Suchergebnisse

Borders and mobility in arts, history, and well-being -- Comparison of curcumin content and antioxidant activity of turmeric samples collected from Indonesia and Thailand: Considerations for the future sharing of the natural resource A. Dechakhamphu, J. Junlatat, M. Agil, B. Prajogo and N. Pursariwati -- Efficiency of household accounting: A case study of a model village in Thailand N. Thongprasert and S. Mala -- Forecasts for trans-border mobility: A case study of agricultural products imported from Laos to Thailand via the Chong-Mek border N. Nanthasamroeng -- Social class representation: FoodTruck Culinary Surabaya community R. Rahartika -- The Bawean ethnic language: Attitude and diglossic community culture S.W.B. Utami -- Multi-ethnic and religious conflicts in media reported by international online media: http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/statue-of-chinese-god-guan-yu-stokestension-in-indonesia P. Wibawanto -- Demystifying Nusantara A. Bahroni -- Commercial activities and development of the towns in the west side of Banda Sea Indonesia, early twentieth century L.O. Rabani -- Borders and mobility in literature and culture -- Remixed Javaneseness: Lyrics of levelling adiluhung non-adiluhung E.D. Riyanto -- The expression of cultural values in Sundanese manuscripts of the Mandala period H.M. Lyra, D. Indira and T. Muhtadin -- Criticisms of the depiction of freedom of characters in Dewi Lestaris novel entitled Supernova: Kesatria, Putri dan Bintang Jatuh M.N.A.T. Gemilang -- Translation ideology recommendation for translating cultural issues in children comics from English into Indonesian: Crossing the borders between language and culture of SLT and TLT Nurlaila, M. Nababan, Djatmika and R. Santosa -- The directors responses and the shaping of Indonesias identity in the European film festival funding R. Ihwanny and M. Budiman -- Children in Indonesian cinema during colonialism: The border of cross-identity S. Wibawa -- Mimicking East Asian popular culture products: Temporality of urban global culture in Indonesia S.M.G. Tambunan -- Representation of nostalgia for home in diasporic poetry: An analysis of selected poems of mahtem shiferraw S. Elias -- Returned participants Perception of the Sarjana Mengajar di Daerah Terluar, Terdepan dan Tertinggal (SM-3T) program Y.S. Amalia, C.S. Budiono and R. Andini -- Capital reconversion practices by Srintil in the novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk T.W. Iswara -- Borders and mobility in language and multilingualism -- Morphological system of Javanese verbs in the border area of East Java (Tapal Kuda) A.S. Rohmah, Mahdar and W.A. Sari -- Javanese Unggah-Ungguh level used in some rubrics of the Jaya Baya and Panjebar Semangat magazines B.D.Y. Puteri -- The role of language in border relations (Desa Tajungan Kec Kamal, Kab Bangkalan, Madura) D.R. Sugiharti, Miladiyah and Y.S. Amalia -- Indirect criticism in the ethnic Madurese community: Its various semantic formulas, lingual markers, and context of use E. Jauhari and D. Purnanto -- Multilingualism and mobility: Defining borders within Surabaya city through the linguistic cityscape E. Rusnaningtias -- Border or beyond: Dangdut jazzs reception and liminality analysis in the ITS Jazz community F.Z. Putri and B.A. Sansoko -- Culture shifting from wearing sarong to wearing trousers amongst the people of Bangkalan Madura I. Husna -- Linguistic landscapes: A study of human mobility and identity change K. Artawa and N.W. Sartini -- Language transfer in Javanese video clips on YouTube: A sociolinguistic analysis of Cak Ikins Culoboyo videos S.D.S. Tungga and T. Suhardijanto -- Linguistic landscape as a social identity construction of the public space: The case of Batu District Y. Indarti -- Borders and mobility in education and policies -- Policy implementation for fulfilling 30% quota of womens representation in the 2014 legislative member election: A study on the PDI-P and the PPP in Palangka Raya R.S. Tulis -- Empowering SMEs and cooperatives: Export capacity building in the era of AEC trade liberalisation Koesrianti, D. Puspitawati and N.A. Kurniasari -- Development of an exercise program to enhance the ability of students in Thai massage classroom: Considerations for promoting traditional medicine education at national and international levels K. Peng-ngummuang, K. Noiming, P. Promsit, S. Srisanga and J. Junlatat -- Gaming is learning: No more border between children with and without autism spectrum disorder L.H. Suryawardhani and Y.S. Amalia -- Homeschooling as an alternative education system in Surabaya Wulansary -- Borders and mobility in gender, identity, and behaviorism -- Environmentalism and consumerism: The contradiction of globalization in behavior consumption of the urban middle class in Surabaya, Indonesia D.A. Arimbi, N. Wulan and F. Colombijn -- The enforcement of state territoriality and shifting on borderlanders mobility: The case of IndonesiaMalaysia border in Sebatik Island L. Puryanti -- Civil society and the model of Dayak identity struggle in Central Kalimantan: A framework of neo-GramscianTocquevillian analysis A. Haridison and J.R.A. Sandi -- Girl marriage and marginalisation of women in the cities of East Java E. Susanti -- Ajhemo practice among Madurese women and its correlation with independently healthy life behaviour S. Ratnawati -- Muslimah identity on the Wardah Muslim-segmented cosmetic products N.C. Fajri -- Borders and mobility in maritime, spatial movement and locality -- Movements around island and waterfront reclamation projects T. Kerr -- Maintaining expressions of prohibition (pamali) as signaling the existence of tengger communitys culture D. Handayani and M. Lutfi -- Multiculturalism and local wisdom in the Gilimanuk-Bali community I.B.P. Manuaba -- Cultural capital of traders on Pahing Sunggingan market in Boyolali J.S. Gumilang, M. Wijaya, B. Haryono and M. Si -- The Legend of Nusantara: Disguising the boundary between locality and globality in Indoeskrim Nusantaras commercial advertisement Milawaty -- Urban environmental quality and human well-being assessment: Towards walkable neighborhood (A case study of Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya) E.T. Sunarti, A.B. Tribhuwaneswari, O.E. Rachmalisa and R.P. Kurniasanti -- Trialectic city space based on an immigrant view through urbanisation: A study on settlement migrants in Surabaya city I.Y.A. Rohmah -- The influence of social mobility on cultural values: A case study on Chinese-Indonesians in Surabaya, Indonesia preliminary research R.A. Saputra -- Local government capacity in managing fishery conflict in the IndonesiaMalaysia maritime border zone M.A.P. Sari, M.R.K. Muluk and Sujarwoto -- Coffee stall: Politics identity of Cangkrukan L. Santoso and M.G.R. Pandin -- Borders and mobility in media, technology and global research -- Awareness and preparation for cross-border future careers under the one belt, one road initiative proposed by the Peoples Republic of China (PRC): A case study of students majoring in Chinese at UBRU, Thailand and HUFL, Vietnam S. Songsukrojiroad and L.L. Chuyen -- Articulating Indonesian migrant domestic workers activism in Hong Kong and the use of communication technology I. Wahyudi -- Interagency collaborative team in broadcasting management at the border area of Sintang Regency, Indonesia L.H. Kurnia, I.W. Midhio and T.B. Prasetyo -- Border broadcasts and national identity representation in Entikong, West Kalimantan L. Tjahjandari, T.I. Setyani and L.H. Kurnia -- The slut-shaming phenomenon in social media: A case study on female English literature students of Binus University P. Ayuningtyas and A.A.T. Kariko -- Mobile life, communication technology, and disreputable literacy S. Herminingrum.

