This article outlines the social approach of meeting the challenges of energy policy in Poland in the context of potential shale gas extraction, focused on social perception and environmental protection policy. While Poland holds promising shale gas resources, the state of current technology indicates that shale gas exploitation is not imminent. However, shale deposits are still considered a potential future resource that could play a central role in diversifying energy sources, developing the economy, and potentially increasing the country's energy security. This paper presents energy opportunities of Poland, a review of Polish society opinion about energy and environment security. This study shows that Polish society sees a connection between energy, environment and policy problems, as well as potential benefits in the context of shale gas, based on research results of various institutions, including the European Commission. The author draws attention to tasks before the economic exploitation of shale gas in order to optimizing socio-economic benefits, and short- and long-term impacts. Since we are a common Europe, a common space for people, we can create an energy policy. It is the way the topic of energy diversification opportunities in Poland and the building of consistent energy and environmental protection policy is still an important issue to discuss in humanistic and economic fields. ; W niniejszym artykule nakreślono społeczne podejście do wyzwań polityki energetycznej w Polsce w kontekście potencjalnego wydobycia gazu łupkowego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem percepcji społecznej i polityki ochrony środowiska. Chociaż Polska posiada obiecujące zasoby gazu łupkowego, stan obecnej technologii wskazuje, że eksploatacja tego surowca nie jest bliska. Jednak złoża łupków są nadal uważane za potencjalny przyszły zasób, który mógłby odegrać kluczową rolę w dywersyfikacji źródeł energii i rozwoju gospodarczym oraz potencjalnym zwiększeniu bezpieczeństwa energetycznego kraju. W artykule przedstawiono możliwości energetyczne Polski, przegląd opinii polskiego społeczeństwa na temat bezpieczeństwa energetycznego i ochrony środowiskowego. Z badania różnych instytucji, w tym Komisji Europejskiej wynika, że społeczeństwo polskie widzi związek między problemami energetycznymi, środowiskowymi i politycznymi, a także potencjalnymi korzyściami w kontekście gazu łupkowego. Autorka zwraca uwagę na zadania stojące przed ekonomiczną eksploatacją gazu łupkowego w celu optymalizacji korzyści społeczno-ekonomicznych oraz oddziaływań krótko i długoterminowych. Jako że jesteśmy wspólną Europą, wspólną przestrzenią dla ludzi, możemy wspólnie kształtować politykę energetyczną i środowiskową. Stąd podjęty w `niniejszym artykule temat pozostaje ważną kwestią do dyskusji.
Dynamism and complexity of international environment is reflected in Incessant rotation of values. Experience and knowledge from disaster of Two Enormous World Wars, grounded in complicated structure of contemporary world - democratic values, which have dominated circle of principles. The main role in this process was plaid by United Nations, that became promoter of peace and regard for otherness. The author analyze how international community had been changed. The awareness of circulation of values determines the way of human thinking and proclaimed such important factors in global system. Disproportions in development in different parts of the World are escalated by increasing economic cooperation between international actors, and Hitech achievements. Singular nation cannot solve this issue by itself. Challenges of globalization like: poverty and hunger, pollution, or gender unequal, demand transnational activity. Most of those disadvantages has argued how necessary global social movements are to neutralize global disproportions. The author notices that social activities in global assessment created new attitude for global citizens. Members of this new global community identify world as a common place. That project has been creating and in authors opinion belongs to one of the most important challenge in the future.
In the second half of the first decade of the twenty-fi rst century has become apparent stagnation in the development of defense policy of the European Union. This happened in the time when the EU was to realize its ambitious plans to develop the resources and capabilities to conduct a wide range of crisis management operations (Petersberg tasks). The stagnation of the CSDP contributed reduce the political importance of the EU in the international arena. Its causes were: an increase of disparities between the member states of the EU, strengthening by the Treaty of Lisbon the mechanisms of intergovernmental cooperation; the fi nancial crisis of 2008, and a general weakening of the international activity of the EU. Conditions for removal of the CSDP from stagnation stuck in the change in the security environment of the EU and in regulations of the Treaty of Lisbon. The main chance of reviving and strengthening the CSDP is not in its institutional development, but in the opportunity and conscious need to develop a new EU security strategy, as well as in strengthening the military capabilities and European defence sector, and also in increasing practical cooperation between the EU and NATO.
