Analysis and evaluation of infertility problem in Lithuanian health policy and its possible measures for it solution are presented In the Master's thesis. In first, second and third part of the thesis author analyzes the infertility problem relevance and its possible reasons, legislation regulating of assisted reproduction and, furthermore, infertility problem and its solutions for the implementation of the EU countries. In the fourth part of thesis expert opinion on infertility problem in Lithuanian health policy is pointed.
The article describes the factors which determined that Lithuania (State) Council under extremely complicated political circumstances in 1918 managed to declare independence and consolidate the grounds of statehood in temporary constitutional act and soon after the further actions of statehood restoration were transfered to the government. One of the most important factors is considered to be the representation problem of the Council. Under the efforts of Vilnius Conference of Lithuanians in 1917 the Council was constituted of people representing all the political spectrum of Lithuanian society. Although right after the legal grounds for becoming the temporary consitutional parlamentary institution were layed while acting under extremely complicated conditions, the Council did not fend for maintaining its own political structure not only by becoming reconciled with defection of the Left element and not putting effort into political balance restoration but also by further expanding and strengthening representation of the Right. Only at the turn of 1918–1919 complicated political situation of regenerative Lithuanian state forced the Lithuanian political figures to involve the missing representatives of the Left-winged society into active participation of the political power. This was achieved not by supplementing the existent composition of the Council but by forming a goverment under a broadly based political coalition with the superiority of the Left alongside. Preponderant positions in the state were transfered to the government including the newly accepted constitutional provisions consolidating the main contitutional parlamentary powers, first of all including the legislative power. The attempt to restore the dominant position in the apex of the state did not manage to counteract the increased potential of the executive whilst in the autumn of 1919 the political situation was stabilized. After losing its authority and confidence in society the Council evolved into auxiliary public institution, the appendage to the authority, and became an odd sign under which the restoration of the state was held by the government till the summoning of the Constituent Seimas.
The article describes the factors which determined that Lithuania (State) Council under extremely complicated political circumstances in 1918 managed to declare independence and consolidate the grounds of statehood in temporary constitutional act and soon after the further actions of statehood restoration were transfered to the government. One of the most important factors is considered to be the representation problem of the Council. Under the efforts of Vilnius Conference of Lithuanians in 1917 the Council was constituted of people representing all the political spectrum of Lithuanian society. Although right after the legal grounds for becoming the temporary consitutional parlamentary institution were layed while acting under extremely complicated conditions, the Council did not fend for maintaining its own political structure not only by becoming reconciled with defection of the Left element and not putting effort into political balance restoration but also by further expanding and strengthening representation of the Right. Only at the turn of 1918–1919 complicated political situation of regenerative Lithuanian state forced the Lithuanian political figures to involve the missing representatives of the Left-winged society into active participation of the political power. This was achieved not by supplementing the existent composition of the Council but by forming a goverment under a broadly based political coalition with the superiority of the Left alongside. Preponderant positions in the state were transfered to the government including the newly accepted constitutional provisions consolidating the main contitutional parlamentary powers, first of all including the legislative power. The attempt to restore the dominant position in the apex of the state did not manage to counteract the increased potential of the executive whilst in the autumn of 1919 the political situation was stabilized. After losing its authority and confidence in society the Council evolved into auxiliary public institution, the appendage to the authority, and became an odd sign under which the restoration of the state was held by the government till the summoning of the Constituent Seimas.