Frantz Fanon has been making the rounds lately. The subject of a new biography by Adam Shatz and a recent New Yorker essay, the anticolonial activist is enjoying a sort of intellectual renaissance. Perhaps that's because like so many people today, he lived in a world shaped by violence.
While the formal process of post-World War II decolonization had begun to run its course by 1961, when Fanon died at the age of 36, the Global South remained a violent space. Western powers continued to extract resources from former colonies, to manipulate local economies, and to expand local civil wars by intervening in regions from Latin America to Southeast Asia.
Fanon believed that violence not only begot violence, but that it could serve to uplift peoples long suffering under the colonial system. His 1961 seminal work, The Wretched of the Earth, spared no details on this point. "At the individual level," the revolutionary political philosopher argued, "violence is a cleansing force. It rids the colonized of their inferiority complex, of their passive and despairing attitude. It emboldens them, and restores their self-confidence."
More than sixty years later, we might ask if Fanon's claims on violence still hold merit. While Fanon's writings focused entirely on anti-colonialism in his own time, broader interpretations of all violence as cleansing have entered the intellectual bloodstream. Recent conflicts in Eastern Europe and the Middle East demonstrate the fallacies of perpetually seeing violence as a "cleansing force." All of this is worth examining in context, today.
The Martinique philosopher, it should be noted, did not speak in terms of "ethnic cleansing." In no way was he following in the abominable footsteps of an Adolf Hitler or setting a precedent for Slobodan Milošević, the 1990s "Butcher of the Balkans." Instead, Fanon meant to convey the rehabilitative nature of violence for oppressed peoples still living under the thumb of their former imperial masters. Perhaps this was because, as a psychiatrist, he actually treated victims of colonial violence — and colonizers themselves — during the Algerian war for independence from France.
But war doesn't rehabilitate. It only despoils and destroys. War is not reparative. Instead, it requires costly reconstruction in the wake of what it leaves behind. Policymakers and hawkish intellectuals alike peddle falsehoods when they promise war's therapeutic cures.
If Fanon justified the use of violence as a form of anticolonial self-defense — Shatz argues "cleansing" is better translated as "de-intoxicating" — such views have been extrapolated to rationalize military force for any occasion. In restating Russia's goals in Ukraine, for instance, President Vladimir Putin spoke in cleansing terms. Peace would come, he argued, only after the "denazification, demilitarisation and a neutral status" imposed upon Ukraine. It has been nearly a year since the World Bank estimated the costs of Ukraine's reconstruction at US $411 billion. One wonders if such massive destruction truly will wash away Putin's fears of Western encroachment toward Russian borders.
If Fanon saw violence as redemptive, he also judged it to be reactive, at least for the colonized. Violence could be politically and strategically instrumental in altering power relationships between oppressor and oppressed. In other words, it is a way to contest the infliction of injury by the more powerful when peace failed to deliver.
Did similar thinking underscore Hamas's 7 October 2023 attack against Israel? As the BBC reported, the Islamic Resistance Movement justified its actions as a response to "Israeli crimes against the Palestinian people." But the orgy of violence that followed—French President Emmanuel Macron called the 7 October attacks the "biggest antisemitic massacre of our century"—hardly was cleansing.
Nor did Israel's military response shy away from a Fanonian belief in the virtues of violence. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu sidestepped criticisms of the heavy death toll among Palestinian civilians inflicted by the Israeli response, reaching back to the allies' World War II bombing campaign as justification for the "legitimate actions" of a state at war. If Fanon maintained that the colonized individuals could regain their dignity through "counter-violence," a way to liberate themselves from subjugation, surely Netanyahu thought similarly for the Israeli state writ large.
Yet the right-wing Likud party has gone farther than simply opposing violence with violence, with some extremists calling for the annihilation of Gaza and the Palestinians who live there. Can this language of genocidal violence, if not its actual practice, truly lead to the liberation of which Fanon spoke?
Lest Americans think that Fanon's political philosophizing doesn't apply to them, they need look no further than the global war on terror. In the aftermath of 9/11, President George W. Bush landed on a two-pronged strategy for the Middle East that assumed a successful counterterrorism campaign would pave the way for a democratic transformation of the entire region. Turning Fanon on his head, the Bush administration saw violence as a way to bring order back to decolonized locales where disorder—and, to Bush and his supporters, violence—now reigned supreme.
Contemporary critics, of course, voiced their concerns. Not long after the national trauma of 9/11, journalist Chris Hedges contemplated American notions of war as a cleansing force that gave them meaning. Hedges wasn't convinced. He found the language of violence hollow, the implementation of it repugnant.
I think Hedges's doubts were (and are) justified, and not just for Americans. Do Israelis, for instance, who see themselves living in a besieged state consider their lives more meaningful for the violence they both support and endure? Do Palestinians judging themselves victims of a violent settler colonial project feel their world has been cleansed?
If Fanon remains relevant so long after his death in 1961, then perhaps policymakers and publics alike should question their enduring embrace of violence and war as cleansing forces. Historian and philosopher Hannah Arendt certainly did, arguing that the "most probable change [violence] will bring about is the change to a more violent world." Current events in both the Middle East and Eastern Europe seem to be bearing Arendt out.
To his credit, Fanon believed that violence leading to "pure, total brutality" could undermine the very political movements employing violence in the first place. But when policymakers and their people seek to use violence as a cleansing force, brutality itself seems to be the point.

This paper is dedicated to the history of the Women's International Democratic Federation (further WIDF), the influential transnational organization of the period of the Cold War. The scholars who were dealing with the history of this organization have different opinions about its activities and historical role. Indeed, several researches have shown that the federation realized a lot of solidarity work; the federation was important not least with respect to the anti-colonial and anti-racist struggles as well for cooperation between women from inside and outside Europe. But on the other hand, historically this organization was seen as dependent from the Soviet Union or as the organization where Communist ideas and Soviet bloc's geopolitical interests have played an important role. The aim of this paper is to explore some of the contradictory aspects of the WIDF's ideology and activities. I use the WIDF's official publications, first of all, the federation's journal Women of the Whole World/ Zhenshchiny mira (published from 1951 in English, French, Russian and, later on German, Spanish and Arabic) vis-à-vis the material from the archive in Moscow, belonging to the WIDF's member organization from the Soviet Union (GARF, Fond of the Committee of the Soviet Women). In this paper I discuss the federation's use of the achievements of the state socialist countries on the way to women's emancipation as well as WIDF's main political concepts and some of their interpretations. Thus, I explore the contradictions with respect to how the concepts as human rights, democracy and women's rights were used in WIDF's documents from different periods as well as discuss conflicts connected to their use. ; Artykuł poświęcony jest historii Światowej Demokratycznej Federacji Kobiet (ŚDFK), wpływowej międzynarodowej organizacji okresu zimnej wojny. Badacze zajmujący się jej funkcjonowaniem prezentują zróżnicowane opinie na temat działalności i roli historycznej federacji. Z dotychczasowych ustaleń wynika, że ŚDFK oprócz inspirowania Europejek i kobiet z pozostałych kontynentów do walki o ich prawa realizowała wiele projektów solidarystycznych. Niektóre z jej inicjatyw miały wpływ zarówno na proces dekolonizacji, jak i postępy w walce z rasizmem. Jednocześnie organizacja była postrzegana jako zależna od Związku Sowieckiego, jako struktura propagująca idee komunistyczne i geopolityczne interesy bloku wschodniego. Celem tego artykułu jest zbadanie pewnych sprzeczności pomiędzy bazą ideologiczną a praktyczną działalnością ŚDFK. Podstawą do opracowania tematu są z jednej strony publikacje zaczerpnięte z oficjalnego organu prasowego federacji, którym od 1951 r. był periodyk "Kobiety Całego Świata" (ukazywał się w języku angielskim, francuskim, rosyjskim, a później niemieckim, hiszpańskim i arabskim), a z drugiej strony materiały zrzeszonego w ŚDFK Komitetu Kobiet Sowieckich (dostępne w zasobie Archiwum Państwowego Federacji Rosyjskiej, w zespole Komitetu Kobiet Sowieckich). W artykule scharakteryzowano główne koncepcje polityczne ŚDFK, jak też skalę wykorzystania do celów propagandowych przez federację osiągnięć państw socjalistycznych. Ukazano też poprzez pryzmat oficjalnych dokumentów federacji z różnych okresów jej działalności zmieniające się interpretacje takich pojęć, jak: demokracja, prawa człowieka, prawa kobiet oraz wynikłe z tego sprzeczności związane z użyciem tych terminów. ; Stockholm University and Mid-Sweden University ; Yulia Gradskova – pracownik Uniwersytetu w Sztokholmie. Jej naukowe zainteresowania ogniskują się wokół rosyjskiej, sowieckiej i posowieckiej historii społecznej i historii płci. Interesuje się także postsocjalizmem, historią dekolonialną i transnarodową. W swojej rozprawie doktorskiej (obronionej w 2007 r.) zajmowała się zmianami dyskursu dotyczącego macierzyństwa i urody w ocenie kobiet mieszkających w Moskwie, Ufie (Baszkirii) i Saratowie. Habilitacja (Uniwersytet Södertörn, 2010–2012) dotyczyła krytycznej rewizji sowieckiej polityki "emancypacji" i "kulturalizacji" kobiet na dawnych cesarskich kresach. Brała udział w kilku wspólnych projektach badawczych na Uniwersytecie Södertörn, w tym jeden z nich poświęcony był transformacji rodziny z okresu socjalizmu państwowego do okresu posocjalistycznego ("Rodzina i silne państwo: emancypacja czy przymus", 2008–2009). Obecnie prowadzi badania na temat Światowej Demokratycznej Federacji Kobiet – dużej międzynarodowej organizacji założonej w 1945 r. w Paryżu. ; yulia.gradskova@historia.su.se ; 172 ; 2(9) ; 185 ; State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), fond 7928, Committee of the Soviet Woman. ; Women of the Whole World, 1960–1981. ; Za ravnopravie, schastie, mir, (Berlin : WIDF, 1953). ; Zhenshchiny mira, 1958–1981. ; Between Protest and Nation-Building, Chen Jian, Martin Klimke, Masha Kirasirova et al. (eds.), (London : Routledge, 2018), 230–242. ; Bonfiglioli, Chiara. Revolutionary Networks. Women's Political and Social Activism in Cold War Italy and Yugoslavia (1945–1957), PhD diss., (Utrecht, 2012), https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/254104/Bonfiglioli.pdf?sequence. ; Djagalov, Rossen. Salazkina, Masha. "Tashkent' 68, a cinematic contact zone", Slavic Review, Vol. 75, No. 2, 2016. ; Donert, Celia. "Whose Utopia? Gender, Ideology and Human Rights at the 1975 World Congress in East Berlin", in: Jan Eckel, Samuel Moyn (eds.), The Breakthrough: Human Rights in the 1970s, (Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014), 68–87. ; Edelman, Fanny. Banderas, Pasiones, Camaradas (Buenos Aires : Ediciones Dirple, 1996), 142. ; Gallo, Maria Theresa. "Today, a Woman is a President of the Republic of Uzbekistan", Women of the Whole World, No. 2, 1959, 9–21. ; Ghodsee, Kristen. Second World, Second Sex, (Durham : Duke University Press, 2018). ; Gradskova, Yulia. Soviet Politics of Emancipation of Ethnic Minority Woman. Natsionalka, (Cham : Springer, 2018). ; de Haan, Francisca. "Continuing Cold War Paradigms in Western Historiography of Transnational Women's Organizations: The Case of the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF)", Women's History Review, Vol. 19, No. 4, 2010, 547–573. ; de Haan, Francisca. "The Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF): History, Main Agenda and Contributions (1945–1991)", in: Thomas Dublin, Kathryn Kish Sklar (eds.), Women and Social Movements (WASI) Online Archive, 2012, http://alexanderstreet.com/products/women-and-social-movements-international ; de Haan, Francisca. "The Global Left-Feminist 1960s. From Copenhagen to Moscow and New York", in: The Routledge Handbook of the Global Sixties, (London : Routledge, 2018), 230–242. ; Kamp, Marianne. New Woman in Uzbekistan, Islam, Modernity and Unveiling under Communism, (Seattle : University of Washington Press, 2006). ; Kanet, Roger. "Soviet Propaganda and the process of national liberation", in: Roger Kanet (ed.), Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and the Third World, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1988), 84–114. ; McGregor, Katherine. "Opposing Colonialism: the Women's International Democratic Federation and Decolonization Struggles in Vietnam and Algeria 1945–1965", Women's History Review, Vol. 25, No. 6, 2016, 925–944. ; Mohanty, Chandra. Feminism without borders: decolonizing theory, practicing solidarity, (Durham : Duke University Press, 2003). ; Moyn, Samuel. The Last Utopia. Human Rights in History, (Cambridge, MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010). ; Tlostanova, Madina. Gender Epistemologies and Eurasian Borderland, (Basingstoke : Palgrave, 2010).