The need to keep the expected level of production in agriculture generates a serious burden on the environment. The most important environmental factors exposed to the impact of agriculture include biodiversity and water, air, and soil quality. Assessments of all these environmental aspects related to agricultural production are negative. The condition of the agricultural environment has been subject to rapid deterioration. In such a situation, environmental instruments have drawn particular attention from the European legislature when developing new guidelines of the Common Agricultural Policy to be applicable after 2020. ; Utrzymanie oczekiwanego poziomu produkcyjności w rolnictwie generuje poważne obciążenie dla środowiska naturalnego. Do najważniejszych czynników środowiskowych narażonych na oddziaływanie rolnictwa zalicza się różnorodność biologiczną, ilość i jakość wody, powietrza oraz gleby. Oceny wszystkich wskazanych aspektów środowiskowych towarzyszących produkcji rolnej wypadają negatywnie. Stan środowiska rolniczego ulega szybkiej degradacji. W takiej sytuacji instrumenty ochrony środowiska doczekały się szczególnej uwagi prawodawcy europejskiego tworzącego nowe programowe założenia Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej obowiązującej po roku 2020.
The growing dependence of countries and societies on the use of space technologies results in the increasing activity in outer space of new actors, both state and non-state. It produces a number of adverse outcomes for the space environment, making it a less and less safe place (e.g. space debris). Emerging threats may affect national and international security on earth. As a result, an urgent need for a collective approach to the management of the use of outer space is emerging. The international legal regime for outer space that has been developing since the beginning of the space age is no longer sufficient, because it does not take into account many rapid changes. One of the attempts to overcome this problem is the International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities drafted by the European Union in 2008. This paper discusses the reasons why, despite long-lasting efforts and intensifying problems, the Code has so far failed to win the approval of the powers which is requisite to constitute an important part of the international outer space regime. ; The growing dependence of countries and societies on the use of space technologies results in the increasing activity in outer space of new actors, both state and non-state. It produces a number of adverse outcomes for the space environment, making it a less and less safe place (e.g. space debris). Emerging threats may affect national and international security on earth. As a result, an urgent need for a collective approach to the management of the use of outer space is emerging. The international legal regime for outer space that has been developing since the beginning of the space age is no longer sufficient, because it does not take into account many rapid changes. One of the attempts to overcome this problem is the International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities drafted by the European Union in 2008. This paper discusses the reasons why, despite long-lasting efforts and intensifying problems, the Code has so far failed to win the approval of the powers which is requisite to constitute an important part of the international outer space regime.
The author presents a new European security environment after the cold war, including not only the challenges and threats to international security, but also the essentia conditions and problems of the evolution of European security at the beginning of XXI century. He shows the d ynamic and constant changes taking place within the international environment and those related to the progress of civilization. Moreover, he stresses that the current policy and security measures are not capable of effective action against having to appear before the new challenges and threats. Then, there is taken the problem of unity and identity in the transatlantic relationship. According to the author, in complicating sphere of international conditions increases the role of effectiveness of multilateral institutions of international cooperation. Due to the increasing importance of interdependence and internationalization, European security challenges are European-wide problem, and even transatlantic. Addressing them requires the preservation of unity, and this will be possible by strengthening the common identity based on shared values and common interests ; Autor przedstawia nowe środowisko bezpieczeństwa europejskiego po zimnej wojnie, w tym nie tylko wyzwania i zagrożenia dla międzynarodowego bezpieczeństwa lecz też zasadnicze warunki i problemy europejskiego bezpieczeństwa na początki XXI wieku. Pokazana tu została dynamika i ciągłość zmian zachodzących w międzynarodowym środowisku związanych z postępem technicznym. Ponadto podkreślony zostaje fakt, że środki, jakimi dysponuje współczesna polityka bezpieczeństwa nie są zdolne do skutecznego przeciwdziałania i zapobiegania nowym wyzwaniom i zagrożeniom
Poland's membership in European structures forced Polish food producers to adapt to the solutions applied under the Common Agricultural Policy. One of them is the operation under quality schemes, which play a part in the income diversification and increasing rural activities, and constitute an important attribute that could prejudge the competitiveness of Polish food producers. The geographical position of the country, rich cultural heritage, and unpolluted environment support the development of food quality markings. National food producers participate actively in quality schemes set both at the Community and national levels. The purpose of this paper is to determine the place of quality policy in the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU, with particular emphasis on food quality schemes as well as on other forms of distinguishing high quality products after Poland's accession to the European Union, and to examine the range of their use by domestic entities. To achieve this objective, a descriptive method and an analysis of literature were utilised.