The tolerance is apprehensible as value which if achieved can consolidate nations, prevent discrimination and assure peace and unity in the entire world. The role of media is very important because it represent the interest of community and has a possibility to influence our attitudes, opinions and thinking. So media can help to preserve the tolerance in community, promote and guide democratic values, protect ideals of the equality. The object of this master's paper is the expression of tolerance in Lithuanian periodical press. The aim of the paper is to analyze the problem of tolerance in Lithuanian periodical press. Papers goals are to explore the conception of tolerance, review the role of tolerance in the alterations of the community, explore the media's influence on tolerance and analyze the role of rumors, gossips and objectivity in media. In order to analyze the problem of tolerance in Lithuanian press (in the newspapers "Lietuvos rytas" and "Vakaro žinios"), master's work presents the analysis of the peculiarities of the Romany presentation in press. The methods of the analysis are information gathering, analysis of the data, comparative quantitative and qualitative analysis. Analysis reveals that tolerance means respect and acceptance of the persuasions, attitudes and values of the otherwise thinking people without reference to their gender or race or other differences. Tolerance has a close connection with human rights, which must be ensured by every democratic state. This research reveals that there is lack of tolerance in most popular periodical press in Lithuania. The presentation of the Romany ethnicity in analyzed newspapers is in particular unfavorable. It shows the dominance of the negative information about this ethnic minority. The Romany people are presented only as a felony group. Media highlights their criminal offences, conflicts with the governmental institutions and their negative features of character. It can be an inducement for community to form a low opinion of the Romany and bad stereotypes about them. This master's paper is important for it's originality, because there have not been any research on tolerance in Lithuanian press. The master's paper can be useful to the experienced scientists and the beginners, to practicing journalists and students, lectures, newspaper editors and readers.
The tolerance is apprehensible as value which if achieved can consolidate nations, prevent discrimination and assure peace and unity in the entire world. The role of media is very important because it represent the interest of community and has a possibility to influence our attitudes, opinions and thinking. So media can help to preserve the tolerance in community, promote and guide democratic values, protect ideals of the equality. The object of this master's paper is the expression of tolerance in Lithuanian periodical press. The aim of the paper is to analyze the problem of tolerance in Lithuanian periodical press. Papers goals are to explore the conception of tolerance, review the role of tolerance in the alterations of the community, explore the media's influence on tolerance and analyze the role of rumors, gossips and objectivity in media. In order to analyze the problem of tolerance in Lithuanian press (in the newspapers "Lietuvos rytas" and "Vakaro žinios"), master's work presents the analysis of the peculiarities of the Romany presentation in press. The methods of the analysis are information gathering, analysis of the data, comparative quantitative and qualitative analysis. Analysis reveals that tolerance means respect and acceptance of the persuasions, attitudes and values of the otherwise thinking people without reference to their gender or race or other differences. Tolerance has a close connection with human rights, which must be ensured by every democratic state. This research reveals that there is lack of tolerance in most popular periodical press in Lithuania. The presentation of the Romany ethnicity in analyzed newspapers is in particular unfavorable. It shows the dominance of the negative information about this ethnic minority. The Romany people are presented only as a felony group. Media highlights their criminal offences, conflicts with the governmental institutions and their negative features of character. It can be an inducement for community to form a low opinion of the Romany and bad stereotypes about them. This master's paper is important for it's originality, because there have not been any research on tolerance in Lithuanian press. The master's paper can be useful to the experienced scientists and the beginners, to practicing journalists and students, lectures, newspaper editors and readers.
The collective bargaining is necessary to protect the employee's, as a weeker part of labour relationships, interests and to make working conditions and social guarantees better. The parties of the collective bargaining are employers, their groups or organizations and employees' organizations or their representatives. The procedure of collective bargaining is regulated by national law, depending on each state conditions and expirience concerning collective bargaining. Very important are principles of collective bargaining, because collective bargaining are iniciated freely, voluntary and independent and about the content parties decide themselves without the intervention of the state. One of the most important principle is right to organise collective bargaining. This principle fixes employers and employees rights. Collective bargaining is very important to make labour relationships steady and to solve collective disputes. Collective bargaining is regulated bu international law, European community international law and national law. International labour organisation (ILO) adopted Conventions and recommendations are one of the most important source in International labour law concerning collective bargaining. In these conventions and recommendations are fixed most important provisions and and directions to the member states concerning above-mentioned bargaining. Lithuanian has ratified these Convenctions and must keep their provisions. The European law the most important is European social charter Intenational legislation and European community creatided law fixed mostly common provisions concerning collective bargaining. The provisions fixed the rigt of collective bargaining, the states are obliged to promote collective bargaining, the basic principles, parties of collective bargaining and content are fixed in above-mentioned legislation. The work examines the question about Lithuanian national law adjustice to the Interntional labour law and European labour law and why the collective bargaining mechanism is not regulated in the national law.
