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John Gray is now established as one of the UK's leading political thinkers. For over a decade he has been asssociated with the ideas and think-tanks of the New Right. In this book he presents both a criticism of the ideological excesses of New Right ideology and a radical critique of the New Right itself, developed from the standpoint of traditional conservatism. All the major thinkers and themes of the New Right are examined, together with many major issues of current public policy - such as the growth of the underclass, the future of the welfare state and the role of government in education a.

Fin dalla formulazione della teoria della tragedy of the commons di Garrett Hardin nel 1968, assistiamo, sia in ambito accademico sia nella società, a un rinnovato interesse per i commons, le forme collettive o comunitarie di gestione delle risorse ambientali. Questa tesi illustra il funzionamento di queste particolari istituzioni, concentrandosi su un caso di studio italiano, le cosiddette partecipanze agrarie emiliane, indagate adottando una prospettiva antropologica di lungo periodo. Se negli ultimi decenni si sono moltiplicate le ricerche etnografiche e gli studi sperimentali volti a spiegare il grado di performance raggiungibile dai commons, poca attenzione è stata data ai modi in cui questi si formano e si modificano nel tempo per adattarsi a situazioni ecologiche, economiche, politiche e sociali differenti. Sostenendo la necessità di adottare una metodologia il più possibile interdisciplinare, in cui l'antropologo dialoga con la storia, l'economia, la demografia e altre discipline, le domande che guidano la ricerca sono le seguenti: quando, dove e come sono emerse queste particolari istituzioni? Per quali motivi e in che modo sono cambiate nel corso del tempo? Quali fattori hanno permesso loro di continuare ad esistere o, al contrario, le hanno condannate all'estinzione? Quali conseguenze i commons recano all'ambiente e alla popolazione locale nel lungo periodo? In che modo il rapporto tra queste comunità umane e il loro ambiente forgia identità, memorie e comportamenti condivisi? Un'analisi di lungo periodo delle partecipanze agrarie emiliane evidenzia la complessità del fenomeno, in cui i principi di cooperazione sono sempre coesistiti con forti tensioni e conflitti sia interni che esterni, e dove le strategie di gate keeping ed esclusione dei non membri hanno portato nel corso dei secoli a modificare la struttura dei commons, la composizione della popolazione e l'ambiente circostante. ; Since the formulation of the "tragedy of the commons" theory by Garrett Hardin in 1968, we are witnessing, both in the academic world and the society, a renewed interest in the commons, the collective or communal forms of management of environmental resources. This thesis describes the functioning of these particular institutions, focusing on an Italian case study, the so-called "partecipanze agrarie" of Emilia, investigated by adopting a long term anthropological perspective. While during the last decades ethnographic and experimental studies tried to explain the level of performance reached by the commons, scarce attention has been given to the ways in which the commons are formed and change over time to adapt to different ecological, economic, political and social situations. Arguing the need to adopt an interdisciplinary methodology, where anthropology merges with history, economics, demography and other disciplines, the questions that guide the research are the following: When, where and how have the commons emerged? For what reasons and in what way have they changed over time? What factors have helped them to survive or, on the contrary, have condemned them to extinction? What consequences do the commons bring to the environment and to the local population in the long run? How has the relationship between these human communities and their environment forged identities, memories and a shared behavior? A long term analysis of the "partecipanze agrarie" highlights the complexity of the phenomenon, in which principles of cooperation have always coexisted with strong tensions and conflicts, both internal and external, and where gate-keeping strategies and the exclusion of non-members have led to modify over the centuries the structure of the commons, the composition of the population and the surrounding environment.

Comprising a decade's worth of essays written since the publication of the author's pathbreaking book, The Political Economy of the Environment (2002), this volume discusses a number of diverse environmental issues through an economist's lens. Topics covered include environmental justice, disaster response, globalization and the environment, industrial toxins and other pollutants, cap-and-dividend climate policies, and agricultural biodiversity.

Purpose Smart cities provide fully integrated and networked connectivity between virtual/digital assets and physical building/infrastructure assets to form digital economies. However, industrial espionage, cyber-crime and deplorable politically driven cyber-interventions threaten to disrupt and/or physically damage the critical infrastructure that supports national wealth generation and preserves the health, safety and welfare of the populous. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of cyber-threats confronting critical infrastructure asset management reliant upon a common data environment to augment building information modelling (BIM) implementation. Design/methodology/approach An interpretivist, methodological approach to reviewing pertinent literature (that contained elements of positivism) was adopted. The ensuing mixed methods analysis: reports upon case studies of cyber-physical attacks; reveals distinct categories of hackers; identifies and reports upon the various motivations for the perpetrators/actors; and explains the varied reconnaissance techniques adopted. Findings The paper concludes with direction for future research work and a recommendation to utilize innovative block chain technology as a potential risk mitigation measure for digital built environment vulnerabilities. Originality/value While cyber security and digitization of the built environment have been widely covered within the extant literature in isolation, scant research has hitherto conducted an holistic review of the perceived threats, deterrence applications and future developments in a digitized Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations (AECO) sector. This review presents concise and lucid reference guidance that will intellectually challenge, and better inform, both practitioners and researchers in the AECO field of enquiry.