The environment is a value and subject of constitutional protection in Poland. Ensuring environmental protection is considered as a political principle in the national doctrine, and due to the editorial location of its source in Article 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, it is considered as one of the objectives of Polish statehood. In several places, the Basic Law refers to the issue of the environment, considering it an important value and entrusting its care not only to public authorities, but also to anyone who is subject to Polish state authority. Examining whether contemporary instruments of agricultural law, in particular those developed with the participation of Polish state authorities in the application of the mechanisms of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, take into account constitutional directives derived from the principle of environmental protection and whether the effects of these activities are verified in the light of the constitutional model is an interesting academic question. The subject of detailed analysis in this study is the rural development programme (RDP) referred to in Article 6 of the Regulation (EU) No. 1305/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No. 1698/2005. The author demonstrates that the constitutional principle of environmental protection was respected by Polish public authorities in the process of creating an important and high-budget instrument for conducting development policy, which is the RDP for the years 2014–2020. ; Środowisko jest wartością i przedmiotem ochrony konstytucyjnej w Polsce. Zapewnienie ochrony środowiska uznaje się w krajowej doktrynie za zasadę ustrojową, a ze względu na redakcyjne usytuowanie jej źródła już w art. 5 Konstytucji RP uważane jest za jeden z celów państwowości polskiej. Ustawa zasadnicza w kilku miejscach odnosi się do kwestii środowiska, uznając je za istotną wartość, a troskę o nie powierza nie tylko władzom publicznym, lecz także każdemu, kto podlega polskiej władzy państwowej. Interesującym zagadnieniem naukowym jest zbadanie, czy współczesne instrumenty prawa rolnego, w szczególności kształtowane przy udziale polskich władz państwowych w ramach stosowania mechanizmów Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej Unii Europejskiej, uwzględniają konstytucyjne dyrektywy wywodzone z zasady ochrony środowiska oraz czy efekty tych działań poddają weryfikacji w świetle konstytucyjnego wzorca. Przedmiotem szczegółowej analizy w niniejszym opracowaniu jest program rozwoju obszarów wiejskich (PROW), o którym mowa w art. 6 rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) nr 1305/2013 z dnia 17 grudnia 2013 r. w sprawie wsparcia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich przez Europejski Fundusz Rolny na rzecz Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich (EFRROW) i uchylającego rozporządzenie Rady (WE) nr 1698/2005. Autor dowodzi, że konstytucyjna zasada ochrony środowiska została poszanowana przez polskie władze publiczne w procesie tworzenia ważnego i wysokobudżetowego instrumentu prowadzenia polityki rozwoju, jakim jest PROW na lata 2014–2020.