AbstractThis thesis describes about the domination of Western knowledge toward Chinese tradition by illustrating the superiority or prominence of Western knowledge in the novel East Wind: West Wind written by Pearl S. Buck. The analysis focuses on two goals, there are (1) to portray how are the Eastern and the Western represented in the novel, and (2) to analyze how the influence of western knowledge dominated Chinese tradition. To analyze this novel, the the writer applied post-colonial criticism the writer focused on Orientalism as an approach by Edward Said. In analyze aspech the way Western discourse dominates the main character, Kwei-lan, as represented of Chinese people by issuing the discourse of superiority. In addition, the writer applied content analysis method to analyze documents in order to give a deep understanding toward the novel by using close reading technique, which requires to read the whole of the novel for several times. From the analysis, the writer found that Western discourse did construct the domination over the Orient (Chinese culture) by representing the differences in term family relationships (simple vs complex), mind (open minded vs narow minded) and beliave (superstitious vs rational), the discourse succeed to dominate and create the truth or reality as the assumption about the West as supperior and the East as inferior.Key word: orientalismBackgroundThe term discourse is the range of social practices, customs, and institutions that cover any given subject matter. According to Michel Foucault, ―.discourse is strongly bounded area of social knowledge; a system of statements within the world can be known‖ (1967:70). Through language, discourse gives the role of us in our society. It constructs our knowledge and understanding about who we are and what the world we live are. Because of discourse covers every social matters, it can be used in any perspective.Therefore, the influence of Western discourse to the world made people tend to consider West is more superior than East. The Western discourse of domination is one of the effects of Industrial revolution that born the idea of imperialism that implement in the form of colonialism.In journal of universty of pretoria by Lazere S. Rukundwa and Andries G. Van Ardel The Formation of Postcolonial Theory2Research Associate (2007:421), through Orientalism, Said presented the discourse that have been constructed to society about the perception of Eurocentric or Western where naturally they represented as the rational, mature, progressive, honest, normal, masculine, good, upright, democratic, and superior instead of Eastern which represent irrational, abnormal, backward, passive, undisciplined, primitiveness, and inferior. The simplest example regarded to this is people are assumed as smart or intelligent whenever we use English to non-native. It widely influenced people, society, lifestyles, and human life. Such discourse was able to construct the human standard as seem as they are. This system, discourse, has taught people, certainly us, the world of what they want us to be.Thus, literary works is one of the ways western domination affect our mind. However, it is also a good implementation in understanding aspects of post-colonialism issues which concern the life; cultural, and interactions of cultural aspects. The interactions of difference cultures have much inspire author to make various literary works to explore those issues. Pearl S. Buck's novel East Wind: West Wind (1930) is one of popular works considered has postcolonial implication.The novel East Wind: West Wind tells about Kwei-Lan, a girl who was born as traditional noble Chinese family. She has no experience with modern western style before. As a Chinese royal woman, she has taught everything to become a good daughter of the family and to be good wife for her husband. Her husband is a noble Chinese royal man that had twelve years abroad, America, studying medicine. Kwei-lan has been betrothed to her husband since she was born. Her husband has adapted and adopted western lifestyle. He feels western life is better and rational than his Chinese culture that strange and irrelevant. Different perspective about being woman makes Kwei-Lan cannot win her husband's heart as she thinks and has taught before. Kwei-Lan as a Chinese traditional woman and her husband's lifestyle emerge distinguishes understanding about family between the West and the Chinese tradition.The novel describes how Kwei-Lan's cultural traditional background opposed with her husband's Western lifestyle. In the part II of the novel, Kwei-Lan has to accept that her brother goes to study in America. Later the conflict comes up when her brother has already married with a foreign woman. Even though he has betrothed to one of daughters of Li family since he was child. Their mother is shocked to know such news. The family has to accept that son has been betrayed the family. Her brother chooses to disobey the Chinese tradition of married and his duty as a3son of Royal Family to keep the heir. It is seen as the impact of western culture influence toward her brother.Based on explanation above, the writer is interested and challenged to discuss this novel. Pearl S Buck is able to tell the story with her elegant way. East Wind: West Wind shows the elegant internal conflict of traditional Chinese woman who tries to oppose her ideology of being good woman and wife toward the western discourse that influences her life.In this novel, Pearl S Buck portrays how the Western culture meets the Eastern old tradition and tended to degrade the East. It seems she shows West lifestyle is better and rational than East. Through the main character Kwei-Lan, Buck explains in detail Chinese woman's role in life and compares to the knowledge of Western within her husband. The author also shows the reader how Kwai-Lan's brother finally betrays his old tradition, the Chinese Family tradition, by secretly marriage a foreign woman. Until the end of this novel, Buck confirms the superiority and rationality of Western discourse toward Chinese tradition as East.By using post-colonialism, especially Orientalism of Edward Said, the writer will analyze how these texts construct the Orient through imaginative representations of the main character, Kwei-Lan, in the novel. The writer wants to analyze the differences of two cultures and perceptions based on the the orientalism that found in the novel. It is able to create the assumption about the West as superior and the East is inferior. Orientalism argues those discourses made by Western as a political tool to conquer the reader's minds showing inferiority of the East.Further, Post-colonial criticisms also appropriate as a ―knife‖ to discuss, analyze, and examine a work with its relations and effect of colonialism and the interaction of two different cultures. Therefore, this research is entitled ―Western Domination Implied over Chinese Tradition in Pearl S Buck's East Wind: West Wind (An Orientalism Reading)‖.MetodologyIn this chapter, the writer focuses on the steps that must take to finish this research, that proposed by Sudaryanto (1993). Some steps make this research success. This step relates each other and cannot release form the other steps. There are three steps, first, collecting the data, second, analyzing the data, and third presenting the data.1. Collecting the dataIn collecting data, the writer conducts a library research. Through the library research, the writer collects the data needed,4which can be categorized as primary and secondary data. The primary data itself is; "East Wind; West Wind" by Pearl S Buck, the more specific is sentences and quotations that have relationship with the topic and that have relations with the theory. The secondary data function as tools in analyzing the primary data. It consists of books and other sources from journals and internet sites.The writer conducts the library research about post-colonial criticism. In this step writer finds the definitions and concept of post colonialism, especially the theory of Orientalism by Edward Said. It is helpful to broaden the perspective of writer about the term.2. Analyzing the DataIn analyzing the data writer examines the primary data by the way of close reading and in analyzing specific sentences and quotations that have relationship with the topic and the theory. Based on Edgar Robert, ―to analyze the problems in the literary work, it can be found by digging up through characters in the ways of speech, dialogue and action between one character and other characters‖ (56).Besides, the writer explores some data related about the Post-Colonial criticism, especially Orientalism approach by Edward Said. Writer will identify the sentence related to the topic and the theory supporting to completing the research.3. Presenting the ResultThe last step is presenting the analysis. The writer thus uses descriptive method to present the data. Based on Bogdan and Biklen, qualitative research is descriptive, the data are collected in the form of words, rather than number, and result of analysis is written descriptively (1982:27) as the rule to conducts this research. The data is presented descriptively in this analysis by quoting the sentences of dialogue from the novel that relevant to the analysis.Result and DiscussionIn this chapter, the writer wants to analyze about the data. In analyzing data the writer uses the theory orientalism by Edwar said. The writer analyzes about the The analysis focuses on two goals, there are (1) to portray the different perspective between Western knowledge and Chinese tradition, and (2) to analyze the implication of Western knowledge as domination over Chinese tradition.Orientalism is a branch of Postcolonial theory that developed by Edward Said According to said this theory is about how The West see the world by binary oposition where It seems to explore the overplus of Western and expose the lacking5of Eastern and make it as if those are natural by using discourse. And the discorse is formed and it will effect to human mind who read it. Besides based on discourse the reader consciusness or uncansciousness will judge what that they read it is god or it is bad. Said does not question about the truth or the wrong. He tries to give us deeply understanding of how colonizer or Western discourse constructs the domination of the world toward colonized or Eastern in every way and how it continues until now.The Different Perspective of the Eastern and the Western in the NovelIn this chapter, the writer would discuss the portrait of contradictive perspective between western Knowledge or Occident and Chinese old tradition or orient. Pearl S Back does not frankly describe what the western culture in the novel East Wind: West Wind is. She implicitly explains how Western culture by contrasted it with Chinese culture experienced by the character Kwei-lanThis chapter, the writer cuncludes that there are saveral contradictions of differernt perspective of the western knowledge and the chinese tradition. The writer divided two subchapter, the Eastern and the Western. It consist the complex family relationships and simple family relationships, narrow minded and open minded, superstitious and rational.Family in the eastern in this case family in Chinese is narrated differently with family in western. It is described that Chinese family is a big extended family, complex and has not much freedom because bound of tradition. Different with western family, that consists of nuclear family, father, mother and children and has more freedom because not bound with the old tradition, it is because they explained are more logic and more simple besides they has right and free will to choose and do whatever they want to do.In the novel describe although the Chinese man has been married, they are allowed or naturally believed to take some concubines as they like. It can be seen by following quotation in the novel:―The desire for sons in a household like ours, where my father had three concubines whose sole interest was in the conceiving and bearing of children was too ordinary to contain any mystery.‖ [11-12]Kwei-Lan's father, as stated above, has three concubines in order to pour his desire in woman and to conduct a birth son for his clan. In the Chinese family, it is normal for the husband to marry other woman. Man in Chinese tradition has a duty to give great male offspring to maintain their clan. Further, Buck states:―They had caught my father fancy at first though a6prettiness which faded like flowers plucking in spring, and my father's favor ceased when their brief beauty was gone.‖[19]The husband can marry any woman if his wife cannot give birth and give him a son. Chinese man can whenever he wants to marry woman and leave them when their beauties are gone.In contrast, the portrayal of Western woman is described as dichotomy to Chinese tradition where the family relationship is simpler. Besides the family in the western is nuclear family and the decision is make by own self \. They do not need many procedure to do something. In the novel, it is narrated by Kwei-lan brother to marry his girlfriend, the kwei-lan brother and hiss wife do not need many procedure to get merit. In this case Buck tries ti show that thee western people are better than Eastern peoplebecause western people has more freedom.In addition, the wife or woman in the western culture tends to not accepting become subordinate position in family. It clarifies in the novel:―The trouble in all this may be that the foreigner is not willing to accept a subordinate position. It is not customary in their country to have secondary wives.‖ [160]Western women believe that they have right and capable to follow their own will. There are no such certain rules either as woman or as wife of their family that have to be obeyed.Kwei-Lan's brother who has been taught the wisdom of the Great Master, has to fulfill the first duty as a man to pay careful heed to every desire of his parents. In spite of obeying the custom, he married a foreign woman when he studied in America. Kwei-lan who shocked to hear is alarmed by her husband. It can be seen in the novel that, he said:―You must be prepared…it is better to face the truth. He will probably not obey you mother… Old foundations are breaking – have broken… there must be stronger reasons than in this days‖ [150]As the one who adapts the Western culture, Kwei-Lan's husband precisely knows that her brother will consistently disobey the old and primitive tradition. Kwei-lan's brother breaks the old custom and chooses to live in progressive and democratic ways as his will. Related to this, Hans Bertens states that―The inferiority that Orientalism attributes to the East simultaneously serves to construct the West's superiority. The sensuality, irrationality, primitiveness, and despotism of the East construct the West as rational, democratic, progressive, and so on‖ [Bertens, 2006: 205]The writer examines that the novel describes the primitiveness and despotism of Chinese7old tradition. Western discourse seems to take place and dominates the character Kwei-Lan's brother, even our perspective, to disobey such custom.Secondly, it is also happened to different perspective can also be seen in the mindset or lifestyle contradiction in the novel. in the family, that is to produces son to maintain the clan and descendent. In Chinese custom, Kwei-lan and her husband should remain stay within the ancestral home. For his father, a noble Chinese man should not waste their dignified leisure time and stay still in home. The family has plenty of food and space. It can be seen when Kwei-lan's father in law spoke to her husband;"here is plenty of food and space. You need never waste your body in physical labor. Spend your days in dignified leisure and in study that suits your pleasure. Allow your daughter in law of your honored mother to produce son. Three generations of sons less than one roof is sight pleasing to heaven‖ [43]In Chinese custom, a noble family should only worry to give born the great son in order to maintain the clan and the descendant of family. It is reflected in the important of a son existence. A husband should not be worried about food and money. This is what has been taught by the ancestor for hundred years. In the other side, Kwei-lan's husband, who has been studied in West, has his own perception. It can be seen in the quotation below:I wish to work father, I am trained in scientific professions – the noblest in the western world. As for sons, they are not my desire. I wish to produce the fruit of my brain for my country's good. A mare dog may fill the earth with the fruit of his body‖ [43]The father of Kwei-Lan's husband wants to keep them in the house without worrying about food and money. He wants them to pay attention to deliver his grandson. Rather than focus on producing son, Kwei-lan's husband wants to work and earn money by himself to his family. His custom cannot change the decision he has taken.Thirdly difference is seen based on the story is superstition and custom and Chinese culture which is described so irrational to be believed. In the novel, Kwei-lan's husband is a doctor. One day someone called him to come to the house where a lady tried to kill herself by hanging her neck. She is still alive but unconscious. In order to heal the woman's soul, the priest came and made a ceremony by plugging a piece of cloth to her nose and mouth.―He sent for the priests to beat the gongs to call the woman's soul back, and her8relatives gathered about and placed the poor unconscious girl…into a kneeling position on the floor; then they deliberately filled her nose and mouth with cotton and cloth and bound clothing around her face‖ [76]Kwei-lan firstly agreed to the old tradition, taking back the soul, which has been done for hundred years. In the contrary, Kwei-lan's husband totally disagreed with such custom that has lost so much spirit of human life.―Would you die if I did this long enough? And he seized my hands in one of his and placed his handkerchief roughly over my mouth and nose. I twisted free and tore it away‖ [76-77]The quotation convinces the irrationality of Chinese old custom, and on the contrary also convinces the rationality of Western discourse. The way of Kwei-lan's husband tries to show to Kwei-Lan seems like confirm the opposite of perspective between Kwei-lan, reprented Chinese tradition, over Western discourse of her husband.The writer concluded that those contradictions are the portrayal of different perspective of the Eastern in this case traditional Chinese and the western knowledge.The Western Knowledge as Domination Implied over Chinese Tradition in The NovelThe writer found the orientalism issues which Western is assumed to has much more realistic to be true. This is a discourse, western discourse, which dominates the assumption about Chinese tradition in the novel. The changing perception of the character, even the readers, seem t confirms this discourse.Kwei-Lan's husband seems to confirm Western discourse based on the way he treat Kwei-lan Kwei-Lan also surprises to hear ‗the new ways' her husband meant to her. Her husband has been certainly influenced by Western culture. For twelve years he studied in foreign country. Then, he now tries to convince Kwei-lan as it is best way for their life. Kwei-lan then responds to think that, it can be seen in the following quotation:―I equal to him? But why? Was I not his wife? .was he not my master by law? …what else could I do if I did not marry? And how could I marry except as my parents arranged it? … it was all according to my custom‖ [36-37].In order to construct the superiority of Western culture, the text shall describe the inferiority of others. In this novel, Pearl S Buck draws the domination or superiority of9Western culture by contrasting to Chinese custom. Therefore, Pearl S Buck's novel has been influenced by Western discourse in the perspective of Orientalism. The writer found that the novel conducts unintentionally domination of Western over Chinese tradition.―… I wish to follow the new ways. I wish to regard you in all things as my equal. I shall never force you anything. You are not my possession—my chattel‖ [36]Changing perception about Western people also described in which the character Kwei-lan asked to her husband about what they think about Chinese tradition. In the novel, Kwei-lan's husband told that;―They think our clothes are funny and our faces and our food and all what we do. It does not occur to them that people can look as we do and behave as we do, and be wholly as human as they are… In fact, I believe they come over here thinking to teach us civilization‖ [88-89]Assuming the clothes, faces, food and all what Chinese people do are funny imply the issue of imperialism of Western domination to Chinese people. The text seems to approve and convince that Western culture is more rational and represented universal civilization. Again, our perception about Eastern culture is conducted to change by contrasting the superiority of Western culture.Further, the writers also found the changing perception of characters in the way Kwei-lan become happy to adopt the modern way of life.―But now, selfish woman that I am, I do not care that the tradition is broken, I think only of my son… I thank the gods that I am married to a modern man… he gives me my son for my own…all my life is not enough to repay my gratitude‖ [114]The climax of disobedient of Chinese tradition as the impact of Western discourse is when Kwei-lan's brother in the end chooses to live freely like what he has been experienced in Western country. It can be seen in the end of novel:―…from this day I have no father. I have no clan – I repudiate the name of Yang! Remove my name from the books! I and my wife, we will go forth. In this day we shall be free as the young if other countries are free‖ [264]In Orientalism perspective, the character Kwei-lan's brother clearly emphasize the domination over Eastern Culture, or Chinese tradition. The final disobedient of character against the old custom confirms the primitiveness and10irrational way of life. Kwei-Lan's brother asserts that that Western culture represented the universal civilization. Accepting the domination of Western culture could benefit him from the ‗backward' or ‗superstitious' conditions in which he lived.In the end, the writer concluded that the the main character Kwei-lan is influenced by Western discourse.―We must let all that go, my love, my love! We do not want our son fettered by old, useless things!‖And thinking of these two, my son and his cousin brother I know that my husband is right – always right! [277]The effect of such discourse is a change of Kwei-lan's perspective about the modernism of Western culture and the backward of her Chinese tradition. Through the hand of her husband, Kwei-lan admitted that Western discourse dominate her whole life assuming as the best way of civilization rather than Chinese ancestors. Influence and changing perception also gives impact to disobey the law of old Chinese tradition that for hundred years believed by the ancestors.ConclusionIn the conclusion, the novel East Wind: West Wind written by Pearl S. Buck tells about Kwei-Lan, a noble Chinese woman who had no experience with modern western style before. She has been taught to become a good daughter of the family and to be good wife for her husband. Kwei-lan has been betrothed since she was born to a noble Chinese royal man whom had twelve years abroad studying medical science. Her husband has adapted and adopted western lifestyle. Kwei-Lan as represented Chinese woman and her husband's lifestyle emerge distinguishes understanding about family between the West and the Chinese tradition. Kwei-Lan's cultural traditional background opposed her husband's Western lifestyle. The conflicts come up from the different perception of life between Western Knowledge and Eastern culture (Chinese Tradition). It is seen in binary opposition such as complex family relationshps and simple family relationships, open minded and narow minded, and superstition and rationality.By using Orientalism approach presented by Edward Said, the writer found that the novel East Wind: West Wind constructs the imaginative representations of the Orient (Chinese culture) through the main character Kwei-Lan. The writer found the indication of Western discourse which dominates the Orient, in this case Chinese culture, through negative perception by describing cultural conflicts of the main character. Kwei-lan is influenced by her11husband who taught her about the Western knowledge. She gradually changed her perception about the West. Kwei-lan who applied her ancestors' custom, started to doubt and questioning the truth about Chinese tradition. Orientalism examined the West constructs such discourse through contrasting the right and rational way of life and the backward and irrational custom of Chinese.In the end, through the analysis the writer emphasize that the novel East Wind: West Wind written by Pearl S. Buck implied the Western Domination over Chinese Tradition. Western discourse succeeds to dominate the assumption and about the West as superior and the East is inferior. Orientalism argues those are constructed by Western as a political tool to conquer the reader's minds showing inferiority of the East. This novel construct discourse of Western domination as well as judgment of China's tradition, which are funny, strange, and backward and need help. The discourse of West to dominate the Chinese tradition by degrading them and shows their better and rational way of life finally create the ‗truth' or ‗reality' about West as standard civilization.Acknowledgement Alhamdulillahirobbil'alamin, First of all let me give my highest praise to Allah SWT, The Almighty God, for help, blessing, mercy, loves and guidance to me. Without the help, guidance and mercy this thesis could not have finished, and for opportunities and everything in my life. Then the writer would like to say thank to great human leader Muhammad SAW who guide people from the bad style of life to the good style of life.I wish to express my gratitudes to both my supervisors: Ms. Suci Humairah, S.Pd.,M.A., and Mrs. Dra. Mariati, M.Hum., for their support and guidance in finishing this thesis. The contribution and guidance in my thesis are valuable things which will not be forgotten to me. I also want to say Thanks to Mrs. Femmy Dahlan, S.S.,M.Hum., and Mr. Dr. Elfiondri, S.S.,M.Hum., as my examiners. Thank you so much for the suggestion, correction, advices and time, so that I can finish my thesis. I would like to thank too, to all of the lectures in English Department. Many tanks to guide and teach the writer during studied in English department.Thank you for my mom Syahlidarmiwati and my dad Bukhari. I would like to say thank you to suggestion, sacrifice, sincere love, patience, and always remaind me to pray and work hardly. And thank you to my brother Renza Putra, Rolanda Putra, and Fauzan Azim. Then I want to dedicate this thesis to science and human live.12I also would like to say Thanks to all of my friends, Sing 08, who have helped me in process of writing this thesis, my friend in faculty, My friend in boarding house, For all of my friends who I cannot mention one by one, thank you very much to have been contributing the most beautiful part in my life. Do the best in our life and get the greatest future.BibliographyBartens, Hans. Literary Theory: The Basic. London: Rouledge, 2001Buck, S. Pearl. East Wind: West Wind. New York. Mayor Bell. 2010Childs, Peter. Roger Fowler. The Rouledge Dictionary of Literary Terms. New York: Rouledge, 2006Hithcock, Loise. A Theory for Classics: a Strident Guide. New York: Rouledge, 2008.Lane, Richard J. Fifty Key Literary Theorists. New York: Rouledge, 2006M. A. R. Habib. Modern Literary Criticism and Theory: A History. Cornwell: Blackwell, 2005Malpas, Simon. Paul Wake. The Rouledge Companion to Critical Theory. New York: Rouledge, 2006Tyson, Lois. Critical Theory Today: A User Friendly Guide. New York: Rouledge, 2006Sudaryanto. Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa: Pengantar Penelitian Wahana Kebudayaan secara Linguistis. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana University Press, 1993Journal:Lazare S. Rukundwa & Andries G. van Aarde1. The Formation of Postcolonial Theory Research Associate: Department of New Testament Studies. Cornwell. 2007