The collective bargaining is necessary to protect the employee's, as a weeker part of labour relationships, interests and to make working conditions and social guarantees better. The parties of the collective bargaining are employers, their groups or organizations and employees' organizations or their representatives. The procedure of collective bargaining is regulated by national law, depending on each state conditions and expirience concerning collective bargaining. Very important are principles of collective bargaining, because collective bargaining are iniciated freely, voluntary and independent and about the content parties decide themselves without the intervention of the state. One of the most important principle is right to organise collective bargaining. This principle fixes employers and employees rights. Collective bargaining is very important to make labour relationships steady and to solve collective disputes. Collective bargaining is regulated bu international law, European community international law and national law. International labour organisation (ILO) adopted Conventions and recommendations are one of the most important source in International labour law concerning collective bargaining. In these conventions and recommendations are fixed most important provisions and and directions to the member states concerning above-mentioned bargaining. Lithuanian has ratified these Convenctions and must keep their provisions. The European law the most important is European social charter Intenational legislation and European community creatided law fixed mostly common provisions concerning collective bargaining. The provisions fixed the rigt of collective bargaining, the states are obliged to promote collective bargaining, the basic principles, parties of collective bargaining and content are fixed in above-mentioned legislation. The work examines the question about Lithuanian national law adjustice to the Interntional labour law and European labour law and why the collective bargaining mechanism is not regulated in the national law.
The theme of this work is the tripartite partnership as an instrument enabling representatives of social partners to participate on the basis of parity with representatives of public authority in discussions relevant to labour law problems, and especially tripartite agreements as an instrument to reach acceptable to all parties decisions. The purpose of this work is to analyse the legal regulation, trends, practice of making and fulfilling such agreements, to clarify the gaps of the legislation of Lithuania, problems and find the way out of existing situation. The national laws of Lithuania, which regulate the tripartite social dialogue and tripartite agreements, in general correspond to the stipulation of the international legislation. Despite that, in Lithuania tripartite partnership acts only on the national level, because there are only few territorial level tripartite institutions and there are no one agreement or institution at a branch level. Tripartite agreements in fact do not execute its purpose to warrant a social peace, resolve collective bargaining of employees whereby their right to strike is limited or prohibited, take part in legislation procedure. It shall be indicated the problem of legal status of tripartite agreements – they are not binding even upon the parties. There are more problems – insufficient activity of social partners, there are no good will to seek compromise, negotiators have no proper qualifications to obtain effective dialogue. In order to solve these problems it would be useful to arrange special training programmes, reorganize the existing structure of tripartite institutions, to fix up that tripartite agreements are binding upon the parties and institutions whom this tripartite agreements are directed to have to entertain a proposal. It can be noted that Lithuania has chosen the way of social dialogue and in the future the effective tripartite social partnership will be successfully developed.
The theme of this work is the tripartite partnership as an instrument enabling representatives of social partners to participate on the basis of parity with representatives of public authority in discussions relevant to labour law problems, and especially tripartite agreements as an instrument to reach acceptable to all parties decisions. The purpose of this work is to analyse the legal regulation, trends, practice of making and fulfilling such agreements, to clarify the gaps of the legislation of Lithuania, problems and find the way out of existing situation. The national laws of Lithuania, which regulate the tripartite social dialogue and tripartite agreements, in general correspond to the stipulation of the international legislation. Despite that, in Lithuania tripartite partnership acts only on the national level, because there are only few territorial level tripartite institutions and there are no one agreement or institution at a branch level. Tripartite agreements in fact do not execute its purpose to warrant a social peace, resolve collective bargaining of employees whereby their right to strike is limited or prohibited, take part in legislation procedure. It shall be indicated the problem of legal status of tripartite agreements – they are not binding even upon the parties. There are more problems – insufficient activity of social partners, there are no good will to seek compromise, negotiators have no proper qualifications to obtain effective dialogue. In order to solve these problems it would be useful to arrange special training programmes, reorganize the existing structure of tripartite institutions, to fix up that tripartite agreements are binding upon the parties and institutions whom this tripartite agreements are directed to have to entertain a proposal. It can be noted that Lithuania has chosen the way of social dialogue and in the future the effective tripartite social partnership will be successfully developed.