In the period when 'our natural political environment' was provided by controlled 'socialist democracy' we tended to look to Europe for a model of democratic perfection. As the doctrine of human rights and the institutions guarding it became increasingly common, this conviction was yet augmented. Such a high opinion of European political practice was undoubtedly affected by the defeat of Nazism, which was commonly interpreted as a victory for democracy. The feeling of European democratic identity was further confirmed several decades later, when Communism collapsed. Thus the process of progressive European integration, which commenced soon after the end ofWorldWar II, and intensified after 1989, seemed to testify to Europe's unanimously democratic nature. Yet a more considerate insight into the unification processes raises numerous doubts as to whether we are really facing the construction of European structures following the principles of liberal democracy. ; In the period when 'our natural political environment' was provided by controlled 'socialist democracy' we tended to look to Europe for a model of democratic perfection. As the doctrine of human rights and the institutions guarding it became increasingly common, this conviction was yet augmented. Such a high opinion of European political practice was undoubtedly affected by the defeat of Nazism, which was commonly interpreted as a victory for democracy. The feeling of European democratic identity was further confirmed several decades later, when Communism collapsed. Thus the process of progressive European integration, which commenced soon after the end ofWorldWar II, and intensified after 1989, seemed to testify to Europe's unanimously democratic nature. Yet a more considerate insight into the unification processes raises numerous doubts as to whether we are really facing the construction of European structures following the principles of liberal democracy.
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities adopted by the United Nations on December 13, 2006, signed by the Government of Poland on March 20, 2007, and therefore ratified on September 6, 2012, is committed to respecting all provisions contained in this document, including those concerning access to universal education, labor market and employment. However, from a practical point of view, there are many barriers and problems experienced by different environments of people with disabilities in the enforcement of their rights. Hence, the article mentions the opinions of representatives of the deaf and blind people on current restrictions and discrimination, as well as proposals addressed to the education and work and employment spheres participating in the debates organized under the project "Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities – a common cause", the main contractor of which is the Polish Forum of People with Disabilities. ; The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted by the United Nations on December 13, 2006, signed by the Government of Poland on March 20, 2007, and ratified on September 6, 2012, obliges to respect all the provisions contained in this document, including those concerning access to universal education, the labour market and employment. However, from a practical point of view, there are many barriers and problems experienced by different environments of people with disabilities in the enforcement of their rights. Hence, the article includes the opinions of representatives of the deaf and blind people on current restrictions and discrimination, as well as proposals addressed to the education and work and employment spheres of those participating in the debates organized under the project "Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities – a common cause", the main contractor of which is the Polish Forum of People with Disabilities.
Rosnące uzależnienie państw i społeczeństw od wykorzystania technologii kosmicznych skutkuje nasilającą się aktywnością w przestrzeni kosmicznej prowadzoną też przez nowe podmioty, zarówno państwowe, jak i niepaństwowe. Generuje to wiele negatywnych skutków czyniących środowisko kosmiczne coraz mniej bezpiecznym miejscem (np. gruz kosmiczny). Pojawiające się zagrożenia mogą mieć wpływ na bezpieczeństwo narodowe i międzynarodowe na ziemi. W efekcie narasta pilna potrzeba kolektywnego podejścia do zarządzania korzystaniem z przestrzeni kosmicznej. Rozwijający się od początku ery kosmicznej międzynarodowy reżim prawny dotyczący tego środowiska nie jest już wystarczający, gdyż nie uwzględnia w wystarczającym stopniu szybko zachodzących zmian. Jedną z prób przezwyciężenia tego problemu jest przygotowany przez Unię Europejską w 2008 r. projekt międzynarodowego Kodeksu Postępowania dotyczący Działań w Przestrzeni Kosmicznej. Artykuł wskazuje ważniejsze przyczyny, dla których, mimo wieloletnich wysiłków i narastających problemów, nadal nie znalazł on akceptacji mocarstw niezbędnej, by stać się ważnym elementem międzynarodowego reżimu kosmicznego. ; The growing dependence of countries and societies on the use of space technologies results in the increasing activity in outer space of new actors, both state and non-state. It produces a number of adverse outcomes for the space environment, making it a less and less safe place (e.g. space debris). Emerging threats may affect national and international security on earth. As a result, an urgent need for a collective approach to the management of the use of outer space is emerging. The international legal regime for outer space that has been developing since the beginning of the space age is no longer sufficient, because it does not take into account many rapid changes. One of the attempts to overcome this problem is the International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities drafted by the European Union in 2008. This paper discusses the reasons why, despite long-lasting efforts and intensifying problems, the Code has so far failed to win the approval of the powers which is requisite to constitute an important part of the international outer space regime.
Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publication ; Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest próba zaprezentowania dotychczasowych procesów i etapów tworzenia WPBiO UE i nakreślenie możliwych szans jej przyszłego rozwoju. Ponadto gruntownie przeanalizowane zostały możliwości realizacji postanowień opublikowanej w lipcu 2016 r. najnowszej "Globalnej Strategii Polityki Zagranicznej i Bezpieczeństwa UE" oraz jej implikacje w kontekście m.in. procesu wyjścia z UE Wielkiej Brytanii (Brexit), oddziaływania zagrożeń płynących z szeroko pojętego obszaru sąsiedztwa UE oraz uwzględniającym rozszerzone pojęcie bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. Dodatkowo autor omawia m.in. kwestię ewentualnego powstania wspólnej siły militarnej Unii Europejskiej, jako zintegrowanych jednostek zbrojnych państw członkowskich UE w ramach sektorowo konsolidującej się "armii europejskiej". ; This article looks closely at CDSP: what it is, what it came from and how it will and should work for the European Union. It will examine the 2016 EU Global Strategy that lays out the strategy for the CSDP, while the Lisbon Treaty clarifies the institutional aspects and strengthens the role of the European Parliament. The CSDP has recently undergone major strategic and operational changes while taking into account Brexit's security implications. It is continuing to evolve to meet security challenges and demand for increased EU responses in the constantly changing security environment where irregular and hybrid threats grow. To improve rapid response capabilities an integrated defence structure could and should result in building of a common European army in the near future.
Economic Aspects of the Internet : the Rise of the Commercial Foundations of the WebThe article describes the Internet and the crucial conflict in expectations as regards common convictions which emphasize the social view of the Web. Such views are very popular and as a result they bring the great vision of the Internet as a new public space which demands democratic civil rights for example. In this situation inevitably a conflict emerges between this vision and the business which treats the Internet as its natural environment. The article describes the very beginnings of the Internet and the early phase of this conflict, which has existed from the very beginning mostly due to the counterculture of the sixties in USA. The article also describes the commercial sources of the Web which allowed its voluminous progress and the role of the third player in this game – the Government of the USA which has seen the Internet as a chance for potential economic growth. The article also emphasizes the great significance of the macroeconomic environment in the eighties, which also considerably enhanced the development of the Web. The article documents the predominance of the economic aspect of the Internet, which has become a fact already at the beginning of the nineties and describes incidents which confirm this situation, for example the rebellion of Jon Postel in 1998.
Globalisation is a phenomenon which is of great importance in the process of formation of a new international environment. One of the most important features of globalisation is an increase of interdependence between the entities on the international stage. It is undeniable that one of such entities is the European Union, which is playing more and more important role also on the political plane. As a homogeneous body, it undoubtedly appears to be a partner which may actively and efficiently engage in the maintenance of international order. In this case, there is one condition – creation of common military capabilities. Owing to them, the European Union may gain an effective tool for reacting to the threats to security which occur in Europe and its immediate surroundings.The aim of the article is to present the contribution that the European Union brings to the fight against threats to international security. The article begins with a description of the international security environment after the collapse of the two-block system and the introduction of the motives that prompted the emerging European Union to undertake efforts to build joint military capabilities independent of NATO. Next, the author describes the military capabilities in the field of emergency response that the European Union has within the framework of the Common Security and Defense Policy. In this part of the article, the author, when analyzing the cases of the actual involvement of the European Union in solving crises, attempted to assess the readiness of forces available to the Union and the actual will to use them to overcome crises that threaten the security of Europe in its close environment. In the conclusions, the author pointed out mainly deficiencies in the decision-making sphere concerning security and defense policy, the elimination of which would allow the European Union to respond more effectively to threats and thus fulfill the role of the creator of the international security environment.Key words: security policy; European security; European Union; military cooperation in Europe; European integration. ; Globalisation