Author's IntroductionOver the last 25 years, the environmental justice movement has emerged from its earliest focus on US social movements combating environmental racism to an influential global phenomenon. Environmental justice research has also undergone spectacular growth and diffusion in the last two decades. From its earliest roots in sociology, the field is now firmly entrenched in several different academic disciplines including geography, urban planning, public health, law, ethnic studies, and public policy. Environmental justice refers simultaneously to a vibrant and growing academic research field, a system of social movements aimed at addressing various environmental and social inequalities, and public policies crafted to ameliorate conditions of environmental and social injustice. Academia is responding to this social problem by offering courses under various rubrics, such as 'Race, Poverty and the Environment, Environmental Racism, Environmental Justice', 'Urban Planning, Public Health And Environmental Justice', and so on. Courses on environmental justice offer students opportunities to critically and reflexively explore issues of race and racism, social inequality, social movements, public/environmental health, public policy and law, and intersections of science and policy. Integrating modules on environmental justice can help professors engage students in action research, service learning, and more broadly, critical pedagogy.This article offers an overview of the current state of the field and offers a range of resources for teaching concepts of environmental racism, inequality and injustice in the classroom.Author recommendsPellow, D. and R. Brulle 2005. Power, Justice and the Environment : a Critical Appraisal of the Environmental Justice Movement. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.The primary focus of this edited collection is to offer a 'Critical Appraisal' of the environmental justice movement. The articles in this book are strong, focused on broad areas of: critical assessment, new strategies, and the challenge of globalization.Downey, L. and B. Hawkins 2008. 'Race, Income, and Environmental Inequality in the United States.'Sociological Perspectives51: 759–81.This article is an effective overview of the current sociological literature on environmental inequality using quantitative methods.L. Cole and S. Foster 2001. From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Ris of the Environmental Justice Movement. New York: New York University PressThe primary focus of this book is an overview of the US Environmental Justice Movement. Unique in itself, the authors, an activist lawyer and law professor, offer a well‐written overview of the movement.Taylor, Dorceta E. 2000. 'The Rise of the Environmental Justice Paradigm: Injustice Framing and the Social Construction of Environmental Discourses.'American Behavioral Scientist43: 508–80.A leading environmental justice scholar discusses the issue of injustice framing.Morello‐Frosch, R. A. 2002. 'Discrimination and the Political Economy of Environmental Inequality.'Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 20(2002): 477–96.In a critique that focuses on the political economy of place, geography, and ethnic studies, Morello‐Frosch integrates relevant social and legal theories with a spatialized economic critique to formulate a more supple theory of environmental discrimination that focuses on historical patterns of industrial development and racialized labor markets, suburbanization and segregation, and economic restructuring.Pastor, Manuel, Rachel Morello‐Frosch, James Sadd, Carlos Porras and Michele Prichard 2005. 'Citizens, Science, and Data Judo: Leveraging Secondary Data Analysis to Build a Community‐Academic Collaborative for Environmental Justice in Southern California,' in Methods For Conducting Community‐Based Participatory Research For Health, edited by Barbara A. Israel, Eugenia Eng, Amy J. Schulz and Edith A. Parker. San Francisco, CA: Jossey‐Bass.Exemplary reflexive analysis of the power of research as intervention in environmental justice struggles.Online materials