The theme of this work is the tripartite partnership as an instrument enabling representatives of social partners to participate on the basis of parity with representatives of public authority in discussions relevant to labour law problems, and especially tripartite agreements as an instrument to reach acceptable to all parties decisions. The purpose of this work is to analyse the legal regulation, trends, practice of making and fulfilling such agreements, to clarify the gaps of the legislation of Lithuania, problems and find the way out of existing situation. The national laws of Lithuania, which regulate the tripartite social dialogue and tripartite agreements, in general correspond to the stipulation of the international legislation. Despite that, in Lithuania tripartite partnership acts only on the national level, because there are only few territorial level tripartite institutions and there are no one agreement or institution at a branch level. Tripartite agreements in fact do not execute its purpose to warrant a social peace, resolve collective bargaining of employees whereby their right to strike is limited or prohibited, take part in legislation procedure. It shall be indicated the problem of legal status of tripartite agreements – they are not binding even upon the parties. There are more problems – insufficient activity of social partners, there are no good will to seek compromise, negotiators have no proper qualifications to obtain effective dialogue. In order to solve these problems it would be useful to arrange special training programmes, reorganize the existing structure of tripartite institutions, to fix up that tripartite agreements are binding upon the parties and institutions whom this tripartite agreements are directed to have to entertain a proposal. It can be noted that Lithuania has chosen the way of social dialogue and in the future the effective tripartite social partnership will be successfully developed.
The theme of this work is the tripartite partnership as an instrument enabling representatives of social partners to participate on the basis of parity with representatives of public authority in discussions relevant to labour law problems, and especially tripartite agreements as an instrument to reach acceptable to all parties decisions. The purpose of this work is to analyse the legal regulation, trends, practice of making and fulfilling such agreements, to clarify the gaps of the legislation of Lithuania, problems and find the way out of existing situation. The national laws of Lithuania, which regulate the tripartite social dialogue and tripartite agreements, in general correspond to the stipulation of the international legislation. Despite that, in Lithuania tripartite partnership acts only on the national level, because there are only few territorial level tripartite institutions and there are no one agreement or institution at a branch level. Tripartite agreements in fact do not execute its purpose to warrant a social peace, resolve collective bargaining of employees whereby their right to strike is limited or prohibited, take part in legislation procedure. It shall be indicated the problem of legal status of tripartite agreements – they are not binding even upon the parties. There are more problems – insufficient activity of social partners, there are no good will to seek compromise, negotiators have no proper qualifications to obtain effective dialogue. In order to solve these problems it would be useful to arrange special training programmes, reorganize the existing structure of tripartite institutions, to fix up that tripartite agreements are binding upon the parties and institutions whom this tripartite agreements are directed to have to entertain a proposal. It can be noted that Lithuania has chosen the way of social dialogue and in the future the effective tripartite social partnership will be successfully developed.