is a phenomenon which is of great importance in the process of formation of a new international environment. One of the most important features of globalisation is an increase of interdependence between the entities on the international stage. It is undeniable that one of such entities is the European Union, which is playing more and more important role also on the political plane. As a homogeneous body, it undoubtedly appears to be a partner which may actively and efficiently engage in the maintenance of international order. In this case, there is one condition - creation of common military capabilities. Owing to them, the European Union may gain an effective tool for reacting to the threats to security which occur in Europe and its immediate surroundings.The aim of the article is to present the contribution that the European Union brings to the fight against threats to international security. The article begins with a description of the international security environment after the collapse of the two-block system and the introduction of the motives that prompted the emerging European Union to undertake efforts to build joint military capabilities independent of NATO. Next, the author describes the military capabilities in the field of emergency response that the European Union has within the framework of the Common Security and Defense Policy. In this part of the article, the author, when analyzing the cases of the actual involvement of the European Union in solving crises, attempted to assess the readiness of forces available to the Union and the actual will to use them to overcome crises that threaten the security of Europe in its close environment. In the conclusions, the author pointed out mainly deficiencies in the decision-making sphere concerning security and defense policy, the elimination of which would allow the European Union to respond more effectively to threats and thus fulfill the role of the creator of the international security environment.Key words: security policy, European security, European Union, military cooperation in Europe, European integration. ; Явищем, яке безсумнівно має значення у процесі формування нового міжнародного середовища є глобалізація. Однією з найважливіших особливостей глобалізації є зростання взаємозв'язків між суб'єктами на міжнародній арені. Безперечно, організацією, яка відіграє все важливішу роль на політичному рівні є Європейський Союз. Як одностайний організм, вона неодмінно є партнером, здатним активно та ефективно займатися підтримкою міжнародного порядку. У цьому випадку необхідно створити спільні військові сили. Завдяки ним Європейський Союз може отримати дієвий інструмент, спрямований на реагування на виникаючі загрози безпеці в Європі та її найближчого оточення.Мета статті – представити внесок, який Європейський Союз присвячує боротьбі з загрозами міжнародної безпеки. Стаття починається з опису міжнародного безпекового середовища після розпаду двоблокової системи та мотивів, які спонукали держави-члени Європейського Союзу до здійснення спроб щодо створення спільних збройних сил, незалежних від військового потенціалу НАТО. Потім автор робить опис військового потенціалу в області кризового реагування, яким володіє Європейський Союз в рамках Спільної політики безпеки та оборони. У цій частині статті автор, аналізуючи реальні випадки участі ЄС у вирішенні кризових ситуацій, робить спробу оцінити стан готовності сил, що ЄС має в своєму розпорядженні, і бажання їх фактичного використання у врегулюванні криз, які загрожують безпеці Європи в безпосередній близькості. У висновках автор вказує на основні недоліки у сфері прийняття рішень з питань безпеки та оборонної політики, усунення яких дозволило б Європейському Союзу ефективніше реагувати на загрози і, таким чином, виступати в ролі творця середовища міжнародної безпеки.Ключові слова: політика безпеки; європейська безпека; Європейський Союз; військове співробітництво в Європі; європейська інтеграція.
The increasing complexity of the academic enterprise in Europe is due to several general factors: globalization and Europeanization, educational expansion and massification of higher education, the economic crisis, reform pressures in the public sector, growing pressures for accountability, and knowledge-driven economic competitiveness of nations and regions. Factors generating change in national higher education policies and in national higher education systems have been multilayered, interrelated and often common throughout the continent. Reforms increasingly, and throughout Europe, lead to further reforms rather than to reformed higher education systems. Higher education has changed substantially in most European economies in the last two or three decades but it is still expected by national and European-level policymakers to change even more. Universities, throughout two centuries of their modern history, change as their environments change, especially in connection with changes in the functioning of nation-states and various forms of welfare states. Different directions of current and projected academic restructuring in different national systems add to the complexity of the picture at a European level.