This Article investigates whether a right to environmental hedonism can be claimed and compensated for when the environment is degraded. Building upon the economic and mathematical uncertainties in assessing any claim for loss of enjoyment of the environment, the Article considers the evaluation of environmental harms ex post through use of restorative damages allowed under the Restatement (Second) of Torts - and concludes that because of the ambiguities in public policy for not only determining what is an appropriate case for an award of restorative damages but also evaluating the nature and the scope of environmental injuries, these damages are deficient as a tool for protecting environmental degradations. The Article then studies the parens patriae powers of the government to manage and to protect the environment as a source for securing the environment and finds justification for its exercise through the application and use of the Doctrine of Public Trust. It concludes by examining the Common Law of nuisance - and especially anticipatory and aesthetic nuisance - concluding, as such, this body of law provides the strongest remedial base for protecting assaults on the environment.

Finding Common Ground -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Brief Overview -- U.S. POLICY -- THE COCOM REGIME -- PROLIFERATION REGIMES -- THE U.S. CONTROL REGIME -- 1 Introduction -- MANDATE AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY -- SCOPE OF THE PANEL'S WORK -- FOCUS OF THE STUDY IN A RAPIDLY CHANGING ENVIRONMENT -- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT -- NOTES -- 2 The Need for Export Controls in a Changed Global Environment -- MILITARY AND POLITICAL CHANGES IN THE SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN EUROPE -- GROWING ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES FOR THE UNITED STATES -- NEW THREATS TO INTERNATIONAL SECURITY -- REDEFINITION OF U.S. POLICY -- NOTE -- 3 The Impact of Export Controls on U.S. Industry -- AREAS OF CONCERN TO U.S. INDUSTRY -- Unilateralism -- Lack of Selectivity in Developing and Managing Control Lists -- Lack of Fairness and Efficiency in the U.S. Export Control Process -- THE EFFECT OF EXPORT CONTROLS ON SPECIFIC U.S. INDUSTRIAL SECTORS -- Advanced Materials -- Commercial Aircraft and Jet Engines -- Computers -- SUMMARY -- NOTES -- 4 Evidence on the Acquisition of Sensitive Western Technology -- SOVIET AND WTO TECHNOLOGY ACQUISITION EFFORTS PRIOR TO 1990 -- ESPIONAGE -- Illegal Sales -- Diversion -- Legal Sales -- CHANGES IN THE NATURE AND PATTERNS OF SOVIET AND WTO TECHNOLOGY ACQUISITION SINCE THE BEGINNING OF 1990 -- SOVIET UTILIZATION OF ACQUIRED WESTERN TECHNOLOGY -- ACQUISITION OF TECHNOLOGIES OF PROLIFERATION CONCERN -- THE ROLE OF THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY IN THE EXPORT CONTROL POLICY PROCESS -- THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE INTELLIGENCE EVIDENCE -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- NOTES -- 5 The Changing Calculus of U.S. National Security Interests -- GROWING ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES -- CHANGES IN THE TRADITIONAL SOURCES OF PHYSICAL THREAT -- Changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe -- Soviet Defense Doctrine and Military Force Deployment.

environments for public health. Certain member states of the European Union (EU) have already achieved successes in improving indoor environmental quality, such as controlling certain contaminants (e.g., environmental tobacco smoke) or developing nationwide policies that address indoor air generally. However, a common European approach to achieving healthy indoor environments is desirable for several reasons including providing a broader recognition of the problem of unhealthy indoor air, setting a policy example for all 27 EU member states, and achieving greater public health equity across the different European nations. In this article we address the question "Why is it so difficult in the EU to develop a coherent approach on indoor environment?" We identify and describe four main barriers: a) the subsidiarity principle in EU policymaking, introducing decentralization of decision making to the member states ; b) fragmentation of the topic of the indoor environment ; c) the differences in climate and governance among different member states that make a common policy difficult ; and d) economic issues. We discuss potential lessons and recommendations from EU and U.S. successes in achieving healthier indoor environments through various policy mechanisms