 25 stories from the Central Valley: http://twentyfive.ucdavis.edu
 Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta: http://www.ejrc.cau.edu/
 US EPA Environmental Justice: http://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/
 Environmental Justice of Field Studies: University of Michigan: http://sitemaker.umich.edu/environmentaljusticefieldstudies/home
 Center on Race, Poverty and the Environment: http://www.crpe‐ej.org/
 National Black Environmental Justice Network: http://www.nbejn.org/
 Environmental Justice and Climate Change Initiative: http://www.ejcc.org/
 Environmental Justice Project: http://ej.ucdavis.edu/

Sample syllabus





Ethnic Studies 103: Environmental Racism


Fall 2008


Instructor: Traci Brynne Voyles


Contact Information:
tvoyles@ucsd.edu


Office Hours: Monday, Wednesday 11:00‐12:30, SSB 240 and by appointment


Purpose: This course is designed to explore issues germane to environmental racism and environmental injustice, particularly focusing on the theoretical and material implications of social constructions of identity (race, class, gender, sexuality, etc.) and nature that lead to the degradation of racialized environments, bodies, and communities. In this course, we will explore case studies of environmental injustice, theories of body, space, nation, and colonialism; and think through possibilities for resistance, sovereignty, and environmental justice. The course materials are derived from ethnic studies, environmental justice studies, and feminist theory to provide multiple interdisciplinary perspectives on the state of race, inequality, and environment.


