Suchergebnisse

Since the 1946 Constitution, the oversea countries dependent on France are subdivisions of the French Republic, which is a unitary state with one territory, one nationality for all inhabitants, one constitutional law, one legislature and one executive. However the overseas territories are distinct entities in law. Their citizens have now the right to vote and are represented in assemblies. Although the subjects of the trusteeships territories are not French nationals, they enjoy the same rights and liberties as if they did in fact have French nationality. (Author's abridged summary).

Recent industrial developments creed in. Belgian Africa a depopulation in rural areas of 1/4 of the population. To remedy this the government adopted the following measures: (1) bettering of professional requirements; (2) rise in the minimum wages; (3) control of the industrial enterprises; and (4) a bettering of rural areas. The buying power of the working class has increased. The system of familial allocation has to be changed since it presently works unsatisfactorily. Housing and medical facilities will be bettered. Saving accounts are encouraged. D. Bystryn.

The question of the econ balance sheet of the colonies, which is as old as colonization itself, has been made more acute since WWU by nationalist revolts & the consequences which these have had on the evolution of the overseas territories' statuses, & by the need for tremendous investments in order to realize the value of this region. The emphasis today is not upon markets but upon the need for capital. The balance sheet is not easily drawn up because of the intermeshing of the economies of these territories with that of France (the existence of a double & equally important circuit of trade, from France to Africa & from Africa to France, demonstrates this point) & the temptation to establish 2 types of reasoning, one for the benefit of the French & the other for the benefit of the Africans. The only conclusion can be that, from the econ viewpoint, what matters is not the maintenance of French sovereignty but the keeping of these areas within the French areas. Tr from IPSA by J. A. Broussard.

The adaptation of pol'al sci to the existing African pol'al situation is not easy since that situation is extremely complex. It is best to analyze this situation in depth & to view it in 3 diff forms: (1) under its traditional aspect which appears in a singular diversification of forms (societies whose pol'al aspects are joined to kinship groupings, those whose clan systems & lineages are the framework for pol'al life, those where other systems are the basis of pol'al action, & finally, those which exist as pol'al entities); (2) under its colonial aspect with its own peculiarities (the change in pol'al structure, the joining together of 2 admin'tions, the destruction of the traditional authorities, econ & cultural intervention); & (3) under its post-colonial aspect with its problems (the difficulties of integrating the pre-colonial past with the colonial past, the difficulty of adapting to modern pol'al & admin'tive life). In making use of ethnological & sociol'al studies, pol'al sci can effectively study 2 aspects of present day African politics: the pol'al parties & the pol'al doctrines or ideoloeies. Tr from IPSA by J. A. Broussard.

During this two year period, race relations have worsened. In Kenya the Mau Mau movement started. It is particularly anti-European and anti-Christian. One major cause for its appearance is the belief among the natives that the soil was alienated for European agricultural colonization. The second factor is represented by the social modifications brought about by the whites. The population has increased very quickly, and one solution to this problem is in the development of the economic resources of Occidental Africa. The problem of race relations is also acute in Bechuanaland because of the marriage of the chief's heir to a white woman. In the United Kingdom itself there are about 10,000 students and 40,000 colored workers and no discrimination. In matters of health tuberculosis is one of the greatest problems of social medicine. Great progress has been made in the case of leprosy, but malaria is still the greatest health hazard. A new organization, the Aplied Nutrition Unit, has been established. It is concerned with medical and dietetic aspects of nutrition. In several regions a program of housing construction has been started. D. Bystryn.

Until the 19th cent, Mohammedanism was perfectly suited to the needs of primitive African societies. The intrusion, along with Christianity, of a dynamic civilization in a closed static civilization, brought about the destruction of customary structures, & the Africa of today shows more & more the need of a universal religion which will allow the society to become reintegrated at a higher level than that of the ancient tribal & family groups. Christianity may appear to the Africans as a means of overcoming their technical backwardness, though at the same time it is frequently regarded to be an instrument of colonialism & of Western domination. Strictly speaking, Mohammedanism could replace Marxism (which has been accepted as an area of intellectual inquiry, but has been rejected as an ideology because of its European & atheistic attributes), if it did not; itself, tend to become an instrument of Arab, & especially of Egyptian, neo-colonialism As a result, it is not impossible that Africa will move in a 3rd direction, toward a pantribal, neo-paganism, which might be capable of giving rise to a kind of African national socialism. Such a development would be based upon racial rather than class struggle, & would present all the dangers of a totalitarian system that includes.both religion & politics at the same time. Tr by J. A. Broussard.