Having defined the problem, that in public discussion attention is mainly paid to the model of local self-government, concerning municipality's competences, functions and financial aspects, but there are little analysis about decentralization, which makes better possibilities for new actors to participate in public decision-making and implementation, the author of the work notes than more attention should be paid to decentralization and public participation in the local level. It is maintained that in Lithuania traditional "top-down" decision-making and implementation mechanisms should be changed by a great alternative – partnership group, based on "bottom-up" approach. Problems could be resolved in the collaboration with local community, private organizations and state government institutions. So, the major subject of this work is a partnership group – the Local action group (LAG), uniting the public sector, private organizations and non-governmental organizations. The main aim of this work is to disclose local action groups possibilities to promote decentralization process and community participation in local self-government. To reach this aim, there are formulated four tasks: to disclose the conception of decentralization, concerning its importance in local self-government; to introduce European Union's Initiative Leader+; to analyze the aspects of Local action group's formation, administration and preparation of the development strategy; to define local action groups possibilities to promote decentralization process and community participation in local self-government. Three following hypotheses have been formulated and on the basis of the accumulated knowledge and acquired experience proven: I. Implementation of Leader+ measure in Lithuania encourages the formation of new and innovative social structures. Precisely of this program, Lithuania is establishing a new local self-government partnership model, when local government institutions, private organizations and local community are combined to implement integrated and successful local development policy. II. Local action groups contribute the development of decentralization and local self government principle. First of all, it is stated that decentralization is a multi-faceted phenomenon that encompasses assignment of public decision-making and implementation powers to the representatives of territorial municipalities, private sector and non-governmental organizations. It is defined, that LAG implements principle of self-government, according to which responsibility and decision making are transferred to local level. Endowed with a team of practitioners, decision-making powers and a fairly large budget, the LAG represents a new model of organization that can considerably influence the institutional and political balance of the area concerned. III. Wherewith various community participation in government are used and wherewith "bottom-up" public decision-making and implementation is realized, the more local self-government is real. In work it is maintained, that real local self-government might be characterized by community participation in government. Local action group is recognized as local development "agency", which complement public administration model, as it develop integrated planning methodology in local level, implement rural development policy and stimulate local community participation in local self-government. According to analysis, the author of the work acknowledge, that effective all sectors' collaboration, local government's goodwill and successful management of the development strategy, are factors in the success of the local partnership. Only because of this partnership more possibilities have rose for reorganization of different partners' roles, engagement, consultation and partnership working.
Having defined the problem, that in public discussion attention is mainly paid to the model of local self-government, concerning municipality's competences, functions and financial aspects, but there are little analysis about decentralization, which makes better possibilities for new actors to participate in public decision-making and implementation, the author of the work notes than more attention should be paid to decentralization and public participation in the local level. It is maintained that in Lithuania traditional "top-down" decision-making and implementation mechanisms should be changed by a great alternative – partnership group, based on "bottom-up" approach. Problems could be resolved in the collaboration with local community, private organizations and state government institutions. So, the major subject of this work is a partnership group – the Local action group (LAG), uniting the public sector, private organizations and non-governmental organizations. The main aim of this work is to disclose local action groups possibilities to promote decentralization process and community participation in local self-government. To reach this aim, there are formulated four tasks: to disclose the conception of decentralization, concerning its importance in local self-government; to introduce European Union's Initiative Leader+; to analyze the aspects of Local action group's formation, administration and preparation of the development strategy; to define local action groups possibilities to promote decentralization process and community participation in local self-government. Three following hypotheses have been formulated and on the basis of the accumulated knowledge and acquired experience proven: I. Implementation of Leader+ measure in Lithuania encourages the formation of new and innovative social structures. Precisely of this program, Lithuania is establishing a new local self-government partnership model, when local government institutions, private organizations and local community are combined to implement integrated and successful local development policy. II. Local action groups contribute the development of decentralization and local self government principle. First of all, it is stated that decentralization is a multi-faceted phenomenon that encompasses assignment of public decision-making and implementation powers to the representatives of territorial municipalities, private sector and non-governmental organizations. It is defined, that LAG implements principle of self-government, according to which responsibility and decision making are transferred to local level. Endowed with a team of practitioners, decision-making powers and a fairly large budget, the LAG represents a new model of organization that can considerably influence the institutional and political balance of the area concerned. III. Wherewith various community participation in government are used and wherewith "bottom-up" public decision-making and implementation is realized, the more local self-government is real. In work it is maintained, that real local self-government might be characterized by community participation in government. Local action group is recognized as local development "agency", which complement public administration model, as it develop integrated planning methodology in local level, implement rural development policy and stimulate local community participation in local self-government. According to analysis, the author of the work acknowledge, that effective all sectors' collaboration, local government's goodwill and successful management of the development strategy, are factors in the success of the local partnership. Only because of this partnership more possibilities have rose for reorganization of different partners' roles, engagement, consultation and partnership working.