Logistics: You can reach me by email, in my office hours, or by appointment at any time during the quarter. I respond to students' emails by 10 am every weekday; I do not answer students' emails on weekends.


 I do not accept late assignments or assignments submitted electronically.


 This syllabus is subject to change; any changes will be announced well in advance in class or by email.


 Please refer to the UCSD Principles of Community (http://www.ucsd.edu/principles) for guidelines on standards of conduct and respect in the classroom. I reserve the right to excuse anyone from my classroom at any time for violating these principles.


Required Texts


1. Luke Cole and Sheila Foster, From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement, NYU Press, 2000.


2. Andrea Smith, Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide, South End Press, 2005.


3. Rachel Stein, Ed., New Perspectives on Environmental Justice: Gender, Sexuality, and Activism, Rutgers University Press, 2004.


4. Al Gedicks, Resource Rebels: Native Challenges to Mining and Oil Corporations, South End Press, 2001.


5. Ana Castillo, So Far from God, Tandem Library Books, 1994.


These texts are available on campus at Groundwork Books.


Assignments and Evaluation


 30 points: Attendance and reading responses


 20 points: Unit 1 Case Study Project and Paper


 20 points: Unit 2 Paper


 10 points: The View from UCSD Project


 20 points: Unit 3 Paper


Unit 1 Project For this project, you will work both in a group (4 people MAX) and individually. Ten points will be earned by doing a group presentation of your assigned case, explaining to the class in 4–6 minutes the who, what, when, where, and how of your case. Your group will produce a 1 page, bullet‐pointed informative analysis of the case in a style that could or would be distributed publicly. NO POWERPOINTS OR MEDIA THAT DOES NOT FIT ONTO THE 1 PAGE—on the 1 page, however, you can use graphics to convey major points about the case.


 The remaining 10 points will be earned by turning in a 500‐word paper that links this case to the course readings and lectures. A prompt for this paper will be distributed one week before it is due.


Unit 2 Paper (1000–1250 words) The prompt for this paper will be distributed one week before it is due. The prompt will require you to critically analyze course readings, lectures, and discussions from Unit 2.


The View from UCSD For this project, you will present a creative project of your choosing that explores themes of environmental racism and injustice from your viewpoint – that is, of a UCSD student. What is the relationship of UCSD as an academic institution to environmental injustice? How can (or how have) UCSD students contest and resist the perpetuation or funding of environmental injustices by their academic institutions? This project can be poetry, visual art, activist literature (i.e. brochures, web sites, pamphlets, etc.), political cartoons, activist alert bulletins, journalistic articles or photographic essays, etc.


Unit 3 Paper (1000‐1250 words) The prompt for this paper will be distributed one week before it is due. The prompt will require you to think cumulatively about the course and apply materials and key themes from Units 1 and 2 to the readings, lectures, and discussions from Unit 3.


Unit 1: What's the Problem Here? Case Studies in Environmental Racism and Environmental Injustice In this unit, we will explore cases of environmental injustice through four major frameworks that will be used throughout the course:


 1. The social construction of identity and power (of race/racism, gender/patriarchy, sexuality/heteronormativity, etc.);


 2. The intersectionality of identity and power;


 3. The relationality of privilege and inequality; and


 4. The transnational or global nature of modern political–economic structures


9/26 Fri: 1st DAY – Introductions


 No reading due


Week 1 ER Frameworks: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Nation


9/29 Mon:


 Cole and Foster, pp. 1–33


10/1 Wed:


 Cole and Foster, pp. 34–53


10/3 Fri:


 Cole and Foster, pp. 54–79


Week 2 Relationality and Globalization


10/6 Mon:


 Cole and Foster, pp. 80–102


10/8 Wed:


 Cole and Foster, pp. 103–133


10/10 Fri:


 Cole and Foster, pp. 134–166


Week 3


10/13 Mon: Environmental Racism Case Studies


 Due: Unit 1 case study project and paper


Unit 2: A User's Guide to Environmental Justice Studies: Analytic Frameworks and Theoretical Possibilities This unit moves us from the material effects of environmental racism and injustice to the analytic frameworks and theoretical possibilities of environmental justice studies. In this unit, we will read, discuss, and develop theories about how racialization and naturalization work together, what role the environment plays in colonial encounters, and how to re‐imagine what we mean by 'nature', 'race', and 'body'.


10/15 Wed:


 Stein, pp. xiii‐20


10/17 Fri: ss


 Stein, pp. 21–62


Week 4 Ecocriticism


10/20 Mon:


 Stein, pp. 63–77


10/22 Wed:


 Stein, pp. 78–108


10/24 Fri:


 Stein, pp. 109–138


Week 5 Colonialism


10/27 Mon:


 Stein, pp. 225–248


10/29 Wed:


 Smith, pp. ix‐34


10/31 Fri:


 Smith, pp. 55–78


Week 6 Indigeneity and Sovereignty


11/3 Mon:


 Smith, pp. 137–176


11/5 Wed:


 Smith, pp. 177–192


11/7 Fri:


 Due: Unit 2 paper


UNIT 3: Decolonize This! Modes of Resistance to Environmental Injustice This unit is dedicated to the all‐important question of where to go from here? Now that we understand the material and theoretical ins and outs of environmental racism and injustice, how can and how is it being contested, resisted, and undone?


Week 7 Social Movements


11/10 Mon:


 Geddicks, pp. vi‐14


11/12 Wed:


 Geddicks, pp. 15–40


11/14 Fri:


 Geddicks, pp. 127–158


Week 8 The Politics and Poetics of EJ Resistance


11/17 Mon:


 Geddicks, pp. 159–180


11/19 Wed:


 Geddicks, pp. 181–202


11/21 Fri:


 Castillo, pp. TBA


Week 9 Poetics


11/24 Mon:


 Castillo, pp. TBA


11/26 Wed: NO CLASS


11/28 Fri: NO CLASS


Week 10 Conclusions and EJ Futures


12/1 Mon:


 Castillo, pp. TBA


12/3 Wed:


 Castillo, pp. TBA


12/5 Fri: LAST DAY—Conclusions


 Due: View from UCSD Project



Unit 3 Paper due on or before Tuesday, December 9, at 11am, in my office (SSB 240)



Guidelines for written assignments:


*Please note: more specific requirements for content, quality, and style will be included with each prompt.


The three papers required for this course must be:


 –Typed


 –Stapled


 –Submitted on time


Please include a header with:


 –Your name


 –The name of the assignment (e.g. 'Unit 2 Paper')


 –A word count


Please do not include:


 –A title


 –The assignment prompt


Majoring or Minoring in Ethnic Studies at UCSD


Many students take an Ethnic Studies course because the topic is of great interest or because of a need to fulfill a social science, non‐contiguous, or other college requirement. Often students have taken three or four classes out of 'interest' yet have no information about the major or minor and don't realize how close they are to a major, a minor, or even a double major. An Ethnic Studies major is excellent preparation for a career in law, public policy, government and politics, journalism, education, public health, social work, international relations, and many other careers. If you would like information about the Ethnic Studies major or minor at UCSD, please contact Yolanda Escamilla, Ethnic Studies Department Undergraduate Advisor, at 858‐534‐3277 or yescamilla@ucsd.edu.




OptionalFocus questions

 What are the roots of environmental inequality? What are the major policy debates within the field of environmental justice?
 How has environmental justice academic writing and environmental justice activism changed since the 1980s? What accounts for these changes?
 What are the relationships between academic research, environmental justice, and the politics of knowledge production, more broadly? How are these relationships complicated by factors such as race, class, and gender?
 What challenges do researchers interested in environmental justice face and why?
 What are the challenges faced by environmental justice activists that can be informed by EJ research?

Seminar/project idea25 Stories Project: Teaching Tools available in the Summer 2009 http://www.twentyfive.ucdavis.edu Use these teaching tools to introduce the environmental justice movement in classroom settings. Tools may be used individually or in combination with one another.Below, you will see that we have organized the tools by the intended purpose of the activity. In considering which to use, it may be helpful to look over the 'Why Do It' section of the directions for the tool you are looking at for an indication of how this activity might fit within your course material.






Purpose
Teaching tool




Getting to know the group's experience of the environment
Share squares
Environmental experience in pictures
Circles of my self


Defining environmental justice
Where is the environment and what do people do there? Environmental justice defined


Researching your place in the environment
Mapping your community
My town, your town
Data detective


Learning from the life‐stories of others
Environmental justice stories
Circles of my self




Combining tools for lesson planningEach teaching tool fits into one (or more) of the categories above. Combine tools from different categories to create lesson plans for your class or workshop.For example, in a 50‐min class session you could combine the following tools:

Help the group get to know each other with 'Share squares'.
Explore various understandings of the environment with 'Where is the environment and what do people do there?' and then
Analyze women's real‐life experiences with stories and questions relevant to your class with 'Environmental Justice Stories'.

The Middle East has been defined by political crises for the last 100 years. In the political halls of power, the media, popular culture and the educational institutions of Western countries, the term the 'Middle East' conjures a confused imagery of religion, resources, foreign interference and politics that can be hard to untangle. This book provides a detailed contextualized exploration of the forces, internal and external, that have shaped today's Middle East. Each chapter acts as a stand-alone reading that includes history, context and contemporary implications in a chronological order.

