses the nuances and emerging issues related to taxation of collective investment subjects. Separate taxes established in the Republic of Lithuania, namely, profit tax, value added tax, land tax and real estate tax are analyzed. Taxation is presented in the analysis of the legislation governing these taxes. In examining each tax chosen, the aim is to discuss the development of the norms of the tax law related to the subject of this master's paper and to compare the current norms with the taxation applied in Latvia and Estonia.