Nowadays in Lithuania the quality of child care and de-institutionalization issues are hightly actualized. However, the latter remains just in discussion form, because there is a critical shortage of de-institutionalization promoting actions based on reasons and research. The final master research analyzes the needs of de-institutionalization of children in care in order to reveal how the adult's constructed guardianship system and decisions affects the children without parental care. The aim of thesis is to reveal the de-institutionalization interferences and opportunities. In order to get a good quality results in empirical studies the qualitative research methodology and semi-structured interview method was selected. Informants were selected through a selection criteria. Survey participants were selected from children, who live and lived in child care, and child care professionals. The total sample is 18 informants. The aim of the research - to investigate the transition to the child care system deinstucionalization problems and impact on children's social reality. Children's satisfaction with care (child care institutions, foster families, household foster care families) in the study is discussed. Child care highest valued is in foster families , household foster families, the lowest - in institutions. The results also had shown the need for high care system de-institutionalization systems. However, to reform this system is quite difficult for certain interference, such as a lack of political will, which encourages a lack of social services, poor and unequal distribution of resources between forms of care. The participants of the thesis refers to a myriad of recommendations , which could have modified the system - but it also shows, that the care system expectations and needs aren't heard of \"government \" because these expectations and the laws generally do not match. In the study analysis also revealed that children are poorly involved in the care process which affects them , not fully allowed in to needs of the child - adult guardianship system is designed not fully meet the expectations of children , particularly it can be said about child care institutions which children values very negatively. Institutional child care designed by adults has a negative impact in children social reality, leaving the unwanted consequences for further their lives. Turning to deinstucionalizuotos child care system , special attention should be given to children 's participation and foster care.
Nowadays in Lithuania the quality of child care and de-institutionalization issues are hightly actualized. However, the latter remains just in discussion form, because there is a critical shortage of de-institutionalization promoting actions based on reasons and research. The final master research analyzes the needs of de-institutionalization of children in care in order to reveal how the adult's constructed guardianship system and decisions affects the children without parental care. The aim of thesis is to reveal the de-institutionalization interferences and opportunities. In order to get a good quality results in empirical studies the qualitative research methodology and semi-structured interview method was selected. Informants were selected through a selection criteria. Survey participants were selected from children, who live and lived in child care, and child care professionals. The total sample is 18 informants. The aim of the research - to investigate the transition to the child care system deinstucionalization problems and impact on children's social reality. Children's satisfaction with care (child care institutions, foster families, household foster care families) in the study is discussed. Child care highest valued is in foster families , household foster families, the lowest - in institutions. The results also had shown the need for high care system de-institutionalization systems. However, to reform this system is quite difficult for certain interference, such as a lack of political will, which encourages a lack of social services, poor and unequal distribution of resources between forms of care. The participants of the thesis refers to a myriad of recommendations , which could have modified the system - but it also shows, that the care system expectations and needs aren't heard of \"government \" because these expectations and the laws generally do not match. In the study analysis also revealed that children are poorly involved in the care process which affects them , not fully allowed in to needs of the child - adult guardianship system is designed not fully meet the expectations of children , particularly it can be said about child care institutions which children values very negatively. Institutional child care designed by adults has a negative impact in children social reality, leaving the unwanted consequences for further their lives. Turning to deinstucionalizuotos child care system , special attention should be given to children 's participation and foster care.