After his first meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in 1996, Bill Clinton vented his fury before his staff about his visitor's apparent presumptions about the balance of power in the bilateral relationship. "Who the f**k does he think he is?," Clinton reportedly bellowed. "Who's the f**king superpower here?" Twenty-seven years later, another American president should be asking himself the same question about the very same Bibi Netanyahu and the country he leads. Forgive me for not taking seriously the repetitio ad nauseam statement that "the Biden administration has been working hard to change Israeli policy." Too many defenders of our policy towards the tragedy of Gaza usually add the comment that it is not "politically feasible" to issue a demand and then crack down on the Netanyahu government if it does not comply for fear of the backlash from the powerful so-called Israel lobby. Are Biden's apologists telling us that the United States, and by extension its president, is a powerless weakling reduced to begging the leader of a small country that owes the U.S. for its very existence to do far more to protect the lives and welfare of the inhabitants of Gaza, who have suffered three months of —in Biden's own words — 'indiscriminate bombing'? The situation in Gaza is now so bad that the UN's humanitarian chief declared the Gaza Strip "uninhabitable" as of last Saturday.Biden is president of the United States, still the most powerful country in the world by almost every measure and a country without whose support Israel has no future. A firm public demand to cease and desist immediately would have enormous domestic political repercussions in Israel — far less in the United States. Biden would not have to publicly threaten to cut off weapons deliveries; a few words delivered in private to Netanyahu and a few members of his war cabinet would probably suffice. Most of Netanyahu's government would desert him. Even the most hawkish of the Israel Defense Forces' leadership would not want to test an American president's resolve. Netanyahu's refusal would accelerate the departure of secular Israelis from the country — alongside many Haredim, especially those who hold U.S. passports. A decisive American president can do anything he wants, whether or not a powerful lobby opposes him. Eisenhower did it, forcing David Ben Gurion to withdraw from Sinai in 1956. Carter did it, in his "walk in the woods" at Camp David in 1978, forcing Menachem Begin to abandon Sinai settlements and agree to a peace treaty with Egypt. Reagan did it in June 1982, forcing Begin to order a ceasefire in Beirut. George H. W. Bush did it in 1991, withholding $10 billion in aid after Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir refused to stop settlement construction. Israel caved in each case. No one believes Netanyahu is made of the same stuff as Ben Gurion, Golda Meir, Menachem Begin nor Yitzhak Shamir.Biden seems not to understand that his stance supports Netanyahu's political survival, not the long-term interests of Israel. Bibi does not care how much damage he does to Israel as long as he stays out of jail. He has sacrificed the Jewish homeland to his personal interests. He and his government have presided over a slaughter of innocent civilians unprecedented in any of Israel's previous wars. Their rhetoric reinforces the view gaining currency across the globe that Israel has decided to ethnically cleanse the Palestinians from their homeland; South Africa has brought a case of genocide before the International Court of Justice which is scheduled to take it up later this week.Israel's war against the Palestinians has reignited the perception among the vast majority of countries in the so-called Global South that the Palestinians are the new manifestation of the conflict against colonialism and imperialism. UN votes demanding a cease-fire have grown increasingly one-sided against Israel, further isolating the U.S. in the process. If Israel's bloody campaign against Gaza does not end soon, the Abraham Accords between Israel and four Arab countries may survive in name only; popular revulsion against Israel in those countries will rob them of any value. Biden owes it to Israel, a country long dear to his heart, to stop Netanyahu's recklessness and that of his nationalist-religious extremist allies.Netanyahu has no plan for the post war. Instead, it appears that he has a plan to keep the war going as long as he can, possibly by attacking Lebanon (which Biden "firmly" opposes), not to mention depopulating Gaza by forcing its now-homeless inhabitants into Sinai or deporting them elsewhere (which Biden also "firmly" opposes). Left unchecked, Netanyahu's intransigence will drag the United States into military actions we do not need; American hawks are now demanding we bomb the Houthis. Tomorrow, it might well be hostilities with Iran.Biden's continued, full-throated support for Netanyahu mystifies. His initial embrace of Israel and unconditional material and moral support were to be expected. It was an emotional reaction to the horrors of October 7. While Biden has earned a great deal of praise for his handling of the Ukraine war, Israel's war in Gaza has shifted American attention from Ukraine. In effect, the American president has become bogged down dealing with a war marginal to American interests and diverting attention and resources from a conflict whose outcome is a vital interest to the United States. Biden's policies have caused others to see America as either weak or complicit. He has allowed Netanyahu to get away with "flipping the finger" to the United States, a serious blow to the prestige of the superpower.The Gaza war has also dealt a serious, if not mortal, blow to Biden's reelection. Given its large Arab-American population, Michigan is lost. Ohio, Minnesota, and Wisconsin also have significant Muslim and Arab populations. He is about to lose the Armenian vote unless someone cracks down on the hoodlums who have viciously attacked Armenian clergy in Jerusalem. As a politician rooted firmly in the 1990s — especially the 1992 Clinton-Bush face-off — Biden may fear the loss of Jewish support in the coming election. That fear looks misplaced. A recent survey indicates that nearly half of young Jewish-Americans do not support his current policies towards Israel, while Christian Zionists, who form a significant part of the Republican base, are unlikely to vote for Biden in any event. One also wonders why Biden, if politics are indeed the driver of a misguided policy, would support a foreign politician who has demonstrated his hostility towards every Democratic president since 1993.Biden has a very short window within which he can cut off Netanyahu before he can carry out his apparent war aim to depopulate Gaza and carry the conflict to Lebanon and possibly beyond — a conflict, in other words that could very well drag American forces into another endless Middle Eastern war. A quick and decisive decision, combined with real diplomacy to exploit the crisis and craft a workable solution to 75 years of Israeli-Palestinian conflict, would recover America's reputation.Now is the time, in other words, for the superpower in this relationship to assert its own interests.

This thesis investigates the water relations between Ghana and Burkina Faso over the Volta Basin River from the Hydropolitical point of view. Water, an essential resource, is scarce. Ensuring water security is critical in socioeconomic development and the transformational agenda of every economy. The Volta River Basin States exploit the basin's water resources to develop and sustain their economies. But there are "conflicting claims for a limited quantity and quality of water" between the two main riparian countries Ghana and Burkina Faso. To dichotomize this, Burkina Faso requires water for irrigation and Ghana needs water for hydropower generation, respectively, their key interest is to keep the water flowing. Through a qualitative research approach, this thesis looks at key issues and questions structured around the use of the basin, its historical development, the legal and institutional framework, population growth, economic and hydraulic developments. IR theory, thus, realism and liberalism, and the international doctrines and principles of shared water resources were applied. The study found that the historical role of water in national development, the colonial presence, hydraulic mission, cultural and sociopolitical needs, led to the development of the Hydropolitical relationship between both states. The governance of the basin has been on a need basis and has so far ensured the peaceful use of the resource. In water scarcity situation dispute becomes possible but in water abundance, there is cooperation. Also, it was found that population growth, economic and hydraulic developments combined with urbanization has affected water demand and has generated environmental concerns. The study concludes that, although there is a legal and institutional framework, there is a lack of commitment and inadequate financial resources that hinder long-term planning. To prevent possible future water-related conflicts, alternative energy sources should be developed and adequate attention should be given to wastewater management and groundwater development and management. ; İbni Haldun Sosyal Bilimler Burs Programı-Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı ; TABLE OF CONTENTS ACCEPTANCE AND APPROVAL.i DECLARATION.ii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI. .iii ETİK BEYAN.iv DEDICATON……………………………………………………………………………………….v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………….vi ABSTRACT.vii ÖZET………………………………………………………………………………….viii TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………….ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS….xiii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES………………………………………….……………….xiv INTRODUCTION……….……………………………………….……………………….…….1 CHAPTER 1: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, LITERATURE REVIEW, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND TRANSBOUNDARY WATER GOVERNANCE……………………………….………………………………………………….9 1.1. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK…………….………….9 1.2.1. The Scarcity of Water Resources….…………………………………10 1.2.2. Water as a means of Conflict………….…………………….……….12 1.2.3. Water as a Means of Cooperation…….…………….…….………….14 1.2.4. Coexistence of Conflict and Cooperation over Water….……………16 1.2.5. Water Resource and Governance…………………………….18 1.3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.…………………………….19 1.3.1. REALISM………………………….……………………………………20 1.3.1.1. Structural Realism ……………………………………………….……………….21 1.3.1.2. Realism and Neorealism on Water Resources………….….21 1.3.2. LIBERALISM AND NEOLIBERALISM……………………….……….23 1.3.2.1. Neo-Liberal Institutionalism…………………………………. 25 1.3.2.2. Liberalists and Neoliberalist on Water Resources……………. 27 1.4. DOCTRINES, PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF SHARED WATER RESOURCES………………………………………………………………….28 1.4.1. The Community of Interest………………….29 1.4.2. The Prior Appropriation (Prior Use) .……………………….29 1.4.3. The Limited Territorial Sovereignty ………….……………………….30 1.4.4. The Obligation not to Cause a Significant Damage or Harm.30 1.4.5. Principles of Notification, Consultation and Negotiation…….30 1.4.6. The Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization…….31 1.4.7. Peaceful Settlement of Disputes…………………………….31 CHAPTER 2: BRIEF OVERVIEW OF GHANA AND BURKINA FASO SOCIOPOLITICAL STRUCTURE AND THE DESCRIPTION OF THE VOLTA BASIN 2.1. THE SOCIO-POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF GHANA AND BURKINA FASO…….32 2.1.1. Ghana's Political Structure……….………………….….….32 2.1.2. Ghana's Demographical Structure………….33 2.1.3. Ghana's Economic Structure…….…………….33 2.1.4. Burkina Faso's Political Structure………….………….34 2.1.5. Burkina Faso's Demographic Structure…………….….35 2.1.6. Burkina Faso's Economic Structure………………….35 2.2. OVERVIEW OF THE VOLTA BASIN…………………………….36 2.2.1. Bio-Physical Characteristics……………….…….36 2.2.2. Hydrology…………………………….37 2.2.2.1. The Oti River ………………………………….…….37 2.2.2.2. The Lower Volta………………………………….…………………………….37 2.2.2.3. The Black Volta…………….……….……………………….37 2.2.2.4. The White Volta River…….………………….………………….37 2.2.3. Climatic Conditions…………………………………….38 2.2.4. Rainfall………………………………………….……………………….…38 2.2.5. Fishing and Livestock Rearing……………….………….40 CHAPTER 3: GHANA'S WATER RELATIONS WITH BURKINA FASO: HYDROPOLITICAL STAND POINT………….42 3.1. FINDINGS.………………………….42 3.1.1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSBOUNDARY RELATIONS BETWEEN GHANA-BURKINA FASO….…….…42 3.1.1.1. The Pre-Colonial Era; Water Use, Conflict and Cooperation……………….…42 3.1.1.2. The Colonial Era—The Creation of Ghana and Burkina Faso (Britain vs. France Influence); Water Use, Conflict and Cooperation….……….….43 3.1.1.3. The End of Colonial Influence (Post-Colonialism); Water Use, Conflict and Cooperation.44 3.1.2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK AND THE CREATION OF THE VBA.……………45 3.1.2.1. Ghana and Burkina Faso: National Water Resources Management…………….45 3.1.2.2. Conflicts and Cooperative Efforts: Transboundary Relations.…46 3.1.2.3. The Role of Regional and International Organisations………………….………….47 3.1.2.4. The Volta Basin Authority…………………………………………….……….………49 3.1.2.5. Transboundary Level: The Code of Conducts……….………………50 3.1.2.6. International Doctrines, Principles and Practices Relating to the use of the Basin.50 3.1.2.7. Challenges of the Existing Legal Framework concerning the Basin……………….51 3.1.3. WATER SITUATION IN GHANA AND BURKINA FASO….…………….………….52XI 3.1.3.1. Water Situation in Ghana ………………………………………………………………52 3.1.3.2. The Water Situation in Burkina Faso…………………………………………….……53 3.1.3.3. Water Quality and Quantity in the Basin…………………………….……….……….55 3.1.3.4. The General Water Scarcity, Security in the Basin………………………….……….56 3.1.4. POPULATION, ECONOMIC AND HYDRAULIC DEVELOPMENT….….57 3.1.4.1. Population Growth and Economic Development…………………………………57 3.1.4.2. Hydraulic Development………………………….…………………………………58 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS, DISCUSSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS.60 4.1. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS.…………………………………………………………60 4.1.1. Research Question 1: ……………………………………………………………………60 4.1.2. Research Question 2: …………………………………………………….…………….64 4.1.3. Research Question 3: ……………………………………………….….…………….67 4.1.4. Research Question 4: ………………………………………………………….……….69 4.2. IMPLICATIONS………….…………………………….………………………….…71 4.2.1. Theoretical Implications of Ghana's Water Relations with Burkina Faso.…….….71 4.2.2. The Practical Sense Implications ………………………………………….…………….74 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………78 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………….……………………….………………………………….83 ; Bu tez, Gana ve Burkina Faso arasındaki Volta Nehri Havzası üzerindeki su ilişkilerini hidropolitik açıdan incelemektedir. Temel bir kaynak olan su kıt bir kaynaktır. Su güvenliğinin sağlanması sosyoekonomik gelişimde ve her ekonominin dönüşümsel gündeminde kritik öneme sahiptir. Volta Nehri Havzası Devletleri, ekonomilerini geliştirmek ve sürdürülebilirliği sağlamak için havzanın su kaynaklarını kendi çıkarlarına yönelik kullanmaktadır. Fakat iki ana kıyıdaş ülke Gana ve Burkina Faso arasında "sınırlı miktardaki ve düşük kalitedeki su için çakışan talepler'' söz konusudur. Bunu iki gruba ayırmak gerekirse, Burkina Faso suya sulama için ihtiyaç duymakta, Gana ise hidroelektrik üretimi için ihtiyaç duymaktadır, asıl meseleleri suyun akmaya devam etmesini sağlamaktır. Nitel bir araştırma yaklaşımı ile bu tez havzanın kullanımı, tarihsel gelişimi, yasal ve kurumsal çerçevesi, nüfus artışı, ekonomik ve hidrolik gelişmeler çevresinde şekillenen temel konuları ve sorunları göz önünde bulundurmaktadır. Uluslararası İlişkiler teorisi, yani, realizm ve liberalizm ve ortak su kaynaklarına yönelik uluslararası doktrinler ve ilkeler uygulanmıştır. Bu çalışma, suyun milli kalkınmadaki tarihsel rolü, sömürge varlığı, hidrolik misyon, kültürel ve sosyopolitik ihtiyaçların her iki devlet arasında hidropolitik bir ilişkinin gelişmesine yol açtığını ortaya koymaktadır. Havza yönetimi ihtiyaç temelinde oluşturulmuş ve şu ana kadar kaynağın barışçıl kullanımını sağlamıştır. Su kıtlığı durumunda anlaşmazlıklar muhtemel, ancak su bolluğunda ise işbirliği vardır. Ayrıca, nüfus artışı, kentleşmeyle beraber ekonomik ve hidrolik gelişmelerin su talebini etkilediği ve çevresel kaygılar doğurduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma şu sonuca ulaşmıştır; yasal ve kurumsal bir çerçeve mevcut olmasına rağmen, uzun vadeli planlamayı engelleyen bir taahhüt eksikliği ve mali kaynakların yetersizliği söz konuşur. Suya ilişkin gelecekteki olası çatışmaları önlemek amacıyla, alternatif enerji kaynakları geliştirilmeli ve atık su yönetimi ile yeraltı suyunun geliştirilmesi ve yönetimi için gereken dikkat gösterilmelidir.

The essential resource on strategy and the making of the modern worldThe New Makers of Modern Strategy is the next generation of the definitive work on strategy and the key figures who have shaped the theory and practice of war and statecraft throughout the centuries. Featuring entirely new entries by a who's who of world-class scholars, this new edition provides global, comparative perspectives on strategic thought from antiquity to today, surveying both classical and current themes of strategy while devoting greater attention to the Cold War and post-9/11 eras. The contributors evaluate the timeless requirements of effective strategy while tracing the revolutionary changes that challenge the makers of strategy in the contemporary world. Amid intensifying global disorder, the study of strategy and its history has never been more relevant. The New Makers of Modern Strategy draws vital lessons from history's most influential strategists, from Thucydides and Sun Zi to Clausewitz, Napoleon, Churchill, Mao, Ben-Gurion, Andrew Marshall, Xi Jinping, and Qassem Soleimani.With contributions by Dmitry Adamsky, John Bew, Tami Biddle, Hal Brands, Antulio J. Echevarria II, Elizabeth Economy, Charles Edel, Eric S. Edelman, Andrew Ehrhardt, Lawrence Freedman, John Lewis Gaddis, Francis J. Gavin, Christopher J. Griffin, Ahmed S. Hashim, Eric Helleiner, Wayne Wei-siang Hsieh, Seth G. Jones, Robert Kagan, Jonathan Kirshner, Matthew Kroenig, James Lacey, Guy Laron, Michael V. Leggiere, Margaret MacMillan, Tanvi Madan, Thomas G. Mahnken, Carter Malkasian, Daniel Marston, John H. Maurer, Walter Russell Mead, Michael Cotey Morgan, Mark Moyar, Williamson Murray, S.C.M. Paine, Sergey Radchenko, Iskander Rehman, Thomas Rid, Joshua Rovner, Priya Satia, Kori Schake, Matt J. Schumann, Brendan Simms, Jason K. Stearns, Hew Strachan, Sue Mi Terry, and Toshi Yoshihara

"Decades after the end of the World War II, East Asia continues to struggle with lingering animosities and unresolved historical grievances in domestic, bilateral and regional memory landscapes. China, Japan and the Korea share a history of inter- and intra-violence, self-other identity construction and diametrically opposed interpretations of the past. Routledge Handbook of Memory and Reconciliation in East Asia offers a complete overview of the challenges of national memory and ideological rivalry for reconciliation in the East Asian region. Chapters provide authoritative analyses of contentious issues such as comfort women, the Nanjing massacre, history textbook controversies, shared heritage sites, colonial rule, territorial disputes and restitution. By interweaving memory, human rights and reconciliation the contributors actively explore real prospects of redressing past wrongs and achieving peaceful coexistence at personal as well as governmental levels. Bringing together an international team of experts, this book is an essential read for students and scholars of East Asian studies, anthropology, gender studies, history, international relations, law, political science, and sociology, and for those interested in memory and reconciliation issues"--Provided by publisher

Jurisdiction, territory, and sovereignty in empire -- Pluralism as policy -- Indigenous jurisdiction and spatial order -- Legality and lawlessness -- The local limits of jurisdiction -- Farmbrough's fathoming and transitions in Georgia -- Lego'me and territoriality in New South Wales -- Perfect settler sovereignty.